Deep-Throat

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Deep-Throat
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Alias of Mark Felt, Watergate scandal whistleblower
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^ McDermott, Annette (May 10, 2018). "How 'Deep Throat' Took Down Nixon From Inside the FBI" . History.com . Archived from the original on December 6, 2020 . Retrieved January 24, 2021 .

^ Noah, Timothy . "Was Fred Fielding Deep Throat?" , Slate , April 28, 2003.

^ Woodward, Bob. The Secret Man: The Story of Watergate's Deep Throat , Simon & Schuster, 2005. ISBN 0-7432-8715-0

^ Langer, Emily; Smith, Harrison; Morgan, Kate. "Watergate conspirator James McCord Jr. died two years ago. His death was never announced" – via www.washingtonpost.com.

^ Reuters Staff (15 June 2014). " 'Deep Throat' garage from U.S. Watergate scandal to be razed" . Reuters . Retrieved 16 June 2014 .

^ Goff, Karen (13 March 2017). "Monday Properties asks for more time to redevelop 'Deep Throat' garage" . Washington Business Journal . Retrieved 28 December 2017 .

^ "New Zealand man's Deep Throat mystery solved" . The New Zealand Herald . June 3, 2005 . Retrieved September 27, 2011 .

^ O'Connor, John (17 October 2006). " 'I'm the Guy They Called Deep Throat' " . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 17 September 2020 . Retrieved 17 September 2020 .

^ Morgan, Dan (June 1, 2005). "Contemporaries Have Mixed Views" , The Washington Post , May 31, 2005.

^ "1973-07-22 – Witch Hunt" . The Los Angeles Times . July 22, 1973. p. 19 – via newspapers.com.

^ Jump up to: a b Max Holland (2012). Leak: Why Mark Felt Became Deep Throat . Univ Pr of Kansas. p. 119. ISBN 978-0700618293 .

^ Michael Dobbs (June 27, 2005). "Revenge Was Felt's Motive, Former Acting FBI Chief Says" . Washington Post .

^ Neikirk, William; Dorning, Mike (2 June 2005). "President Called Felt a 'Traitor' in '73" . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 24 January 2020 .

^ George V. Higgins (1975), The Friends of Richard Nixon , 1976 reprint, New York: Ballantine, Ch. 14, p. 147, ISBN 978-0-345-25226-5 .

^ Ephron, Nora (May 9, 2010). "Deep Throat and Me: Now It Can Be Told and Not for the First Time Either" . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on June 3, 2005.

^ Jump up to: a b Daley, David (28 July 1999). "Deep Throat" . The Hartford Courant . Retrieved 24 January 2020 .

^ Mann, James. "Deep Throat: An Institutional Analysis" , The Atlantic Monthly , May 1992.

^ Guardian Staff (2005-06-03). "Bob Woodward who exposed Watergate scandal reveals story of friendship that brought down US president" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 2020-04-10 .

^ Noah, Timothy. "Why Did Bob Woodward Lunch With Mark Felt in 1999?" , Slate , May 2, 2002.

^ Jump up to: a b Woodward, Bob (2012). The Secret Man: The Story of Watergate's Deep Throat . p. 133. ISBN 978-1-4711-0470-1 . OCLC 958065472 .

^ Jump up to: a b Kessler, Ronald (2016). The Bureau: The Secret History of the FBI . St. Martin's Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-1250111265 .

^ New York Post , June 3, 2005

^ O'Connor, John D. (May 31, 2005). "I'm the Guy They Called Deep Throat" . VanityFair.com . Retrieved November 28, 2008 .

^ Jump up to: a b Woodward, Bob (June 2, 2005). "How Mark Felt Became 'Deep Throat' " . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 28, 2008 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d Greenberg, David (June 1, 2005). "Throat Clearing; Watergate conspiracy theories that still won't die" . Slate . Retrieved July 21, 2014 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Gray III, L. Patrick ; Gray, Ed (2008). "The Watergate Books: Fact and Fiction" (PDF) . In Nixon's Web: A Year in the Crosshairs of Watergate . New York: Times Books. pp. 291–300. ISBN 9780805089189 .

^ Jump up to: a b Woodward, Bob. "Full Biography" . bobwoodward.com . Bob Woodward . Retrieved July 24, 2014 .

