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In the concluding section of a three-part series, investigator Michael Porth examines the steps that Costa Rica, long one of the most peaceful countries in the region, is taking to combat organized crime. This effort has been focused principally on enactment of laws, expanding capacity and resources for law enforcement, and—more recently—addressing drug consumption the demand side. This effort has been both nationally and internationally focused; the GOCR has shown itself cooperative in the international effort—especially with the U. While the scope of these laws applies to various types of TCO activity like human and arms smuggling, as well as financing terrorists , they essentially apply to DTOs and their drug-trafficking and money-laundering activities. See part 1 and part 2 of this series. The GOCR has created, signed, and ratified a handful of laws and bilateral agreements aimed at curbing drug trafficking and related illicit activity through its territory. This report has already mentioned the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and and bilateral intelligence-sharing agreements with the U. Between and , Costa Rica signed five additional multilateral agreements, which cover areas like psychotropic drug trafficking, corruption, money laundering, terrorism funding, and arms smuggling. Coast Guard including its ships and planes and warships to enter Costa Rican waters for the purpose of surveillance and relaying of intelligence and assisting in drug interdictions. This initiative is unique in the scheme of counternarcotics efforts because it addresses socioeconomic issues that can exacerbate the problem. That is, not only are there mechanisms to improve law enforcement training and coordination i. Outside of national laws and initiatives, the Chinchilla administration has maintained a tradition of Costa Rican international cooperation in order to strengthen its crime-fighting institutions. In and , the U. There are now a total of seven distinct Costa Rican law-enforcement bodies that coordinate in physical anti-DTO operations. In the area of white-collar and financial crime associated with DTOs, there are total of ten agencies that look for, investigate, and coordinate operations against various means of money laundering. These agencies are:. Thus, from to the GOCR has devoted significant energy and resources to improving its ability to detect and deter DTOs and related illicit activities, both through enforcement and demand-side laws and initiatives. This disparity exists due to four main factors:. DTOs are taking advantage of these weaknesses to expand their smuggling and laundering efforts. Of particular concern is the rise of domestic-international DTO cooperation, the consequential rise of domestic drug sales and consumption, and related violence. It is prudent to pay attention to the rising trend of storing large amounts of drugs throughout the country. It was suspected that the drugs were destined for Guatemala. While not mentioned in the article, given the prevalence of Colombian DTOs using fast boats for drug trafficking, there is a strong presumption that this case was an example of national and international DTO cooperation. Although the quantity of legal action against these storage houses is relatively small, the GOCR needs to pay attention to this growing trend. The following police operation highlights both drug storage in Costa Rica and extensive networking between DTOs, as these relate to more advanced operations. In December , the OIJ arrested a group of seven men four Mexicans, one Colombian with Costa Rican citizenship, and two Costa Ricans who had devised the importation of 96 panels of Egyptian marble—from Egypt—and stuffed these pieces with kilograms of cocaine. The OIJ conducted a raid on the storage facility before the panels could be shipped. This particular case is a concern because of falsifying shipping documents, multi-national DTO coordination, and the copious amount of cocaine stored within Costa Rica. Although this DTO was caught before the trafficking scheme could be completed, it shows a level of sophistication that a terrorist group could exploit to smuggle radiological and nuclear materials. No such case has been reported—or suspected—but at the least Costa Rican DTOs have shown themselves capable of carrying out complicated trafficking schemes. While GOCR promised the construction of a security checkpoint run by PCD, as of this report there is no firm evidence that this checkpoint has been created. The second concern is the lack of police presence in Talamanca County. Furthermore, there are hardly any firm security measures at the Sixaola-Guabito border crossing. In other words, the author could have passed by immigration without getting his passport stamped, and begun his journey through Costa Rica. While the author witnessed the following phenomenon in and , the ex-mayor confirmed that there is almost free passage for Costa Ricans and Panamanians between the two countries. According to the ex-mayor, when one combines a nearly open border crossing with a largely rural county on the Costa Rican side, it almost invites a DTO to operate through it. TCO activity has grown and evolved in Costa Rica since the mids. Both foreign and Costa Rican TCOs—who are almost exclusively DTOs—have shown great capability in networking and evading Costa Rican authorities or corrupting them in the execution of their illicit activities. However, despite its efforts, the problem persists. A trend to keep an eye out for is the influx of Mexican DTOs. Recent history has shown their displacement to the Northern Triangle Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala as a result of aggressive operations against them in Mexico, and their presence in Costa Rica—albeit small and limited, comparatively—should be cause for concern and action. The author asked all interviewees about the possibility of radiological and nuclear RN smuggling and a nexus of RN terrorists with DTOs. All doubted the possibility of a relationship. That is not to say there is no possibility of future collaboration between TCOs and terrorist groups in Costa Rica. Although Costa Rica has exerted considerable effort in strengthening its capacity to fight DTOs, these groups have adapted and are showing themselves capable of carrying out complicated schemes—both in terms of drug trafficking and money laundering—that involve other DTOs and complicit state employees. If there is enough of an incentive—and enough training—there could be a day when TCOs in the case of Costa Rica, DTOs collaborate with known terrorist groups to smuggle RN materials for the purpose of an attack on the U. But given the current evidence gathered in open-source research and field work, that is currently a remote possibility. The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the author and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the Department of Homeland Security or START. However, the original piece of legislation mentioned the agreement would last for 10 years. As of the date of this report, the agreement is still active. For more information, consult Mata, E. Coast Guard ships must have on board members of the Costa Rican Coast Guard, in case direct interdiction is necessary. Thus, the U. Retrieved from www. International narcotics control strategy report, volume 1: drug and chemical control. International narcotics control strategy report, volume See Vargas for more information. Seguridad anuncia plan para expulsar Narcos de Talamanca. La Costa Rica. Presidenta defiende su plan de seguridad. While cases are not all related to drug trafficking, several cases are. In August , for example, 12 members were suspended after being found—among many crimes—to be protecting criminals and selling drugs in Miramar de Montes de Oro, Puntarenas Province Delgado, D. Costa Rica. Subscribe to our newsletter to receive a weekly digest of the latest organized crime news and stay up-to-date on major events, trends, and criminal dynamics from across the region. Donate today to empower research and analysis about organized crime in Latin America and the Caribbean, from the ground up. Skip to content. See part 1 and part 2 of this series Laws and Initiatives Enacted Before The GOCR has created, signed, and ratified a handful of laws and bilateral agreements aimed at curbing drug trafficking and related illicit activity through its territory. This disparity exists due to four main factors: 1 Corruption still exists in the public sector, and this existence greatly facilitates DTO smuggling and laundering activities. Stay Informed With InSight Crime Subscribe to our newsletter to receive a weekly digest of the latest organized crime news and stay up-to-date on major events, trends, and criminal dynamics from across the region.