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The preparation and enforcement of the national drug policyis the responsibility of the Government of the CzechRepublic. The evaluationof two previous drug policystrategic documents — the National Drug Policy Strategy for the Period — and the — Action Plan — was finalised in The Strategy will be complemented with action plans, each spanning a three-year period. It also introduced significant changes in the statutory provisions pertaining to primary drug crime. To a certain degree, the new legal regulation differentiates drugs according to their health and social risks, as it makes a distinction between cannabisand other drugs as regards the cultivation of cannabis for personal use and the possessionthereof for personal use. In addition to the above-mentioned differentiation of drugs, the Penal Code newly provides for the offence of the unauthorised cultivation of a small quantity of plants containing a narcotic or psychotropic substance. Subsequently, the Government passed two regulations determining greater-than-small quantities of drugs and plants or mushroomsthat contain narcotic or psychotropic substances. Public expenditure on drug policyamounted to a total of CZK This sum included CZK In comparison to , total expenses showed a nominal increase on all three levels by 3. On the central level, there was a significant decrease in expenditure on the part of the Government Council for Drug Policy Coordination. Over one third of regional expenditures, however, was earmarked to finance sobering-up stations and the treatmentof intoxicated people. The aggregate of funds expended by municipalities experienced a slight increase. Out of the total comprised of all three levels of public budgets, CZK The sobering-up stations, funded almost exclusively from the regional budgets, cost CZK The surveys investigating public attitudes to drug useindicate that the Czech population is relatively tolerant towards the use of cannabis: an absolute majority supports the legalisation of the cultivation and possessionof cannabis, especially for medical purposes. In and in the first half of discussions and initiatives on the use of medical cannabis took place. The general public, the professional community, and politicians and representatives of the public administration were involved in these events and activities. The HBSC international surveyshowed that In comparison to the previous round of HBSC, carried out in , a rise in both the lifetime and last-year prevalencerates of cannabis use was observed. In the very first representative studyon drug useamong the prisonpopulation was conducted. It was found that the individuals starting their prison sentences show much greater experience of drug use than the general population. This particularly applies to women in general and to both genders as far as the use of heroin, pervitin, and cocaineis concerned. Dance party-goers and people associated with nightlifesettings constitute another subpopulation showing a significantly higher level of the prevalenceof illicit drug use. Apart from cannabis, the main drugs used among this group include ecstasy, pervitin, cocaineand hallucinogens. The estimated number of problem drug users continued to rise in ; the mean estimate reached the level of In comparison to the previous years, however, this increase is not statistically significant. While the year recorded a dramatic increase in the number of problem users of pervitin The number of injecting drug users also rose to approximately The concurrent use of pervitin and opiatesis common. In general, 0. It is estimated that one tenth to one quarter of offenders, i. Thus, their prevalenceof problem drug useis about 20—50 times higher than that among the general population. In addition, the levels of the current heavy or problem use of other drugs were estimated. In the Czech Republic, at least once per week in the last month, sedatives were used by almost one million people, cannabisby thousand people, ecstasyby 35 thousand people, hallucinogenic mushroomsby 30 thousand people, and cocaineby almost 15 thousand people aged 15—64, with young adults accounting for the largest proportion of users of these drugs. When extrapolating this proportion to the entire population of the CzechRepublic, we may conclude that approximately 1. Hazardous or harmful use of alcoholis attributed to 1 to 1. In seven HIV-positive people who may have contracted the virus through injecting drug use were newly identified. The numbers of newly reported cases of viral hepatitisC among injecting drug users have also been declining in recent years. The number of HBV cases recorded a slight year-on-year increase in An increased level of the incidenceof syphilis among injecting drug users continued to be observed in The available data suggest that there has been a long-term steady decrease in the level of high-risk behaviour, such as needle sharing, among injecting drug users. The information provided by the register of autopsies maintained by forensic medicine departments shows that the year witnessed another increase in the number of fatal overdoses on illicit drugs and inhalantsto a total of 55 cases. Cocaine was not detected in any cases of fatal overdosein For the