Dhaka buying Heroin

__________________________

📍 Verified store!

📍 Guarantees! Quality! Reviews!

__________________________

▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼

▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲

Dhaka buying Heroin

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Corresponding author. Women who inject drugs are among the most vulnerable to HIV through both unsafe injections and unprotected sex. They are also among the most hidden affected populations, as they are more stigmatized than their male counterparts. Women who use drugs all over the world face many different barriers to HIV service access including police harassment, judgmental health personnel and a fear of losing their children. In order to enable these women to access life-saving services including needle-syringe and condom programs, opioid substitution therapy and HIV testing and treatment, it is essential to create a conducive environment and provide tailor-made services that are adapted to their specific needs. In this commentary, we explore the risks and vulnerabilities of women who use drugs as well as the interventions that have been shown to reduce their susceptibility to HIV infection. Keywords: females, drug use, people who inject drugs, sex work, harm reduction, HIV. The analysis revealed variation in the female:male odds ratios for HIV prevalence but overall there was a modest but significantly higher HIV prevalence among females with an overall odds ratio of 1. Non-injection drug use e. The principal risk for HIV transmission among non-injection substance users is from high risk sexual behaviours and both cocaine and ATS can increase sexual arousal and promote risky sex N. El-Bassel, S. Shaw, A. Strathdee, a ; Shoptaw et al. Women who use drugs, irrespective of whether these are injected or not, are faced with multiple issues which enhance their vulnerability to HIV; these include concomitant sex work, sexually transmitted infections STIs , viral hepatitis, mental health problems, reproductive health issues, child care, stigma, violence and lack of access to health services including for HIV prevention, care and treatment. In this commentary, we will provide an overview on some of these issues particularly those related to sex work, relationships with intimate partners, STIs, Hepatitis C, stigma and violence, reproductive health and child care, and availability and access to HIV prevention, care and treatment services. Overlap between sex work and injecting drug use is especially high in parts of Eastern Europe and Central Asia and is a growing concern in some Latin American countries, such as Mexico El-Bassel et al. Strathdee, b. FWID-sex workers FWID-SW are more likely than sex workers who do not use drugs to engage in street-level sex work, which is associated with higher levels of violence and high-risk sex due to a different type of clientele and lack of safe places to take clients Deering et al. However, sex work can also provide economic freedom for women. In general however, the combination of multiple high-risk behaviours, vulnerabilities and discrimination associated with FWID-SW has led to high HIV prevalence among this sub-population. Examples include:. A study on women using drugs and selling sex in Canada Shannon et al. Violence - both physical and sexual- is common and the experience of and the threat of violence serves to marginalize women further. Moreover, the intimate partner often controls decisions on condom use Des Jarlais, Feelemyer, Modi, Arasteh, Mathers, et al. On the other hand, these relationships are also emotional and women rely on their intimate partners for companionship as well as for support to negotiate with clients and law enforcement. In many cases, the female partner cannot change risky practices with her partner by herself, but harm reduction interventions aimed at couples can successfully decrease drug use and needle sharing and increase the use of condoms among drug-using couples El-Bassel et al. Evidence from a harm reduction program in Vietnam shows that reaching out to female partners of MWID is possible and may be effective in promoting condom use by the couple Hammett et al. FWID are more stigmatized and discriminated against than their male counterparts as reported from several countries El-Bassel et al. Stigma is prevalent through all strata of society starting with their own families, friends and neighbours to service providers and law enforcement. There is a direct correlation between violence and increased HIV vulnerability as data show that women who have experienced intimate partner violence are less likely to use condoms and more likely to share needles, to have multiple sexual partners and to trade sex Braitstein et al. Women also report high rates of sexual violence from police and law enforcement agencies and experience high rates of incarceration. In some countries, the police confiscate condoms, sterile injection equipment and other paraphernalia thus compromising adoption of safe behaviours El-Bassel et al. A sequelae of sexual violence is