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Home › Resources › Arabic WordNet › Arabic Resources
Arabic NLP Resources for the Arabic WordNet Project
Sackville Street,
Manchester, M60 1QD,
Manuel BERTRAN,
Xavier FARRERES,
David FARWELL,
Reda HALKOUM,
Horacio RODRIGUEZ
Politechnical University of
Catalonia,
This
report is intended to be a guide to resources (both linguistic data
and linguistic processors and tools) that have been used (or at least
tried) or simply considered for use during the development of AWN.
Our
intention is to maintain an evolving document, for the duration of
the project, where new resources and new comments or assessments on
previous items could be added on the fly. Thus, this initial version
0 will be followed (we hope) by other increasingly useful versions.
The
report is not intended to be a complete survey of Arabic NLP
resources and tools. We have focused on resources related to the
needs of AWN and on free resources.
For
more in depth information on Arabic NLP resources, besides the
content of this report and the links included in it, the following
references could be useful:
http://cf.linguistlist.org/cfdocs/new-website/LL-WorkingDirs/search/search-all-
res2.cfm?res=All&AppLanguageId=43&search1=search1
Non
Arabic-specific resource repositories (but including valuable Arabic
resources and tools) can be found in:
–
DixAF (Bilingual Dictionary French Arabic, Arabic French)

http://www.elda.org/catalogue/en/text/M0040.html
– “Le
Monde Diplomatique” Text corpus in Arabic
Additional
useful information and useful links can be found on the Web pages of
a number of people or institutions:
http://www-nlp.stanford.edu/links/statnlp.html .
An annotated list of resources for Satistical NLP and corpus based
Computational linguistics
http://www.siglex.org/ :
A Special Interest Group on the Lexicon of ACL (Association for
Computational Linguistics)
A
useful recent survey (very extensive but mainly focussing on
commercial products) is:
–
Mahtab Nikkhou, Khalid Choukri (2005), Survey of Arabic Language
Resources and Tools in the Mediterranean Countries . Nemlar
Report, March 2005
For
the sake of completeness a slightly commented bibliography of Arabic
NLP is included.
–
From LDC several corpora are available
–
This corpus must be pre-processed in order to use it for probability
estimation. To this end normalization and light stemming should be
sufficient (see available tools for this purpose below).
http://157.150.97.21/dgaacs/unterm.nsf
Is being designed to
allow students and scholars to search large untagged Arabic corpora
for words and structures. It provides information on word frequency,
citations giving 10 words before and 10 words after, and information
on collocates of the word in question’.
www.aps.dz

New
webpage with intersting parallel articles.
http://termweb.unesco.org/Default.asp?admin=1&internet=1
–
Environmental Terms
–
A Trilingual Glossary by Yaron Batit.
http://enlil.ff.cuni.cz/veda/projekty/clara.htm

–
Vegetables http://www.tammar.4t.com/vegta.htm

–
Plants http://www.tammar.4t.com/herb.htm


–
Fruits http://www.tammar.4t.com/fruit.htm

From the large
quantity of dictionaries that are available, the most relevant
sources for this section are:
The
list includes the popular Al Mawrid English-Arabic Dictionary and Al
Mawrid Arabic-English Dictionary (printed version with CD-ROM).
–
Dictionnaire Larousse Saturne arabe – français / français
– arabe . Publishing House Larousse: 150,000 words
and phrases
The
Dutch Language Union, Amsterdam
MSA Dutch dictionary
is based on a corpus of 3,000,000 words. Mark Van Mol has compiled
the lexical data base and he may have an electronic version of this
dictionary. He is the director of the Leuven Group (Belgium) and he
has many publications in ANLP.
http://mark.vanmol
at ilt.kuleuven.ac.be
This dictionary is
one of the most important for many, perhaps the only one in use for
many years and it has been quoted by numerous English language
authors
It can be found at:
This
dictionary must be considered to be very important and useful.
In this section we
deal with a large quantity of information that is continuously
changing and being updated.
A
complete version is available for free on line (even though
www.aramedia.com
is selling it for over than $450??).
This is the largest
lexicon available comprising 8 volumes (about 3200 pages). The
dictionary’s author spent over 30 years on compiling it.
As
with any Arabic dictionary it is organized by roots, and it is also
available on line.
Although this
dictionary was expected to be finished months ago, it was only
available as of December 2005. Because they expected heavy online
traffic they announced that the links sometimes would not be working
properly.
It contains 122,920
entries in XML format including Arabic proper names and it is
organized as follows:
Arabic
word # Part of Speech # English word
This dictionary it
has been created by a group of teachers from Italy. It allows the
user to introduce Arabic or English words although the search is done
using roots. Plurals and feminine forms of adjectives and nouns are
also provided when necessary using a manify function (Javascript).
It also allows the
user to introduce English and Arabic words using an Arabic keyboard.
– Bidirectional
dictionary. ($49.9). Free sample.
–
English <-> Arabic lexicon ($159).
– French <->Arabic
dictionary (800 words).
This has information about the
Sakhr English-Arabic dictionary and useful information on Arabic
grammar and Arabic language technology in general.
Some
papers and tools related in a way to Arabic stopwords:
The
toolkit supports indexing of large-scale text databases, the
construction of simple language models for documents, queries, or
subcollections, and the implementation of retrieval systems based on
language models as well as a variety of other retrieval models. The
system is written in the C and C++ languages, and is designed as a
research system to run under Unix operating systems, although it can
also run under Windows’.
The
agencies quoted do not lay out s paralle articles except the Chinese
and Algerian agency.
http://www.verba.org/verbi_utf8/all_verbs_index_ar.html