very first time in Czech history, two fatal overdoses with the presence of the synthetic opioid fentanyl were reported. Calculated on the basis of analogical selection criteria, the rate of fatal overdoses on alcoholis approximately tenfold. The year recorded a further increase in pervitin-related deaths other than by overdose, while the number of such indirect deaths with the presence of THCfell. The traffic police records indicate that the number and proportion of accidents caused while under the influence of alcohol, as well as the number of people killed in such accidents, dropped in This positive trend has been confirmed by the data on autopsies of road accidentcasualties examined at forensic medicine departments. On the contrary, the numbers of accidents caused while under the influence of drugs other than alcohol and of people killed in such accidents are growing; the comparison with the data provided by forensic surgeons suggests, however, that the rates are still underreported by the police. In the CzechRepublic, drug users and addicts may seek help from a network of services providing a wide range of interventions which experienced no major changes in In comparison to the previous years, the slightly declining trend has been reversed, and the number of those in treatment returned to its and levels. Stimulant users have long predominated among those demanding treatment. They comprised the largest group among all treatment demands The second most numerous group was still made up of opiate users A slight aging of the treatment demand population is apparent; their average age has increased by more than four years over the past decade, reaching Women continue to account for one third of treatment demands. There has been a long-term increase in the number of patients in substitution treatment. The number of psychiatric outpatient services reporting the treatmentof users of alcoholand other drugs rose by almost one third to facilities in A maximum of 50—70 of those, however, may be considered the so-called AT outpatient services, i. The number of patients engaged with psychiatric outpatient services recorded a year-on-year decline, including all three of the largest groups of patients, i. The year experienced a moderate drop in the number of users of alcoholand non-alcohol drugs admitted to psychiatric inpatient facilities. The number of hospitalisations for alcohol reached the level of approximately 10 thousand per year, while the number of people admitted to hospital for non-alcohol drugs roughly made up half of that number. In the CzechRepublic, detoxificationunits are situated in 16 inpatient facilities with beds designated for this purpose. An additional 12 inpatient facilities provided detoxification in beds which were not specifically designated for this intervention. A total of 6, people underwent detoxification from addictive substances, including 3, cases of addiction to illegal drugs, during the year under observation. There are 36 prisons in the Czech Republic where drug users are provided with drug-free zones and various types of counsellingand treatmentservices, such as drug preventioncounselling centres and specialised wings for both voluntary and court-ordered treatment programmes. Almost no changes in their number occurred in ; the number of prisons providing detoxificationrose from 4 to 5. Eight prisons provided methadonesubstitution treatmentin The care of drug-using inmates was complemented by additional services delivered by 15 non-governmental organisations in 32 prisons. It is estimated that approximately one quarter of the individuals starting their prisonsentencewho may be referred to as problem drug users are placed in specialised prison wings or other departments providing professional care, such as drug-free zones. The number of low-thresholdprogrammes for drug users has fluctuated around on a year-on-year basis. In the past six years, however, a significant increase in the number of clients in contact with these has been observed. There has also been a long-term rise in the number of contacts with IDUs and the amount of injecting equipment and paraphernalia exchanged; almost 5 million hypodermic needles and syringes were distributed in The programmes for the distribution of gelatine capsules as an oral alternative to the administration of pervitinby injecting have also expanded. According to the available information, there are at least 30 capsule programmes in the Czech Republic, with one quarter of their clients being actively involved in the provision of the services. Almost 60 thousand capsules were handed out in The past three years experienced a gradual increase in the number of tests for infectious diseases carried out among drug users in contact with low-thresholdservices. In comparison to the previous years, however, the rate of tests for infections performed on clients of low-threshold services remains relatively low. Specific harm reductionservices aimed at club and dance settings were provided by four organisations as part of five programmes in However, the provision of these interventions has been discouraged recently. In the Czech Republic, the treatmentand care of people infected with HIVor with AIDS is provided at seven AIDS centres and is predominantly