^ Deep Throat: Uncovered (archived), Department of Journalism, University of Illinois

^ Who Was Deep Throat? , Smithsonian Magazine , December 2003

^ Noah, Timothy. "Deep Throat, Antihero: His unmasking makes everybody look a little less noble" , Slate , May 31, 2005. Quote from Playboy interview, 1979.

^ Wedge: From Pearl Harbor to 9/11 – How the Secret War between the FBI and CIA Has Endangered National Security , (2002) Touchstone ISBN 0-7432-4599-7 [ page needed ]

^ Deborah Davis (1987). Katharine the Great: Katharine Graham and the Washington Post National Press, ISBN 0-915765-43-8 . [ page needed ]

^ "Confederate Geographic - President Nixon Resigns due to the Watergate Scandal" . www.csathemovie.com . Archived from the original on 5 March 2007 . Retrieved 11 January 2022 .

^ "Honeymoon in Metropolis" – via www.imdb.com.


Deep Throat is the pseudonym given to the secret informant who provided information in 1972 to Bob Woodward , who shared it with Carl Bernstein . Woodward and Bernstein were reporters for The Washington Post , and Deep Throat provided key details about the involvement of U.S. president Richard Nixon 's administration in what came to be known as the Watergate scandal . In 2005, 31 years after Nixon's resignation and 11 years after Nixon's death, a family attorney stated that former Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Associate Director Mark Felt was Deep Throat. By then, Felt was suffering from dementia and had previously denied being Deep Throat, but Woodward and Bernstein then confirmed the attorney's claim.

Deep Throat was first introduced to the public in the February 1974 book All the President's Men by The Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein . According to the authors, Deep Throat was a key source of information behind a series of articles that introduced the misdeeds of the Nixon administration to the general public. The scandal eventually led to the resignation of President Nixon, as well as to prison terms for White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman , G. Gordon Liddy , Egil Krogh , White House Counsel Charles Colson , former United States Attorney General John N. Mitchell , former White House Counsel John Dean , and presidential adviser John Ehrlichman . The film based on the book was released two years later; nominated for eight Academy Awards , it won four.

Howard Simons was the managing editor of the Post during Watergate. He dubbed the secret informant "Deep Throat", alluding to both the deep background status of his information and the widely publicized 1972 pornographic film Deep Throat . [1] For more than 30 years, Deep Throat's identity was one of the biggest mysteries of American politics and journalism and the source of much public curiosity and speculation. Woodward and Bernstein insisted that they would not reveal his identity until he died or consented to reveal it. J. Anthony Lukas speculated that Deep Throat was W. Mark Felt in his book Nightmare: The Underside of the Nixon Years (1976), based on three New York Times Sunday Magazine articles, but he was widely criticized. According to an article in Slate on April 28, 2003, Woodward had denied that Deep Throat was part of the "intelligence community" in a 1989 Playboy interview with Lukas. [2]

On May 31, 2005, Vanity Fair revealed that Felt was Deep Throat in an article on its website by John D. O'Connor, an attorney acting on Felt's behalf. Felt reportedly said, "I'm the guy they used to call Deep Throat." After the Vanity Fair story broke, Woodward, Bernstein, and Benjamin C. Bradlee , the Post ' s executive editor during Watergate, confirmed Felt's identity as Deep Throat. [3] L. Patrick Gray , former acting Director of the FBI and Felt's overseer, disputed Felt's claim in his book In Nixon's Web , co-written with his son Ed. Gray and others have argued that Deep Throat was a compilation of sources characterized as one person to improve sales of the book and movie. Woodward and Bernstein, however, defended Felt's claims and detailed their relationship with him in Woodward's book The Secret Man: The Story of Watergate's Deep Throat .

On June 17, 1972, police arrested five men inside the offices of the Democratic National Committee in the Watergate Complex in Washington, D.C. In their possession were $2,300 (equivalent to $14,900 today), plastic gloves to hide fingerprints, burglary tools, a walkie-talkie and radio scanner capable of listening to police frequencies, cameras with 40 rolls of film, tear gas guns, multiple electronic devices which they intended to plant in the Democratic Committee offices, and notebooks containing the telephone number of White House official E. Howard Hunt . One of the men was James W. McCord Jr. ; [4] a former Central Intelligence Agency employee and a security man for Nixon's Committee to Re-elect the President , popularly known as "CREEP".

