Cougar Cooter

Cougar Cooter
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This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 4 July 2022 .
Large species of the family Felidae native to the Americas
"Mountain lion" redirects here. For other uses, see Cougar (disambiguation) and Mountain lion (disambiguation) .
North American cougar cub in the Santa Monica Mountains

^ The populations of Costa Rica and Panama are included in Appendix I

^ There are no jaguars in the area; other felids were too small to kill humans.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Nielsen, C.; Thompson, D.; Kelly, M. & Lopez-Gonzalez, C. A. (2016) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. " Puma concolor " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015 : e.T18868A97216466. doi : 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T18868A50663436.en . Retrieved January 16, 2022 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Species Puma concolor " . In Wilson, D. E. ; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 544–545. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0 . OCLC 62265494 .

^ "Online Etymology Dictionary" . Douglas Harper . 2001 . Retrieved August 12, 2006 . & corresponding entry for "Cougar"

^ "Words to the Wise" . Take Our Word for It (205): 2. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012 . Retrieved July 31, 2012 .

^ Harper, Douglas. "jaguar" . Online Etymology Dictionary .

^ "cougar" . Oxford Dictionaries Online, Oxford University Press . 1989. Archived from the original on June 1, 2013.

^ Folkard, C. (2004). The Guinness Book of World Records . Bt Bound. p. 49.

^ Rau, J. R. & Jiménez, J. E. (2002). "Diet of puma ( Puma concolor , Carnivora: Felidae) in coastal and Andean ranges of southern Chile". Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment . 37 (3): 201–205. doi : 10.1076/snfe.37.3.201.8567 . S2CID 84264487 .

^ Scognamillo, D.; Maxit, I. E.; Sunquist, M. & Polisar, J. (2003). "Coexistence of jaguar ( Panthera onca ) and puma ( Puma concolor ) in a mosaic landscape in the Venezuelan llanos". Journal of Zoology . 259 (3): 269–279. doi : 10.1017/S0952836902003230 .

^ Holmes, B. R. & Laundré, J. W. (2006). "Use of open, edge and forest areas by pumas Puma concolor in winter: are pumas foraging optimally?" . Wildlife Biology . 12 (2): 201–210. doi : 10.2981/0909-6396(2006)12[201:UOOEAF]2.0.CO;2 .

^ Dickson, B. G.; Roemer, G. W.; McRae, B. H. & Rundall, J. M. (2013). "Models of regional habitat quality and connectivity for Pumas ( Puma concolor ) in the southwestern United States" . PLoS One . 8 (12): e81898. Bibcode : 2013PLoSO...881898D . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0081898 . PMC 3867332 . PMID 24367495 .

^ "Puma" . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved April 16, 2022 .

^ Jackson, G. A. (1935). "George A. Jackson's Diary of 1858–1859". Colorado Magazine . Vol. 6. pp. 201–214.

^ Wild, Paula (2013). The Cougar: Beautiful, Wild and Dangerous . Douglas and McIntyre Limited. p. 25. ISBN 9781771620031 .

^ Linnaeus, C. (1771). " Felis concolor " . Mantissa plantarum altera (in Latin). Holmiae: Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. p. 522.

^ Jardine, W. (1834). "Genus II. Puma " . Naturalists' library, Mammalia, volume 2 . Edinburgh: Lizars, Stirling and Kenney. pp. 266–267.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment" . Science . 311 (5757): 73–77. Bibcode : 2006Sci...311...73J . doi : 10.1126/science.1122277 . PMID 16400146 . S2CID 41672825 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Culver, M.; Johnson, W. E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; O'Brien, S. J. (2000). "Genomic Ancestry of the American Puma" . Journal of Heredity . 91 (3): 186–97. doi : 10.1093/jhered/91.3.186 . PMID 10833043 .

^ Conroy, M. J.; Beier, P.; Quigley, H.; Vaughan, M. R. (2006). "Improving The Use Of Science In Conservation: Lessons From The Florida Panther". Journal of Wildlife Management . 70 (1): 1–7. doi : 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1:ITUOSI]2.0.CO;2 .

^ Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF) . Cat News (Special Issue 11): 33–34.

^ Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)" . In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5 .

^ Ross, B.; Barnes, I.; Phillips, M. J.; Martin, L D.; Harington, C. R.; Leonard, J. A. & Cooper, A. (2005). "Evolution of the extinct Sabretooths and the American cheetah-like cat" . Current Biology . 15 (15): R589–R590. doi : 10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.052 . PMID 16085477 . S2CID 17665121 .