covered by health insurance; the provision of dispensary care and therapy for uninsured HIV-positive clients, which potentially also applies to injecting drug users, poses a problem. A questionnaire surveywas conducted in centres for the treatment of viral hepatitisin the spring of Its outcomes included the estimate that injecting drug users mostly ex-IDUs were treated for viral hepatitis C in 39 centres in Almost 2. Almost 1. There has been a long-term increase in the number of people prosecutedfor drug-related offences, and the proportion of people prosecuted for the possessionof drugs for personal use is also rising. From the long-term perspective, there has been an increase in the number of pervitin-related drug crimes, while offending associated with ecstasyand heroinrecorded a decline; the number of cocaine-related cases remains relatively small. Out of the aggregate of Marijuana and methamphetamine pervitin were the most widely available drugs in The popularity and availability of cocaineis increasing. The prices and purity of drugs are stable or within the range where moderate year-on-year fluctuations may be observed in certain substances. The majority of the marijuanaproduced is intended for the domestic market. Part of the production of cannabisgrown under artificial lighting is well organised and mostly involves people of Vietnamese origin. The number of cannabis plantations detected is also growing — were discovered. Pervitin is made by domestic manufacturers, particularly in small home labs. Nevertheless, the large-scale production of pervitin, controlled by organised groups originating from Vietnam or Albania, is becoming a common practice. Pervitin is generally manufactured using medication containing pseudoephedrine, mainly imported from Poland. The drug is primarily intended for the Czech market. A minor proportion of the production is exported abroad, particularly to Germany, which is especially facilitated by German citizens who are involved in the individual traffickingof small quantities as part of drug tourism. A total of Cocaine is mainly associated with the recreational and nightlifesettings in the CzechRepublic. In addition to Albanians, Romanians, and Bulgarians, people originally from West Africa, mostly Nigeria, are engaged in the import and distribution of cocaine. The body cavities of couriers swallowers are used to smuggle the drug. Couriers bring cocaine directly from South America or from Western European countries. Since there has been an increase in both the number of seizures and the quantity of the cocaine seized; the year recorded 42 seizures of cocaine in a total quantity of The demand for heroinon the Czech market is satisfied by means of small shipments up to 10 kg , and the drug is diluted mostly with paracetamol and caffeine before being sold at the street level. The quantity of the heroin seized and the number of seizures remain stable; there are approximately 50— seizures annually, involving a total quantity of 20—40 kg. Since the Czech Republic has experienced a rise in the emergence of legal highs. They are substances with effects similar to traditional drugs such as pervitin, marijuana, ecstasy, and hallucinogens, but are not subject to international and national illicit drug control systems, as they are not scheduled as illegal narcotic and psychotropic substances. They are primarily imported from Asia China, in particular and include mainly synthetic cannabinoids and cathinone derivatives, especially mephedrone. In the Customs Administration seized and analysed approximately kg of new synthetic drugs including 80 kg of mephedrone. In response to the increased supply of legal highs, Act No. This annual report concludes with three chapters on selected issues addressing in greater detail the interventions for drug users in prison, drug-using parentsand their children, and drug tourism. The first chapter provides a thorough summary of drug-related health policies and services within the prison system of the CzechRepublic in the context of the general health care provided to incarcerated offenders. The aim of the second selected issue is to cover the prevalenceof pregnant drug users and those users who are already parents of minor children and trends and characteristics pertaining to them, as well as describing specific services designed for such users and their children in the Czech Republic. Given the complex nature of the topic and the lack of data, the last chapter on a selected issue provides a rather unsystematic outline of information about the association between cross-border travel and drug use, or drug tourism, in the CzechRepublic. Use of Psych. Medicines in Czechia Report on Illicit Drugs in Czechia Our publications Focused bulletin Reports on the situation in the field of addiction. Summary of the Annual Report on the Drug Situation in the Czech Republic The preparation and enforcement of the national drug policyis the responsibility of the Government of the CzechRepublic. Back to top. Map of Aid.