The
database includes for each verb the vowelized forms of:
A
list of triliteral and quadriliteral roots organized in Arabic
alphabetical order compiled by Tim Buckwalter but not available in
his webpage www.qamus.org

We
will use this list for generating automatically a corpus. Instead of
extracting the root of the word, we make the opposite step from the
root and the various forms of patterns, then reconsitue a lexicon.
This has
70,000 e ntries in 6 Official Languages and its content can be
extracted because the queries result in long lists of words in
English and Arabic. It covers over 80 different domains:
COUNTRY
NAME, AIDS, agriculture, atmospheric science, biodiversity,
bioscience, budget and management, cartography and geography, child
welfare, climate change, codes and regulations, communication, core
concept, culture, declarations, demographics, development,
disarmament, disasters, discrimination, documents, economics,
education and training, energy, environment, export controls and
sanctions, finance, fisheries, food, forestry, functional and other
titles, geoscience, governance, Greek, habitat, health and medicine,
human rights, humanitarian issues, indigenous peoples, information
technology, intellectual property, international law, international
relations, international trade, labour, landmines and mine action,
Latin, law enforcement, law of the sea, logistics and supplies,
meetings, migrations and refugees, military abbreviations, military
issues, multilateral instruments, narcotic drugs, national law,
natural resources, nuclear science, oceanography, organizational
structure, peace and security, peace operations, plans of action and
initiatives, political life, poverty, religions, science and
technology, set phrases, small arms, social issues, space, staff
matters, statistics, TALOS, terrorism, transport and communications,
water, weapons of mass destruction, women.
This can be used as reference
and its content can be extracted. It includes terms related to UNESCO
such as administrative and financial terms, education, conferences
and meetings, etc).
UNESCO Structures,
Superseded UNESCO Structures, Institutions: (IGOs, NGOs, etworks,
Systems, Foundations), IOC: Titles, Terms and Acronyms ,
Administrative and Financial Terms , International (Days, Weeks,
Years and Decades), Campaigns and Appeals, UNESCO’s Member States,
UNESCO’s Standard-Setting Instruments, International Prizes,
(Non-Member States, Non-Self-governing Territories, Dependent
Territories etc.), UNESCO Chairs, Miscellaneous, UN and International
Legal Instruments, UNESCO Functions and Titles, (Conferences,
Meetings etc.), Terms in the field of Education, (UNESCO’s
Programmes, Projects, Initiatives), (International Programmes,
Projects, Initiatives), Former Institutions: (IGOs, NGOs, Networks,
Systems, Foundations)
This has the
Unified Medical Dictionary (UMD) from the World Health Organization
along with its specialized UMD dictionaries which cover more than
70 domains. Entries are arranged by alphabetical order in every
domain and one can see all the English entries with their Arabic
equivalents page by page. All medical terms were approved by the
Arab Academies in Cairo, Damascus, Baghdad and Amman. They also made
sure that the Arabic terms were selected carefully in accordance with
a very strict, clear, simplified and user-friendly methodology. An
electronic version of this edition is available on CD-ROM in a
Windows environment, and comprises abou t 150 000 terms.
A copy of this
CD-ROM is available from khayat@emro.who.int
The domains include (numbers
refers to number of entries of the domains sampled):
You
can download a copy of AGROVOC from
http://www.fao.org/aims/ag_download.htm
Each descriptor has its
equivalent in other languages. Descriptors are indexing terms which
consist of one or more words representing one and the same concept.
Non-descriptors are terms which help the user to find the appropriate
descriptor(s). Non-descriptors are followed by a reference (USE
operator) to the descriptor, which is the preferred term. For
indexing purposes, it is important that only descriptor terms are
used.
AGROVOC is available in 9
languages: the five FAO official languages (which are English,
French, Spanish, Chinese and Arabic), Czech, Portuguese, Japanese
and Thai. Other languages like German, Italian, Korean, Hungarian,
Slovak and Lao are currently being prepared.
It is stated
clearly in their website that AGROVOC is free of charge for
educational or other strictly non-commercial purposes.