^ Petrigh, R. S.; Martínez, J. G.; Mondini, M. & Fugassa, M. H. (2019). "Ancient parasitic DNA reveals Toxascaris leonina presence in Final Pleistocene of South America" . Parasitology . 146 (10): 1284–1288. doi : 10.1017/S0031182019000787 . PMID 31196226 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Cougar" . Hinterland Who's Who . Canadian Wildlife Service and Canadian Wildlife Federation . Archived from the original on May 18, 2007 . Retrieved May 22, 2007 .

^ Expanding Cougar Population . The Cougar Net.org

^ Florida Panther Facts . Florida Panther Refuge

^ "Mountain Lion ( Puma concolor )" . Texas Parks and Wildlife. Archived from the original on April 3, 2007 . Retrieved March 30, 2007 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Eastern Cougar Fact Sheet" . New York State Department of Environmental Conservat ion. Archived from the original on December 29, 2007 . Retrieved March 30, 2007 .

^ Jump up to: a b Shivaraju, A. (2003) Puma concolor Archived June 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine . Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved on September 15, 2011.

^ Wroe, S. (1999). "Estimating the weight of the Pleistocene marsupial lion, Thylacoleo carnifex (Thylacoleonidae:Marsupialia): implications for the ecomorphology of a marsupial super-predator and hypotheses of impoverishment of Australian marsupial carnivore faunas". Australian Journal of Zoology . 47 (5): 487–498. doi : 10.1071/ZO99006 .

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^ Hornocker, Maurice (2010). Cougar : ecology and conservation . Chicago [etc.] : University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226353449 .

^ Spalding, D. J. "Cougar in British Columbia" . British Columbia Fish and Wildlife Branch . Archived from the original on August 24, 2011 . Retrieved June 5, 2011 .

^ Francis, Adama M.; Iserson, K. V. (2015). "Jaguar Attack on a Child: Case Report and Literature Review" . Western Journal of Emergency Medicine . 16 (2): 303–309. doi : 10.5811/westjem.2015.1.24043 . PMC 4380383 . PMID 25834674 .

^ Nuanaez R.; Miller, B. & Lindzey F. (2000). "Food habits of jaguars and pumas in Jalisco, Mexico" . Journal of Zoology . 252 (3): 373–379. doi : 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00632.x .

^ "Quando o pardo é branco" . revistapesquisa.fapesp.br (in Portuguese). Brazil. 2019. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020 . Retrieved August 18, 2020 .

^ Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World . Vol. 1. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 818. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9 .

^ Morrison, C. D.; Boyce, M. S.; Nielsen, S. E. (2015). "Space-use, movement and dispersal of sub-adult cougars in a geographically isolated population". PeerJ . doi : 10.7717/peerj.1118 .

^ Dickson, B.G. & Beier, P. (2007). "Quantifying the influence of topographic position on cougar ( Puma concolor ) movement in southern California, USA" . Journal of Zoology . 271 (3): 270–277. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.571.8947 . doi : 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00215.x .

^ Caso, A. & Domínguez, E. F. (2018). "Confirmed presence of jaguar, ocelot and jaguarundi in the Sierra of San Carlos, Mexico". Cat News (68): 31–32.

^ Ávila-Nájera, D. M.; Chávez, C.; Pérez-Elizalde, S.; Guzmán-Plazola, R. A.; Mendoza, G. D. & Lazcano-Barrero, M. A. (2018). "Ecology of Puma concolor (Carnivora: Felidae) in a Mexican tropical forest: adaptation to environmental disturbances" . Revista de Biología Tropical . 66 (1): 78–90. doi : 10.15517/rbt.v66i1.27862 .

^ Morales-Rivas, A.; Álvarez, F. S.; Pocasangre-Orellana, X.; Girón, L.; Guerra, G. N.; Martínez, R.; Pablo Domínguez, J.; Leibl, F. & Heibl, C. (2020). "Big cats are still walking in El Salvador: first photographic records of Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771) and an overview of historical records in the country" . Check List . 16 (4): 563–570. doi : 10.15560/16.3.563 .

^ Olarte-González, G.; Escovar-Fadul, T. & Balaguera-Reina, S.A. (2015). "First record of Puma concolor Linneus, 1771 (Carnivora: Felidae) preying Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780) on a palm-oil plantation in the Meta department, Colombia". Mammalogy Notes . 2 (1): 8–10.