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October 21st, A A A A. EN Search keywords, tags Mon 21 October Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu 14 15 17 14 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu 17 16 17 15 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu 16 16 16 14 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu 16 16 17 17 Visegrad Declarations. Presidency Programs. Annual Reports. Visegrad Parlour : State and Church. Ideal Tax System? Drugs and Law. Other articles. Students' Section. Today we have chosen a very current topic, which must be interesting to a wide public. These days, we are faced with this problem very often. So, we are going to talk about drugs. We will not discuss the effects of drugs on the human body, but instead of a health approach, we'll focus on the relationship between drugs and laws, legislative changes in the recent past, attempts to solve the drug problem as well as the Visegrad states' opinion on drug problems through liberalism or repressiveness. Allow me to introduce the discussants. Ivan Douda represents 'Drop In', the Czech centre for prevention and treatment of drug dependence. I will describe the situation in Slovakia. The first person in the discussion is from the Czech Republic. During the past few decades, in the Czech Republic there have been many discussions about drugs. In the beginning the discussion was mostly about being either liberal or rather more repressive. The core of the discussion was the question of whether it is necessary to change the law concerning drugs. Until , the law in the Czech Republic allowed the possession of drugs for personal consumption, but not for selling and distribution. Under the pressure of the Christian Democrats, the law was changed in Possessing drugs for personal consumption was forbidden, and the penalty was also increased. A special Drug Squad was established. It has relatively strong authority and influence on drug policy. Even before the transition, we started to carry out the first programmes focused on drug users. It was a programme of hypodermic needles. Later, we applied the first programme of substitution, thus the controlled feeding of alternative legal drugs instead of illegal ones. However, the drug policy works on the basis of political decisions all over the world. Therefore, the solution of the drug problem is more or less based on a personal point of view and not on rational and professional arguments. Experts protested against the law which determined that keeping drugs for personal consumption is a criminal act. But the police argued that this situation would be a cradle for dealers who claim they keep drugs just for their own consumption. In the case of more liberal laws, the dealers could not be prosecuted, either. Recently, because of the acceptance of the new law on drugs, the European Union enabled a two-year programme for the Czech Republic. This programme should verify the effectiveness of the new law in terms of acquisitions and deficits. The out put of the research demonstrated that this amendment cost a few ten million crowns more concerning the proximate system but in fact, it did not have any impact on the drug scene at all. However, I have to say that the police and state authorities all the while behaved relatively fairly and the atmosphere is relatively liberal. Many school campaigns focused on drug prevention have been organised during the past twelve years with approximately 1 million, mostly young participants. After ten years of work it seems that the situation has stabilised. The population of drug users is getting older and most of them is on file in one of the contact centres. The chain of these centres works thanks to people such as, for example, the mayor of the capital city, Mr. Today's approach to drugs is very rational and we get support also from the current government. The chain of contact centres was built gradually. At first, professional coordinators started to work at district authorities. Later, where the territorial units of districts were cancelled, the regional anti-drug coordinators took over their tasks. In big cities, there are also town municipal coordinators. These experts look over their region and make sure that the chain does not have too many holes in it. Regarding the use of different types of drugs, the position of amphetamines black beauty is getting weaker because of other trendy influences. Lately, the price of cocaine has decreased, so the Drug Squad is afraid of a new wave of this drug. The drug strategy of the Czech Republic relies upon prevention as well as repression. The most part of governmental expenses for anti-drug policy is still paid for criminal investigation. Besides governmental aid, the non-profit sector also plays an important role in the anti-drug strategy. However, we are still waiting for those reforms which were accomplished in Slovakia. The programmes of syringes and substitution have already been running for a long time, the level as well as the number of physicians is continually increasing. Physicians provide private substitution and use different preparations. There were heated discussions about taking drugs under medical control but this debate was rather on a political basis. However, it is interesting that at first, doctors, politicians and the police were very critical concerning controlled drug taking. But finally the results were convincing and the atmosphere is now more tolerant, the police do not focus