AGROVOC
is available for downloading in MySQL, TagText, ISO2709 and Microsoft
Access formats. To download the AGROVOC database for off-line use,
please send your request to fao-agris-caris@fao.org. When sending the
request please specify the following: Full Name, Email, Organisation,
Reason for downloading AGROVOC, Comments. AGROVOC is also available
through web services. More information available here:
http://www.fao.org/aims/ag_webservices.jsp
International Glossary of
Hydrology (1418 entries): This is a multilingual resource that
includes Arabic and English (to view Arabic characters choose
Unicode UTF-8).

http://www.cemagref.fr
(2000 entries Pdf format )

Habitat
and Urbanism Glossary (AR-EN-FR) :
This has 3850 Arabic-English-French entries in PDF.
Elementymology
& Elements Multidict (MULTI) :
This is a multilingual dictionary of the names of chemical elements
in many languages. There are alphabetical and numerical lists.
Clicking on the name of an element brings the element information
page up in the main window. It can be used as a reference.
Zoology
Dictionary (EN>AR) :
This has 2500 terms in alphabetical order.
Glencoe
Online –
This is a multilingual Mathematics Glossary (AR-EN-ES-KO-RU-UR-VI-ZH)
in pdf files, in the form of an alphabetical list with glosses.
This allows the
online generation of individual verb forms (from I to X) for Arabic
verbs with tri-consonantal given roots. ( in Arabic letters).
This is more
complete than the above. It uses the Latin characters for introducing
the Arabic root and it is off line. It has been downloaded and it
works for Windows.
Interesting and useful online
tool. Arabic Morfix has a big capacity of morphological searching and
is standalone search engine. This tool is a demonstration and it is
based on a collection of 200 articles which contain general news
items form various sources. In its searching it takes into account
the following features: context sensitivity, expanded morphological
search, thesaurus search and entering queries in Latin Transcription
for Arabic names.
The tools called concordancers
have as main tasks searching, sorting and classifying words and they
are a real help in which concerns the manipulation of corpus.
Morphological
Analyzer (Kareem Darwish)
http://www.xrce.xerox.com/competencies/content-analysis/arabic/
Illinois
Institute of Technology
Information
Retrieval System Online Query the TREC Arabic collection
http://www.ir.iit.edu:8180/arabic-interface/index.html
Arabeyes is a Meta
project that is aimed at fully supporting the Arabic language in the
Unix/Linux environment. It is designed to be a central repository for
standardizng the Arabization process. Arabeyes relies on voluntary
contributions by computer professionals and enthusiasts from all over
the world.
–
Katoob: Editor of Arabic texts
–
Mozilla: Arabization of Mozilla
–
ITL: Islamic tools (data calculus,…)
–
BiCon: Console in Arabic
–
Quran: Tools for reading the Coran
–
QaMoose: a oOn-line access to a dictionary (information extracted
from the word list)
–
Akka: Arabization of Linux Consoles
–
Arabbix: Arabized Linux Live-CD
–
Bayani: arabized scientific plotter.
–
Distros: Arabized Linux distributions
–
Duali: Orthographical corrector
–
FreeBSD: FreeBSD Arabization
lala: a localization tool for
LINUX Arabic support.
conv_ara_html: a tool for
converting Arabic numeric character references
PostArabic: Arabic shaping for
PostgreSQL
ToIpt: PHP class for writing
Farsi and Arabic text on images
ClearlyU: BDF fonts useable for
Unicode text
Arabeske: an arabesque-like
pattern design tool
buckwalter2unicode: A Python
script to convert from buckwalter to Unicode
Encode::Arabic : Perl module that
can convert from and to some Arabic encodings (including buckwalter,
araTeX, …)
FriBidi: a free implementation of
the Unicode Bidi algorithm.
Ahmed Farouk
Ahmed. () Developing an Arabic Parser in a Multilingual Machine
Translation System.
Master Thesis. Cairo University
(with PROLOG CODE)
Azza Abd and
El-Moniem Mohamed. Machine Translation of Noun Phrases:
From English to Ara bic. Master Tesis.
Cairo University.
Kadri Y., Benyamina A. (1992).
“Un système d’analyse syntaxico-sémantique
du langage arabe non voyellé”, Mémoire
d’ingénieur, Université d’Oran.

