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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate. ( December 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
^ "Country club" . Oxford Dictionaries – Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar.
^ Wray Vamplew, “Sharing Space: Inclusion, Exclusion and Accommodation at the British Golf Club before 1914” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 34, no. 359 (2010): 359, doi: 10.1177/0193723510377327.
^ Jump up to: a b Simon, Roger D. “Country Clubs.” In The Encyclopedia of American Urban History, edited by David R. Goldfield, 193-94. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2007. doi: 10.4135/9781412952620.n110.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Gordon, John Steele , “The Country Club” [ dead link ] . American Heritage 41, no.6 (1990): 75
^ Jennifer Jolly-Ryan, “Chipping Away at Discrimination at the Country Club,” Pepperdine Law Review 25, no. 495 (1998): 2 http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/pepplr25&div=37&g_sent=1&collection=journals
^ Jennifer Jolly-Ryan, “Chipping Away at Discrimination at the Country Club,” Pepperdine Law Review 25, no. 495 (1998): 496, http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/pepplr25&div=37&g_sent=1&collection=journals
^ Gritz, Jennie Rothenberg (September 2007). "The Jews in America" . The Atlantic . Retrieved 14 January 2019 .
^ Mayo, James M. (1998). "The American Country Club: An Evolving Elite Landscape". Journal of Architectural and Planning Research . 15 (1): 24–44. ISSN 0738-0895 . JSTOR 43030441 .
^ "2015 PNC headed to Philadelphia Cricket Club" . PGA.com . Retrieved 2018-01-17 .
^ "Breakfast Point Community Association" . Breakfast Point Community Association. Archived from the original on 2015-07-08.
^ "Castle Hill Country Club – One of Sydney's premier private golf clubs" . Castle Hill Country Club.
^ "Welcome to Elanora Country Club" . Elanora Country Club.
^ "Sanctuary Cove Golf & Country Club – Golf Courses – Gold Coast, Brisbane" . Sanctuary Cove Golf & Country Club. 10 May 2015.
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A country club is a privately owned club , often with a membership quota and admittance by invitation or sponsorship, that generally offers both a variety of recreational sports and facilities for dining and entertaining. Typical athletic offerings are golf , tennis , and swimming . Where golf is the principal or sole sporting activity, and especially outside of the United States, it is common for a country club to be referred to simply as a golf club .
Country clubs are most commonly located in city outskirts or suburbs, [1] due to the requirement of having substantial grounds for outdoor activities, which distinguishes them from an urban athletic club .
Country clubs originated in Scotland [2] and first appeared in the US in the early 1880s. [3] Country clubs had a profound effect on expanding suburbanization [4] and are considered to be the precursor to gated community development. [3]
Country clubs can be exclusive organizations. In small towns, membership in the country club is often not as exclusive or expensive as in larger cities where there is competition for a limited number of memberships. In addition to the fees, some clubs have additional requirements to join. For example, membership can be limited to those who reside in a particular housing community.
Country clubs were founded by upper-class elites between 1880 and 1930. [5] [6] By 1907, country clubs were claimed to be “the very essence of American upper-class.” [4] The number of country clubs increased exponentially with industrialization, the rise in incomes, and suburbanization in the 1920s. [4] During the 1920s, country clubs acted as community social centers. [4] When people lost most of their income and net worth during the Great Depression , the number of country clubs decreased drastically for lack of membership funding. [4]
Historically, many country clubs were "restricted" and refused to admit members of minority racial groups as well those of specific faiths, such as Jews and Catholics . [7] Beginning in the 1960s civil rights lawsuits forced clubs to drop exclusionary policies. [ citation needed ] In a 1990 landmark ruling at Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club , the PGA refused to hold tournaments at private clubs that practiced racial discrimination. [8] This new regulation led to the admittance of black people at private clubs. The incident at Shoal Creek is comparable to the 1966 NCAA Basketball Tournament , which led to the end of racial discrimination in college basketball.
The Philadelphia Cricket Club is the oldest organized country club in the United States devoted to playing games, [9] while The Country Club in Brookline, Massachusetts is the oldest club devoted to golf.
In the United Kingdom, many country clubs are simply golf clubs, and play a smaller role in their communities than American country clubs; [ citation needed ] gentlemen's clubs in Britain—many of which admit women while remaining socially exclusive—fill many roles of the United States' country clubs. [ citation needed ]
Many of the gentlemen's clubs established during the British Raj are still active in major cities, for example the Bangalore Club , Nizam Club , and Bengal Club .
Gymkhanas are sporting or social clubs across the subcontinent.
Country clubs exist in multiple forms, including athletic-based clubs and golf clubs. Examples are the Breakfast Point Country Club and Cumberland Grove Country Club in Sydney , [10] the Castle Hill Country Club, [11] the Gold Coast Polo & Country Club, Elanora Country Club, [12] and the Sanctuary Cove's Country Club. [13]
In Japan, almost all golf clubs are called "Country Clubs" by their owners. [ citation needed ]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Country clubs .
https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimdobson/2018/11/29/the-top-25-most-exclusive-golf-and-country-clubs-in-the-world-honored-with-platinum-status/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_club
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Country Club Private