on 'small fry' and let young people smoke marijuana. According to statistics, the Czech Republic ranks at the very top of the list in the number of people who have ever tried some kind of drug, namely marijuana. The positive thing in it is that the number of cases is not increasing and young people experiment with illegal but less risky drugs. The law on drugs, similar to that which was refused 18 months before the election, is being discussed again. Then the Minister of Health asked for the full legalisation of drugs in his election campaign for the liberal party. He was the first health minister in history who wanted to win over young people in this way, since he knew that this exact issue was very important for them. At that time there were failed attempts to legalise marijuana even for medical purposes, but only one vote was missing to accept the proposal. The new draft bill, compared to the unsuccessful one, will be slightly modified. It will consist of sections on marijuana, drug use and sanctions. It will be submitted to the parliament this autumn. As a lawyer and a leader of a legal aid service, I gained both theoretical and practical experience on the legislation of drug problems in Hungary. This legislation has changed many times during the past fifteen years. At first, the criminal statute was amended in It was necessary because the number of drug users increased. Until then, drugs were used mostly by groups belonging to the art sphere, or socially disadvantaged groups. From the beginning of the 90s, drugs spread also among other groups of society. Young people at first started to use a decoction made from poppies. Later they discovered classic drugs like heroin, cocaine, amphetamines and marijuana. However, I would like to emphasise that we can call only those who are drug dependent, 'druggies'. The most frequently used drugs are heroin and cocaine. However, most drug users are not addicted to drugs. Younger generations typically smoke marijuana. In most cases, it does not cause any health problems if young people occasionally smoke marijuana when partying. Also amphetamines belong in this group because most of the young people can control their use. These users do not get in touch with health care service, since the drug does not cause problems for them. There is only one sphere where they can have contact with the state because of their drug use and it is the sphere of criminal law. In Hungary, practice concerning drugs is steady: it is a criminal act to keep drugs even for personal consumption purposes. If a policeman finds a drug while checking somebody's identity, a criminal procedure immediately starts. I would like to give some information about the development of legislation during the last fifteen years in Hungary. In , the most important amendment was introduced, that is the term of diversion. In the case of the user, the criminal procedure starts but it also can be cancelled if the person concerned confirms that he participated in a 6-month treatment or public work. In the case of addiction, it is mandatory to take part in rehabilitation. In the case of occasional users who do not have health problems, it is useful to participate in preventive and community activity. This deflection is in function these days as well. However, one change has occurred. After the elections in , the first task of the right wing government was to tighten the rules regarding drugs in the criminal legislation. The diversion was allowed only for addicted users. Their number is much smaller than the number of occasional users. Occasional users had to face legal proceedings. In most cases they were not sentenced to prison, but the proceeding itself took years and they had to reimburse legal charges. After the next elections in , the left wing government came into power. The criminal statute was amended again and the diversion for occasional users was given back. As you see, the drug issue in Hungary is a very popular topic among politicians, especially at the time of elections. Right wing politicians struggle to enforce repressive measures, while left wing politicians are more liberal. Regarding drugs, Mr. This saying determined the attitude toward drugs in the Criminal Statute for a fouryear period starting in In the very strict penalties were liberalised. In the case of drug dealers, the very strict punishment still holds, that is, the possibility of imprisonment for life. Generally, no judge applies this punishment, as it is not possible to compare selling drugs with brutally committed robbery or murder. The judicial practice accurately resolves the criminal act of drug trade, but the senate dares not touch this part of the legislation, because of the political sensitivity of this issue. Recently, keeping drugs even in small quantities is a felony and the diversion is possible for everyone. In , there were 6, proceedings regarding drug abuse, which is a slight decrease compared to the year , when the number of proceedings was 7, In the number of opened legal proceedings is even fewer. It is worth mentioning the number of proceedings started against those who kept drugs for personal consumption. In , from 6, proceedings 5, were against those who kept drugs for their own consumption and only the rest