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Difference between public, private, protected and default in Java

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In the article, we have covered the differences between public, private, protected and no modifier in Java in detail.
In short, following image summarizes the differences:
First and important difference is the accessibility i.e. anything public is accessible to anywhere , anything private is only accessible in the class they are declared , anything protected is accessible outside the package but only to child classes and default is accessible only inside the package .
Another difference between public and private modifier is that of Encapculation . Public modifier provides lowest level of Encapculation and Private modifier provides higher level of Encapsulation in Java.
Another difference is that you can use public modifier with top level class but you cannot make a top level class private in java.You can make inner class private.
Another difference is that default is package level accessibility i.e. if you don't provide any access modifier to a class, method or variable then Java by default make them accessible inside the package .
Another difference between protected and default modifier is that protected modifier provides more accessibility than default modifier.You can access a protected member outside the package , but only inside sub classes .
That's all about difference between public,private,protected and no modifier in Java.
To understand this deeply, we will go through important terms like class, subclass, package and others and then, understand each access specifier with code examples.
A class defines the characteristics and behaviour of an object.For example,if you create a gaming application,each game that a user can play from the aplication can be considered as an object of the Games class.Each game has common characteristics,such as the number of players,game category and score.These characteristics are known as member variables and behavior is specified by methods . A class defines the member variables and methods of objects that share common characteristics. Further,all the games have common methods , such as calculating score,starting the game and displaying game instructions.
A Java subclass is a class which inherits a method from a superclass(the class from which subclass is derived).To create a subclass of another class, use the extends clause in your class declaration.As a subclass, your class inherits member variables and methods from its superclass.
An object is an instance of a class and has a unique identity.The identity of an object distinguishes it from other objects.Classes and objects are closely linked to each other. Declaring an object creates a variable that will hold the reference to the object.Īn this, new operator is used, which allocates memory to an object.
Syntax :
A package is a collection of classes. A package provides the space essentially used to organize classes that are related to each other.You can create multiple packages to organize multiple categories of classes as per the requirement.A class can belong only to one package.For example, a package named Game can be used to create and store a class named Game1 .This will ensure that the Game1 class does not conflict with any that has the same name and is stored somewhere else.
In Java, there are number of Access Modifiers to control the access of class members. The various types of access modifiers in Java are:
The members of a class that are preceded with the public modifier are accessible by the classes present within the package or outside the package .
You can access a public class,data member or method within the class in which they are defined, from the classes defined in the same package or outside the package .The following code snippet shows how to declare a data member of a class as public :
The following code shows how the public modifier can be implementerd in the ClassicGame class for the start variable:
In the preceeding code, the start variable has been specified with the public modifier. The start variable can be accessed anywhere in the class ClassicGame class. It is also accessible in the package in which the ClassicGame class is created, or in a package that is different from the one where the ClassicGame class exists.
The private modifier allows a class to hide its member variables and member methods from other classes.Therefore, the private members of a class are not visible outside a class.They are visible only to the methods of the same class.Therefore, the data remains hidden and cannot be altered by any method other than the member methods of the class.If a variable or methods is declared private , it can be accessed only within its enclosing class.A top class cannot be declared private in Java.However, an inner class can be declared private .The following code snippet shows how to declare a private data member of a class:
The following code shows how the private modifier can be implemented in the ClassicGame class for the score variable:
In the preceeding code, the score variable has been specified with the private modifier.The score variable can be accessed anywhere in the ClassicGame class, but it is not accessible to other classes.
The members of a class that are preceded with the protected modifier are accessible to all the classes within the package and by the subclasses outside the package .The protected modifier becomes important while implementing inheritance.The following statement shows how to declare a protected data member of a class:
In the preceeding code,the score variable is declared as protected .It can therefore be accessed within the ClassicGame class from the classes that will inherit the from ClassicGame class.It can also be accessed within the classes of the package that contains the ClassicGame class.
This is also known as default modifier.If you do not specify any of the preceeding modifiers, the scope of data members and methods is default or friendly .A class, variable or a method with a friendly access can be accessed only by the classes that belong to the package in which they are present.
With this , revisit the differences we presented at the beginning. It will be much more clear. Enjoy.
The problem is to find out the smallest missing positive integer given an unsorted integer array. We can solve this problem in linear time O(N) and in constant time O(1) using a greedy approach with hash map.
We have discussed the different word representations such as distributional representation, clustering based representation and distributed representation with several sub-types for each representation.

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Kutools for Outlook - Brings 100 Powerful Advanced Features to Microsoft Outlook

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At what point is this made default?! Its quicker for me to click the lock each time then change and choose which form to load! :sigh:

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This shows you how to make it the default option... https://www.msoutlook.info/question/make-all-appointments-private-by-default It's at the end. Worked great for me.
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In many cases, you need to create private appointments or meetings for special usage frequently in your daily work. The worse situation is that you finish the appointment or meeting, but finally forgot to mark it as private. Actually, you can create an appointment or a meeting with private marking and save it for future use. Please browse the below tutorial for more details.
Follow the below steps, you will learn how to make appointment or meeting private by default in Outlook.
1. Firstly you need to enable the Developer tab in your Outlook. Please click How to add developer tab on Ribbon in Outlook? to learn how to show the Developer tab.
2. Create an appointment or a meeting, and click to highlight the Private button under Appointment or Meeting tab.
3. Then click Developer > Design This Form . See screenshot:
4. In the following Design window, click Publish > Publish Form under Developer tab.
5. In the popping up Publish Form As dialog box, you need to:
1). Select Personal Forms Library in the Look In drop-down list;
2). Type a name to the form in the Display name box;
3). Click the Publish button. See screenshot:
6. Close the Design window without saving changes.
7. Now you can use the published form as follows:
1). In Outlook 2010 and 2013, click Developer > Choose Form .
In Outlook 2007, click File > New > Choose Form .
2). In the Choose Form dialog box, select Personal Forms Library in the Look In drop-down list, and select the form you published, then click the Open button.
8. Then the appointment or meeting window with private marking by default is opened, please compose it and save or send it. And when you share your calendar with others, the private items will not be seen by others.
1. If you create the form for appointment, it can be only applied to appointment, you need to create another form for meeting to your need.
2. To make the default private take effect, you need to choose the published form you are created every time when you add appointment or meeting.

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If I have a method that does not specify its Accessibility Level will it be Private by default?
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It is. The general rule if you don't define any modifier is "the most restricted modifier that can be applied here is used", so private for methods, internal for top-level classes, etc.
For a method inside a class, default is private. It does vary based on the scope of where things are declared, here's an MSDN link with more specifics
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