^ Boron, V.; Xofis, P.; Link, A.; Payan, E. & Tzanopoulos, J. (2020). "Conserving predators across agricultural landscapes in Colombia: habitat use and space partitioning by jaguars, pumas, ocelots and jaguarundis" . Oryx . 54 (4): 554–563. doi : 10.1017/S0030605318000327 .

^ Guerisoli, M. D. L. M.; Caruso, N.; Luengos Vidal, E. M. & Lucherini, M. (2019). "Habitat use and activity patterns of Puma concolor in a human-dominated landscape of central Argentina" . Journal of Mammalogy . 100 (1): 202–211. doi : 10.1093/jmammal/gyz005 .

^ Laura R. LaBarge, Michael J. Evans, Jennifer R. B. Miller, Gillian Cannataro, Christian Hunt, L. Mark Elbroch: Pumas Puma concolor as ecological brokers: a review of their biotic relationships. In: Mammal Review 25, Januar 2022 , S. 304–312. DOI:10.1111/mam.12281 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Naughton, D. (2014). The Natural History of Canadian Mammals . University of Toronto Press. pp. 368–373. ISBN 978-1-4426-4483-0 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Wildlife: Wolves" . Yellowstone National Park . Archived from the original on April 20, 2007 . Retrieved April 8, 2007 . * Akenson, H.; Akenson, J.; Quigley, H. "Winter predation and interactions of Wolves and Cougars on Panther Creek in Central Idaho" . Archived from the original on April 20, 2007. * Oakleaf, John K.; Mack, C.; Murray, D. L. "Winter predation and interactions of Cougars and Wolves in the Central Idaho Wilderness" . Archived from the original on April 20, 2007.

^ Ross, R.; Jalkotzy, M. G. & Festa-Bianchet, M. (1993). "Cougar predation on bighorn sheep in southwestern Alberta during winter". Canadian Journal of Zoology . 75 (5): 771–775. doi : 10.1139/z97-098 .

^ Gutiérrez-González, C. E. & López-González, C. A. (2017). "Jaguar interactions with pumas and prey at the northern edge of jaguars' range" . PeerJ . 5 : e2886. doi : 10.7717/peerj.2886 . PMC 5248577 . PMID 28133569 .

^ Whitaker, J. O. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals . New York: Chanticleer Press. ISBN 0-394-50762-2 .

^ Martínez, J.I.Z.; Travaini, A.; Zapata, S.; Procopio, D. & Santillán, M.Á. (2012). "The ecological role of native and introduced species in the diet of the puma Puma concolor in southern Patagonia" . Oryx . 46 (1): 106–111. doi : 10.1017/S0030605310001821 .

^ Bauer, J. W.; Logan, K. A.; Sweanor, L. L. & Boyce, W. M. (2005). "Scavenging behavior in Puma". The Southwestern Naturalist . 50 (4): 466–471. doi : 10.1894/0038-4909(2005)050[0466:SBIP]2.0.CO;2 .

^ COSEWIC. Canadian Wildlife Service (2002). "Assessment and Update Status Report on the Grizzly Bear ( Ursus arctos )" (PDF) . Environment Canada . Retrieved April 8, 2007 .

^ Elbroch, L. M.; Lendrum, P. E.; Allen, M. L.; Wittmer, H. U. (2014). "Nowhere to hide: pumas, black bears, and competition refuges" . Behavioral Ecology . 26 : 247–254. doi : 10.1093/beheco/aru189 .

^ ELboch, M. (November 1, 2014). "Mountain Lions Versus Black Bears" . National Geographic . Archived from the original on September 25, 2016 . Retrieved September 24, 2016 .

^ "Park wolf pack kills mother cougar" . forwolves.org. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013 . Retrieved April 12, 2013 .

^ Kauffman, Jason (March 4, 2009). "Predators clash above Elkhorn" . Idaho Mountain Express. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017 . Retrieved August 21, 2013 .

^ "Wolf B4 Killed by Mountain Lion?" . forwolves.org. March 25, 1996. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013.

^ Gugliotta, Guy (May 19, 2003). "In Yellowstone, it's Carnivore Competition" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 23, 2013 . Retrieved April 9, 2007 .

^ "Autopsy Indicates Cougar Killed Wolf" . igorilla.com. April–May 2000. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015 . Retrieved May 22, 2015 .

^ "Mountain lions kill collared wolves in Bitterroot" . missoulian.com. Archived from the original on May 17, 2013 . Retrieved May 29, 2012 .

^ "This lion doesn't run, instead kills, eats wolf" . National Geographic. December 11, 2013.