were against drug dealers. To solve the issue of drug dealing is not so simple, because we have to differentiate between the real drug trade and the so-called 'distribution just among friends'. Within drug distribution there also exists a so-called 'distribution among friends' which is not a real distribution. The number of legal proceedings which are directed towards wholesale trade in quantities of kilograms, is only about a hundred cases annually. The activity of police is mostly directed towards the group that can be caught in the easiest way, that is the users. The police are often under the illusion that capturing users has a preventive effect. In the attitude of police has changed a little. It means that there are a few more proceedings against dealers compared to the past few years. That is probably because there are more young people among the leaders of the police who have already conducted an investigation of drug issues. I would like to say something about the diversion. The diversion is for young people who sometimes try or occasionally use drugs but do not have any health problems. According to my opinion, these diversions appear to be folly. If young people have problems due to drug use, they can visit other medical institutions. The diversion is not even a school prevention. The diversion actually ensures a back door for users not to be punished. It is basically a farcical attitude of lawmakers to the drug issue: we do not want to punish users but we do not have the courage to modify the legislation and say openly that drug taking is not a criminal act. In many states, drug taking is considered to be a violation and not a criminal act, and only in cases where drug consumption is in a public place and in a group. Nobody should care about the things we do in our house or flat, it is a completely private thing. In my opinion it would be the first step to the optimisation of the situation in Hungary. Also from an economic aspect it would be more effective budget-wise to send those who need it to rehabilitation, and start criminal procedures against those who commit a dangerous crime. Due to recent legislation, the source distribution is very unequal. I think that the given amount of money could be used in a more effective way. Thank you very much for the interesting presentation about the situation in Hungary. Now, I ask our next guest, Dr. Marek Zygadlo to describe the situation in Poland. We have almost all kinds of drugs in our country. It think it is an important information that Poland, Belarus and the Ukraine are the biggest producers of the highest quality amphetamine in the world. It is a dangerous drug, more dangerous than heroin. We have many institutions in Poland which are responsible for solving the drug problems. We are very proud that we can cover the treatment of the non-insured drug users. We have also had a national programme of health since which talks about drug demand reduction and limitation of accessibility to drugs. We started to think on the level of ministry and government about the approach to the drug problem, and we have a national bureau for drug prevention established in as a response to the worrying trends in the Polish drug scene. The aim of this organisation is to reduce the use of narcotics, drugs, psychotropic substances, and implement a co-ordinated national strategy against drug addiction. We have a national board of health, this institution covers the costs of treatment of patients. In July a new law was adopted to counter drug addiction. In my opinion this document is unacceptable because for any dose of drugs people can get into prison. So instead of helping them we put drug users into jails. But this act of law also has a useful part, which is introducing obligation to adapt provincial acts to avoid drug addiction. So not only the government is responsible for solving the problem but also the regional governments in the cities and villages. We have had many 'shamans' in Poland-so-called experts-who tried to help the users but many of them did not have any experience and practice. We hope that this system will bring quality into this activity. The national programme for counteracting drug addiction from to focuses on five fields, which are prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, supply reduction and international co-operation. We also have public health services like special inpatient and outpatient clinics, we offer counselling, individual and group therapy, detoxification and care. And now a few words about what kind of role the non-government organisations play in solving the problems connected to drug users and drugs. The non-government organisations in Poland can set up non-public services for drug users. Most of them offer very good health programmes for their clients, like drug education, needle-exchange, harm reduction, psychotherapy or substitution treatment. Community prevention is also implemented through community clubs, education and training as well as through social campaigns. In MONAR we run low-threshold assistance programmes for active drug addicts which are aimed at improving their health and social conditions. Drug related harm is also addressed and through this work we aim to counteract the spread of HIV and