post-traumatic stress disorder which is common among women who use drugs Braitstein et al. Reproductive health services that cater to the needs of women who use different types of drugs is essential and these include pregnancy related services, birth control, advice on birth spacing and abortion services. Offering these services is a way to reach out to women who use drugs and integrating reproductive health services with harm reduction services or vice versa can reduce stigma. In Bangladesh, relapse into drug use following drug treatment was more common among females than males; and women without children to support were more than three times likely to relapse Maehira et al. However, women who are identified as having a drug use problem, often have their children removed from under their care. Persons who use drugs can often experience multiple infections and other conditions such as mental disorders. Diagnosis, availability of treatment and access for these conditions vary depending on the context including geography and gender. Examples of infections include STIs, viral hepatitis, and tuberculosis. STIs are not uncommon among women who use drugs Azim et al. People who use drugs are at higher risk of depression, anxiety, and severe mental illness, including attempted suicide compared with those who do not use illicit drugs Belani et al. The prevalence of depression among heroin smokers has been found to be higher in females than males Sordo et al. Addressing these multiple co-infections and co-morbidities is best done in an integrated manner. Similarly in the US, the guidance proposed by the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention recommends that uptake of services will be enhanced if they are provided in a single site Belani et al. The guidance also recommends that health care professionals are trained to recognise, manage and treat conditions in a culturally and gender sensitive manner. Most of these services have not been validated by formal research but reports from the programs suggest that they have been successful in increasing the number of women accessing health services. However a few studies have been conducted and two examples are provided below:. The SSB resulted in significant improvement in safer sex practices that were maintained over a longer duration compared to the HE group. Behavioural interventions combining motivational techniques were used to assess whether both safer sex and safer injection taking practices could be promoted among FWID-SW. Two brief minute theory-based interventions based on motivational interviewing were found to reduce both injection and sexual risks among FWID-SW in two Mexico-US border cities Strathdee et al. The injection risk intervention has value in settings with sub-optimal syringe access but sterile needle-syringe coverage is essential. Structural interventions are therefore required to ensure benefits from the combination of services recommended Strathdee et al. With the recent interest and attention on biomedical prevention, female condoms have dropped out of the radar as an effective prevention technology. Female condoms, similar to male condoms, are not only effective for HIV prevention but also for birth control. Unfortunately they have not been used widely although it was found to be acceptable to many women and one of the factors that prevented the wide scale use of female condoms was cost but studies in Brazil, South Africa, and Washington, DC suggest that expanded distribution would be cost effective in preventing HIV infection in those settings Adimora et al. Another factor is lack of knowledge on how to use female condoms on the part of healthcare providers who therefore do not promote this method Mantell et al. The development of quick and reliable tests which can be used outside traditional health facilities has the potential to greatly increase coverage among FWID and other populations who are reluctant to visit health care facilities. Community-based testing has been successfully used in both high- and low resource settings, and reached uptakes as high as Outreach services for FWID should be expanded to include point-of-care testing, with referral to appropriate care for those who are positive. Pre-exposure prophylaxis PrEP with antiretroviral drugs used by uninfected people can protect them from becoming infected. However, there are many issues related to PrEP which need to be considered before PrEP can become a reality especially among marginalised and stigmatised populations such as PWID and more so among women who use drugs. These issues have been presented in a consensus statement formulated by a group of organizations and advocates, the Community Consensus Statement on the Use of Antiretroviral Therapy in Preventing HIV Transmission, that outlines a set of principles for the provision of PrEP available at www. A key issue highlighted in the consensus statement is the involvement of communities in conducting research and providing services and within a human rights framework. It is now well established that effective ART minimizes