Kareem
Darwish (2003). Probabilistic Methods for Searching OCR-Degraded
Arabic Text
PHD
Thesis.
Mohamed
Attia and Mohamed Elaraby Ahmed (2000). A large-scale
computational processor of the Arabic morphology and application.
Master thesis, Cairo University
Mona
Diab (2003). Word Sense Disambiguation within a Multilingual
Framework. PHD Thesis.
R. Al-shalabi
(1996). Design and implementation of an
Arabic morphological system to support natural language processing.
Ph.D. Dissertation. Computer Science
Department, Illinois Institute of Technology. Chicago, 1996.
Sabri
Elkateb (2005) Design and implementation of an English Arabic
dictionary/editor. PhD thesis, The University of Manchester, United
Kingdom.
Abdelhadi
Soudi, Violetta Cavalli-Sforza () “Interfacing an Arabic
Morphology and sentence generation system with an English-to-Arabic
knowledge-based Machine Translation System”.
Abdelhadi
Soudi, Violetta Cavalli-Sforsa, Abderrahim Jamari (2002a) “The
Arabic Noun System Generation”, in Proceedings of the
International Conference on Arabic Processing , Manouba
University,Tunisia.
Abdelhadi
Soudi, Violetta Cavalli-Sforsa, Abderrahim Jamari (2002b) “A
Prototype English-to-Arabic Interlinguabased MT System”, in
Proceedings of the Processing of Arabic Workshop, Language
Resources Evaluation Conference, Las Palmas, Spain.
Abdelhadi
Soudi, Jim Cowie, Hamdy S.Soliman (1999) “Interfacing an Arabic
Morphological Generator with an Interlingua-based Machine Translation
System”, Carnegie Mellon University, USA.
Abdelmajid
Ben Hamadou (1986) “A Compression Technique for Arabic
Dictionaries: The Affix Analysis” COLING 1986-
Ahmed
Rafea, Khaled Shaalan (1993) “Lexical Analysis of Inflected
Arabic Words using Exhaustive Search of an Augmented Transition
Network”. Software Practice & Experience , Vol 23 (6),
pags. 567-588.
Alexander
Fraser, Jinxi Xu, Ralph Weischedel (2002) “Cross-Lingual
Retrieval at BBN”, TREC 2002
Allan
Ramsay, Hanady Mansur (2000) “Arabic Morphology: a categorial
approach”
Allan
Ramsay, Hanady Mansur (2004) “The parser from an Arabic Text-to
speech system”, Le traitement automatique de l’arabe ,
JEP-TALN, Fes, 19-21 april 2004
Alshalabi, R.
and Evens, M. (1998). “A Computational Morphology System for
Arabic”, In Workshop on Computational Approaches to Semitic
Languages COLING-ACL98 , August 16, Montreal, 1998.
Azza
Abdel Monem, Khaled Shaalan, Ahmed Rafea, Hoda Baraka. () “A
Proposed Approach for Generating Arabic from Interlingua in a
Multilingual Machine Translation System”
Azzah
Al-Maskari and Mark Sanderson, “The effect of Machine
Translation on the performance of Arabic-English QA System”
Black,
W. J., and Elkateb, S. (2004) A Prototype English-Arabic Dictionary
Based on WordNet, Proceedings of 2 nd Global WordNet
Conference, GWC2004, Czech Republic, 67-74.
Black,
W., Elkateb, S., Rodriguez, H, Alkhalifa, M., Vossen, P., Pease, A.
and Fellbaum, C., (2006). Introducing the
Arabic WordNet Project , in Proceedings of the Third
International WordNet Conference, Sojka, Choi, Fellbaum and Vossen
eds.
Beesley, K. R.
and L. Karttunen: (2000) ‘Finite-State Non-Concatenative
Morphotactics’. In: Proceedings of the fifth workshop of the
ACL special interest group in computational phonology, SIGPHON-2000 .
Luxembourg.
Beesley, K. R.
and L. Karttunen (2003). Finite-State Morphology: Xerox Tools and
Techniques .Cambridge University Press.
Berg, H.
(2001) ‘Computers and the Qur’¯an’. In: J. D.
McAuliffe (ed.): Encyclopaedia
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