Washington Post reporters Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward pursued the story for two years. The scandal eventually implicated many members of Nixon's White House, culminating in Nixon becoming the first United States president to resign. Woodward and Bernstein wrote in All the President's Men that key information in their investigation had come from an anonymous informant whom they dubbed "Deep Throat".

Woodward, in All the President's Men , first mentions "Deep Throat" on page 71. Earlier in the book, he reports calling "an old friend and sometimes source who worked for the federal government and did not like to be called at his office". Later, he describes him as "a source in the Executive Branch who had access to information at CRP as well as at the White House". The book also calls him "an incurable gossip" and states "in a unique position to observe the Executive Branch", and as a man "whose fight had been worn out in too many battles".

Woodward claimed that he would signal to "Deep Throat" that he desired a meeting by moving a flowerpot with a red flag on the balcony of his apartment. When "Deep Throat" wanted a meeting, he would make special marks on page 20 of Woodward's copy of The New York Times ; he would circle the page number and draw clock hands to indicate the hour. They often met "on the bottom level of an underground garage just over the Key Bridge in Rosslyn ", at 2:00 a.m. The garage is located at 1401 Wilson Boulevard and has a historical marker that was erected in 2011. In 2014, the garage was scheduled to be demolished, though the county decided to save the historical marker, and the landowner promised to design a memorial commemorating the Watergate scandal. [5] As of 2022 [update] , the garage had not been demolished. [6]

Many were skeptical of these cloak and dagger methods. Adrian Havill investigated these claims for his 1993 biography of Woodward and Bernstein and found them to be factually impossible. He noted that Woodward's apartment 617 at 1718 P Street, Northwest, in Washington faced an interior courtyard and was not visible from the street. Havill said that anyone regularly checking the balcony, as "Deep Throat" was said to have done daily, would have been spotted. Havill also said that copies of The New York Times were not delivered to individual apartments but delivered in an unaddressed stack to the building's reception desk. There would have been no way to know which copy was intended for Woodward. Woodward, however, has stated that in the early 1970s the interior courtyard was an alleyway and had not yet been bricked off and that his balcony was visible from street level to passing pedestrians. It was also visible, Woodward conjectured, to anyone from the FBI in surveillance of nearby embassies. Also revealed was the fact that Woodward's copy of The New York Times had his apartment number indicated on it. Former neighbor Herman Knippenberg stated that Woodward would sometimes come to his door looking for his marked copy of the Times , claiming, "I like to have it in mint condition and I like to have my own copy." [7]

Further, while Woodward stressed these precautions in his book, he also admits to having called "Deep Throat" on the telephone at his home. Felt's wife recalls answering Woodward's telephone calls for Felt. [8]

In public statements following the disclosure of his identity, Felt's family called him an "American hero", stating that he leaked information about the Watergate scandal to The Washington Post for moral and patriotic reasons. Other commentators, however, have speculated that Felt may have had more personal reasons for leaking information to Woodward.

In his book The Secret Man , Woodward describes Felt as a loyalist to and admirer of J. Edgar Hoover . After Hoover's death, Felt became angry and disgusted when L. Patrick Gray , a career naval officer and lawyer from the Civil Division of the Department of Justice , had no law enforcement experience and was appointed as Director of the FBI over Felt, a 30-year veteran of the FBI. Felt was particularly unhappy with Gray's management style at the FBI, which was markedly different from Hoover's. Felt aided Woodward and Bernstein because he knew Woodward personally, having met him years before when Woodward was in the navy. Over the course of their acquaintance, Woodward would often call Felt for advice. Instead of seeking out prosecutors at the Justice Department, or the House Judiciary Committee charged with investigating presidential wrongdoing, Felt was methodically solicited by Woodward to guide their investigation while keeping his own identity and involvement safely concealed.