other infectious diseases and reduce crime connected with drug use. Drug education is a very important part of harm reduction, because many people are using drugs without knowing anything about them, or believing several myths which are not true. Our needle-exchange programme in Krakow was the first professional of its kind in Poland. We started it in , and now we have several exchange-centres all over the country. As far as the substitution treatment is concerned, two years ago it became possible to provide substitution by non-government organisations, and nonpublic health services could establish such projects. Now we have about ten substitution programmes in Poland, last year we introduced two new projects made by NGOs. So at the moment we have about a thousand clients attending these programmes. Nobody knows how many heroin addicts we have in Poland, it is not easy to count users in any country. According to the national health programme there was about 25 heroin users who needed some kind of treatment in the health system. The NGO services provide consulting for outpatients and detoxication and rehabilitation for inpatients. They also provide postrehabilitation programmes, housing programmes, hostels for clients who finished treatment and try to find their way back to society. I would like to end with two questions which are very important for this discussion. The first one is: What results can we expect from prohibition? The second one is: Why do we create narcofobia? Narcofobia in my opinion is the main problem of the last few years, and it exists because of ignorance and laziness. There is a great fear of drugs and drug addicts. People simply do not want to hear about these problems, while for example alcoholfobia does not really exists among them. Marek Zygadlo, thank you for the interesting presentation. I would like to make a brief description of the situation in Slovakia. Regarding the drug issue, in Central Europe we have a lot of features in common and we also have dissimilarities. After the transition in , when the iron curtain fell down, access to drugs became much easier. Contrary to in Poland, heroin became popular only after , especially in Bratislava. In Poland it was earlier, in Hungary and in the Czech Republic approximately at the same time. Contrary to the Czech Republic, in Slovakia heroin was dominating compared to pervitin, which was available in small quantities even before the transition and it was practically pushed back to the periphery by the police and dealers. So during the 90s we had a huge epidemic of heroin, especially in Bratislava and later in the whole of Slovakia. Ninety percent of treated persons had a problem with heroin. At the turn of the millennium, the situation had gradually changed and the use of pervitin gained ground, which is less addictive than heroin. Nonetheless, since we have noted a sudden increase in demand for pervitin, i. The situation has become stable during the last three years, the number of treated people has not increased. Obviously we always have new patients. At the same time, the request for cannabis addiction therapy has also increased. Regarding cannabis, there are lot of discussions. This substance is not as addictive as some other drugs. Only a smaller percent of occasional marijuana users--or people who use other forms of cannabis-become addicted. Although, besides the growth in demands for pervitin addiction therapy, between we noted an increased number of demands for cannabis addiction treatment. Taking into consideration the number of users, of course, it is just a small part but in terms of therapy it is a significant growth. In Slovakia, approximately 2, people seek medical help because of drugs every year. Out of that, approximately people use heroin, which has the highest addictive power. Moreover, it is usually used intravenously, so it poses the highest risk to public health. Concerning criminality, heroin is one of the most serious drugs. We started early with prevention and harmreduction. In we had less than a hundred intravenous users in Bratislava who requested medical help, and already at that time we started to change the spikes and needles. Recently sterile needles and syringes are available in drug-stores. Of course, not every drug-store is willing to help the users, it mostly depends on the pharmacist. In most cases users can buy syringes for a low price and there is no legal ground to forbid their sale to users, so the harm-reduction is ensured mainly through drug-stores. Syringe exchange programmes operate in the biggest drug centres. Regarding the political solution of the drug problem, there are two strategies to approaching drugs. The first is a repressive force-police, customs officers0-which is aimed at supply reduction, while the second is a non-repressive way, that is, prevention and demand reduction. We who work in the non-repressive sphere divide users according to if they have health problems or not. The health problem category, besides drug addiction, consists of drug overdose and infections. The repressive approach takes a different view of it. They take into consideration the relationship between users and the law. Print article. Send link.

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