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It originated in Cuba and is still mostly focused there. It often consists of low-level concrete walls filled with organic matter and soil , with lines of drip irrigation laid on the surface of the growing media. Most organic materials are also produced within the gardens through composting. This allows production to take place with few petroleum-based inputs. It is publicly functioning in terms of ownership, access, and management, but heavily subsidized and supported by the Cuban government. In exchange for sugar , Cuba received subsidized petroleum , petroleum products , agrochemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides , and other farm products. Cuba's food production was organized around Soviet-style, large-scale, industrial agricultural collectives. With the collapse of the USSR, Cuba lost its main trading partner and the favorable trade subsidies it received from it, as well as access to oil, chemical fertilizers, pesticides etc. During this time, known in Cuba as the Special Period , food scarcities became acute. The average per capita calorie intake fell from 2, a day in to 1, calories in To address this, Cuba began to seek ways to increase its food production. This was done through the creation of small private farms and thousands of pocket-sized urban market gardens. Lacking many chemicals and fertilizers, much food became de facto organic. They formed and developed farmer cooperatives and farmers markets. These urban farmers were supported by the Cuban Ministry of Agriculture MINAGRI , who provided university experts to train volunteers in the use of biopesticides and beneficial insects. Without artificial fertilizers, hydroponic equipment from the Soviet Union was no longer usable. Instead, this was converted for the use of organic gardening. The rapid expansion of urban agriculture in the early s included the colonization of vacant land both by community and commercial groups. In , more than 35, hectares over 87, acres of land are being used in urban agriculture in Havana alone. Havana produces enough food for each resident to receive a daily serving of grams 9. The urban agricultural workforce in Havana has grown from 9, in to 23, in and more than 44, in Some are run by state employees, others are run cooperatively by the gardeners themselves. The government provides community farmers with the land and the water, and sells key materials such as organic compost, seeds, irrigation parts, and organic pesticides called 'biocontrols' in the form of beneficial insects and plant-based oils. These biological pest and disease controls are produced in some government centers across the country. Despite the successes of organoponics, efforts of the Cuban government have been negatively evaluated by some authors. A article in The Economist stated:. The grip of the state on Cuban farming has been disastrous. Cuba is the only country in Latin America where killing a cow is a crime and eating beef a rare luxury. That has not stopped the cattle herd declining from 7m in to 4m in In Venezuela , the socialist government is trying to introduce urban agriculture to the populace. Urban agriculture has not been embraced in Caracas. Another problem for urban agriculture in Venezuela is the pollution in major urban areas. At the Organoponico Bolivar I, a technician reads a pollution meter in the garden every 15 days. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Aeroponics Aquaponics Aquascaping Hydroponics passive. Algaculture Aquaculture of coral Aquaculture of sea sponges Controlled-environment agriculture Historical hydroculture Hydroponicum Paludarium Plant nutrition Plant propagation Rhizosphere Root rot Vertical farming Water aeration. Commons Wikibooks Wikiversity. Agriculture and Human Values. Earth Island Institute. Retrieved The Independent. London: Independent Print Limited. Monthly Review. Monthly Review Foundation. The Economist. Retrieved 17 September E - The Environmental Magazine. Earth Action Network, Inc. Archived from the original on Categories : Organic gardening Agriculture in Cuba Composting. Hidden categories: Articles containing Spanish-language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from All articles containing potentially dated statements. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. Wikimedia Commons.

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