Some conservatives who worked for Nixon, such as Pat Buchanan and G. Gordon Liddy , castigated Felt and asserted their belief that Nixon was unfairly hounded from office, [9] often claiming it a "witch hunt". [10]

Although Deep Throat's identity was unconfirmed for over 30 years, there were suspicions that Felt was indeed the reporters' mysterious source long before the public acknowledgment in 2005. In 2012's Leak: Why Mark Felt Became Deep Throat , Max Holland reports that Felt leaked information to The Washington Post and Time . While the Post reporters did not reveal their source, Time correspondent Sandy Smith told Time ' s lawyer, Roswell Gilpatric , a partner of Cravath, Swaine & Moore . [11] Gilpatric then passed the information to Henry E. Peterson , the Assistant Attorney General in the Department of Criminal Justice. In turn, Peterson revealed the information to White House Counsel John W. Dean , [12] who finally reported it to President Richard Nixon . [11]

Nixon did not publicly acknowledge learning Deep Throat's identity. Nixon claimed that if he had done so, Felt would have publicly revealed information that would damage the FBI, as well as other powerful people and institutions. In the "smoking gun" tape , Nixon's chief of staff, H.R. Haldeman , stated that Felt "knows everything there is to know in the FBI." [13] Haldeman implied that Nixon's motives for not outing Felt were not entirely altruistic, especially because Nixon himself may have been damaged by Felt's revelations.

It had previously been revealed publicly that Deep Throat was definitely a man. [ citation needed ] Using this and other widespread clues, real or perceived, some members of the press and the public came to suspect Felt of being Deep Throat. For instance, George V. Higgins wrote in 1975: "Mark Felt knows more reporters than most reporters do, and there are some who think he had a Washington Post alias borrowed from a dirty movie." [14] However, Woodward and Bernstein were tight-lipped concerning their informant's identity. Carl Bernstein did not even share Deep Throat's identity with his immediate family, including his wife, writer Nora Ephron . On NBC's Today Show on June 2, 2005, he said "I was never dumb enough to tell her...which was very smart because I would have told the whole world by now." [ quote citation needed ] Ephron became obsessed with figuring out the secret of Deep Throat's identity and eventually correctly concluded that he was Mark Felt. [15]

In 1999, a 19-year-old college student, Chase Culeman-Beckman, claimed that Bernstein's son, Jacob, told her Mark Felt was Deep Throat. According to Culeman-Beckman, Jacob Bernstein had said that he was, "100 percent sure that Deep Throat was Mark Felt. He's someone in the FBI." [16] Jacob reportedly made this claim approximately 11 years prior, when he and Culeman-Beckman were classmates. Ephron explained that Jacob overheard her "speculations"; Carl Bernstein himself also immediately stepped forward to reject the claim, as he and Woodward did for many others. [16] James Mann, who had worked at the Post at the time of Watergate scandal and was close to the investigation, brought a great deal of evidence together in a 1992 article in The Atlantic Monthly . [17] Mann recalled that before the Watergate scandal, Woodward had made references to a high-placed source he had in the FBI. Mann argued that the information that Deep Throat gave Woodward could only have come from FBI files. Felt was also embittered at having been passed over for director of the FBI and believed that the FBI, in general, was hostile to the Nixon administration. In previous unrelated articles, Woodward made clear he had a highly placed source at the FBI, and there is some evidence he was friends with Felt. [18]

Woodward kept in close touch with Felt over the years, even showing up unexpectedly at the house where he was staying with his daughter, Joan, in Santa Rosa, California in 1999 after Felt's dementia began. Some suspected at that time that Woodward might have asked Felt to reveal his identity, though Felt, when asked directly by others, had consistently denied being Deep Throat. In 2002, Timothy Noah called Felt "the best guess going about the identity of Deep Throat". [19] In 1976, Assistant Attorney General John Stanley Pottinger had convened a grand jury to investigate a series of potentially illegal break-ins Felt authorized against various dissident groups. Felt was testifying before the jury when a juror asked him, out of the blue, "Were you Deep Throat?" [20] Pottinger reports that Felt, "went white with fear". [20] Pottinger explained to Felt that he was under oath and would have to answer truthfully. However, since Pottinger felt the question was outside the purview of the investigation, he offered to withdraw it if Felt wished.

According to author Ronald Kessler 's book The Bureau: The Secret History of the FBI , Felt's daughter Joan, who was caring for her father, told Kessler in an interview for his book in August 2001 that back in the summer of 1999, Woodward showed up unexpectedly at their Santa Rosa home and took Felt to lunch. [21] Joan told Kessler that she recalled her father greeting Woodward like an old friend. Their meeting appeared to be more of a celebration than an interview. "Woodward just showed up at the door and said he was in the area," Joan Felt was quoted as saying in Kessler's book, which was publish
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