the risk of further transmission of HIV by greatly reducing the number of free virus in the body. And for this reason WHO in its June ART guidelines recommends the use of treatment as a prevention method for people who are at increased risk of transmitting the infection, such as PWID and sex workers, as well as for couples where only one partner is infected. Adherence to the ART regimen has been a key concern in people who use drugs Altice et al. Thus the continuum of care and treatment for women who use drugs starting from early detection of HIV through acceptable testing strategies, using ART for prevention and treatment and assuring adherence requires a multifaceted approach with involvement of the communities for best results. Women who inject drugs often have higher rates of HIV than males using drugs which is because of the dual risk from unsafe injection practices and unprotected sex. For this reason, harm reduction should be included in all interventions for sex workers and services for safer sex should be part of all harm reduction programs for women who use drugs. The comprehensive package of harm reduction services needs to be made available with inclusion of reproductive health services. Women are often reliant on their male partners for buying drugs and may require help in injecting. Such reliance on men, allow men control over their lives. Interventions must focus on strengthening the ability of women to achieve autonomy over HIV risk reduction practices, including freedom from pimps and police harassment and availability of safe places to take clients. Targeted interventions to empower women so that they are better able to seek and utilize services work and need to be adopted widely. Female condoms need to be made available and costs reduced. As FWID are more stigmatized than their male counterparts, this can be a barrier for seeking services whether this is for harm reduction or drug treatment. Therefore, all health care personnel should be trained to provide a supportive, culturally sensitive and non-judgmental environment. Integration of harm reduction with reproductive health services as well as other services for the management of co-infections and co-morbidities must be considered. Child care service for women who use drugs can help promote adoption of safer behaviours and laws allowing forced abortions or removal of children from the care of mothers who take drugs must be removed. PMTCT services for pregnant drug using women must be made widely available. Women who are sex partners of MWID but do not inject drugs themselves are vulnerable to HIV infection through their partners risk behaviours as condom use with intimate partners is very low. Couple-based interventions are effective for decreasing drug use and HIV risk behaviours. More research on PrEP in women who use drugs are warranted to understand how to overcome barriers and special efforts that allow adherence to ART need to be undertaken with the involvement of communities. Furthermore, there is need for greater access to HIV testing that is acceptable to women in different settings. Women who inject drugs often have higher rates of HIV than males using drugs. This is because of the dual risk from unsafe injection practices and unprotected sex. Since sex work is common among females who inject drugs FWID , harm reduction should be included in all interventions for sex workers and safer sex messages should be part of all harm reduction programs for FWID. Women are often reliant on their male partners for buying drugs and they also require help in injecting. In the case of those women who also trade sex, men often control their clients. Women who use drugs are more stigmatized than their male counterparts and this can be a barrier for seeking services whether this is for harm reduction or drug treatment. In addition, training of health and social workers to recognize signs of injecting drug use and offer referral to appropriate services can increase service uptake. Services must be tailored for the needs of female drug users and include specialized care and support for pregnant women and women with children. This can be achieved through mobile services, home visits or female-only drop-in centres. All personnel should be trained to provide a supportive, culturally sensitive and non-judgmental environment. Integration of harm reduction with reproductive health services may be considered. Interventions targeted to women to enable them to seek services, receive services that are non-judgemental and tailored to their specific needs work should be initiated and expanded. This article reviews global data on the risks of and vulnerability to HIV of women who use drugs. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Int J Drug Policy. Published in final edited form as: Int J Drug Policy. Find articles by Tasnim Azim. Find articles by Irene Bontell. Find articles by Steffanie A Strathdee. Issue date Feb. All rights reserved. The publisher's version of this article is available at Int J Drug Policy. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

Women, drugs and HIV

Dhaka buying Heroin

Ex-minister Imran Ahmed arrested. RU student secures GPA 3. Lost chance for a fitting farewell. Bangladesh turning into a hotbed for drug trafficking comes as no surprise given the country's geographic positioning that puts it at the centre of three major Asian drug trafficking routes : the Golden Wedge, the Golden Triangle, and the Golden Crescent. Add to that the incompetence of its authorities to bust well-connected and strategically-networked transnational trafficking rings as well as money laundering mechanisms that allow easy flow of illicit money abroad. The result: more than Tk 5, crore is laundered annually through drug trade out of the country, putting it at the top of the list of drug money laundering nations in Asia. The UNCTAD estimates account for trafficking of drugs including methamphetamine tablets yaba , heroin, buprenorphine, and phensedyl. The staggering increase in the seizure of yaba alone — from , pills in to 45 million pills in — is an alarming manifestation of the incredible growth of illicit drug trade in the country over the past decade. Little has been done to really dismantle the system that allows this business to thrive. If we focus on yaba alone, in a country where more than seven million pills are sold every day a estimate by police , worth a whopping Tk crore, the 45 million pills seized in account for only six and a half days of trade. Not that the authorities are doing nothing: they set up checkpoints, conduct regular drives, catch small shipments and recover drugs, catch drug peddlers, and ever since the launch of the War on Drugs, alleged drug dealers are also frequently 'killed' in 'gunfights' with law enforcement members. However, in terms of results, law enforcers have only so much to show. The problem perhaps lies in our approach to the issue, which on the surface seems to target the consignments, users and dealers. Where we fail is in going deeper to the roots and dismantling the system at the core. The system we are talking about is one that allows rampant corruption, nepotism, favouritism and self-interest to permeate every level of the state, from policymaking to enforcement. There are many reasons why drug lords are going about with their business scot-free. For one, the Narcotics Control Act seems to be a major obstacle in apprehending the drug lords as it stipulates that to bring a drug dealer or addict to book, drugs have to be confiscated in their possession. Practically speaking, it is always difficult to catch drug lords in possession of drugs; as a result, it is the dealers and peddlers who get caught during the drives. In addition to this, we cannot rule out the possibility that due to the political affiliation and muscle of the big players, they are often deliberately left out of the drives. Take the case of the drug traffickers in Narayanganj — a transit point for drugs entering Dhaka and other nearby cities — who, despite being known and identified as drug bosses, are roaming out in the open. A Prothom Alo report details the identities of some of the plus drug traders in Dhaka, many of whom are allegedly connected and affiliated with ruling party associate bodies such as Jubo League, Chhatra League and Swechchhasebak League, as well as the Awami League itself, along with Jubo Dal and Jatiya Party. For instance, the report states that while Mir Hossain, general secretary of Swechchhasebak League's Kutubpur unit, tops the police list of narcotic traders in Fatullah, Narayanganj, and has been implicated in nine cases under various laws including the Narcotics Control Act, he has not been arrested as he has been holding a party post for a long time and also maintains his own force to manage drug trade. While the government has launched a war on drugs, does it really have the political will to catch the drug lords, kingpins and mafia bosses who are pulling the strings and running the business behind the scenes? And then there are known drug traders who have not even been named on the police list. Shakhawat Islam, former general secretary of Swechchhasebak League's Narayanganj city unit, for example, is a known drug trader, but he was not named on the list. Similarly, Jahangir Alam and his wife, known drug dealers facing lawsuits, have not been identified in the police list, apparently due to his good relations with the law enforcers. Unfortunately, the Narayanganj landscape is pretty much a reflection of the overall drug trading scenario in Bangladesh. Even the ones killed across the country in drug-related 'gunfights,' 'encounters,' and 'infighting' are not above controversy as instances of extrajudicial killings and suppression of political opposition. Then there is the problem of the long-pending narcotic cases. Although the Department of Narcotics Control appointed 68 prosecutors across the country in to expedite disposal of long-pending cases and improve the conviction rate, and the parliament passed the Narcotics Control Amendment Bill, , empowering any court with appropriate jurisdiction to try narcotic cases, a report by this daily last year found 73, cases still pending with the court. Conviction rates in narcotics cases have witnessed a constant fall since , when it was 64 percent, to 40 percent in , according to DNC's Annual Drug Report At this point in time, it is important to take a closer look at our intention, appetite and approach regarding this issue. Drug lords are finding innovative ways — including manipulating the desperate Rohingya refugees — and new routes to bring drugs into the country. Without a well-planned strategy and comprehensive measures in collaboration with all relevant authorities, intelligence bodies and law enforcers, this well-oiled machine cannot be stopped. We need a holistic approach to bring down drug trafficking rings, despite their identities and affiliations. The deadly combination of a land offering ripe opportunities for drug trafficking and a lax system that provides enough loopholes for easy money laundering makes Bangladesh an easy target for international drug trafficking rings. It is high time we aimed at dismantling the system that enables criminals to line up their pockets at the cost of the nation, rather than focusing on small players. On June 18, the High Court asked the DNC to submit within a month the names of top drug dealers, while directing the Anti-Corruption Commission, Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit and Criminal Investigation Department to investigate within two months the allegations of drug money being laundered abroad. Previously in , as many as 14 government bodies flouted a similar High Court directive asking to submit names of persons and entities who stash money in foreign banks. Are the authorities concerned going to adhere to the High Court directive this time? Tasneem Tayeb is a columnist for The Daily Star. Skip to main content. A Closer Look. Tasneem Tayeb. Most Viewed. Insufficient law enforcement, money laundering opportunities make the country an easy target for drug trafficking rings. Read more. Related topic:. Click to comment. Comments Comments Policy. Related News. Police running riot in Rohingya refugee camps? Yaba menace pervading 9y ago.

Dhaka buying Heroin