^ "Overview: Gray Wolves" . Greater Yellowstone Learning Center. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007 . Retrieved April 9, 2007 .

^ Cockle, Richard (October 29, 2006). "Turf wars in Idaho's wilderness" . The Oregonian . Archived from the original on December 13, 2007 . Retrieved April 9, 2007 .

^ "Cougars vs. coyotes photos draw Internet crowd" . missoulian.com. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013 . Retrieved April 8, 2013 .

^ Hamdig, Paul. "Sympatric Jaguar and Puma" . Ecology Online Sweden. Archived from the original on July 16, 2006 . Retrieved August 30, 2006 .

^ Nuanaez, Rodrigo; Miller, Brian; Lindzey, Fred (2000). "Food habits of jaguars and pumas in Jalisco, Mexico". Journal of Zoology . 252 (3): 373–379. doi : 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00632.x .

^ Elbroch, L. M.; Levy, M.; Lubell, M.; Quigley, H. & Caragiulo, A. (2017). "Adaptive social strategies in a solitary carnivore" . Science Advances . 3 (10): e1701218. Bibcode : 2017SciA....3E1218E . doi : 10.1126/sciadv.1701218 . PMC 5636203 . PMID 29026880 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d Cougar Discussion Group (January 27, 1999). "Utah Cougar Management Plan (Draft)" (PDF) . Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 16, 2007 . Retrieved May 2, 2007 .

^ Allen, M. L.; Wittmer, H. U. & Wilmers, C. C. (2014). "Puma communication behaviours: understanding functional use and variation among sex and age classes". Behaviour . 151 : 819–840. doi : 10.1163/1568539X-00003173 .

^ "Cougars in Canada (Just the Facts)" . Canadian Geographic Magazine . Archived from the original on August 20, 2007 . Retrieved April 2, 2007 .

^ Jump up to: a b Sweanor, L.; Logan, K. A. & Hornocker, M. G. (2000). "Cougar dispersal patterns, metapopulation dynamics, and conservation". Conservation Biology . 14 (3): 798–808. doi : 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99079.x . S2CID 26735359 .

^ Jump up to: a b Hamilton, M.; Hundt, P.; Piorkowski, R. "Mountain Lions" . University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point . Archived from the original on June 13, 2007 . Retrieved May 10, 2007 .

^ Hornocker, M. G. & Negri, S. (2009). Cougar: ecology and conservation . University of Chicago Press. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-0-226-35344-9 .

^ Bonier, F.; Quigley, H. & Austad, S. (2004). "A technique for non-invasively detecting stress response in cougars". Wildlife Society Bulletin . 32 (3): 711–717. doi : 10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[0711:ATFNDS]2.0.CO;2 .

^ Biek, R.; Rodrigo, A. G.; Holley, D.; Drummond, A.; Anderson Jr., C. R.; Ross, H. A. & Poss, M. (2003). "Epidemiology, Genetic Diversity, and Evolution of Endemic Feline Immunodeficiency Virus in a Population of Wild Cougars" . Journal of Virology . 77 (17): 9578–9589. doi : 10.1128/JVI.77.17.9578-9589.2003 . PMC 187433 . PMID 12915571 .

^ Beier, P. (1993). "Determining minimum habitat areas and habitat corridors for Cougars". Conservation Biology . 7 (1): 94–108. doi : 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07010094.x . JSTOR 2386646 . S2CID 55580710 .

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^ Ernest, H. B.; Vickers, T. W.; Morrison, S. A.; Buchalski, M. R.; Boyce, W. M. (2014). "Fractured genetic connectivity threatens a southern California Puma ( Puma concolor ) population" . PLoS One . 9 (10): e107985. Bibcode : 2014PLoSO...9j7985E . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0107985 . PMC 4189954 . PMID 25295530 .

^ Guerisoli, M. D. L. M.; Luengos Vidal, E.; Caruso, N.; Giordano, A. J. & Lucherini, M. (2021). "Puma–livestock conflicts in the Americas: A review of the evidence". Mammal Review . 51 (2): 228–246. doi : 10.1111/mam.12224 .

^ Jump up to: a b c McKee, Denise (2003). "Cougar Attacks on Humans: A Case Report" . Wilderness and Environmental Medicine . 14 (3): 169–73. doi : 10.1580/1080-6032(2003)14[169:CAOHAC]2.0.CO;2 . PMID 14518628 .

^ Sweanor, Linda L.; Logan, Kenneth A.; Hornocker, Maurice G. (2005). "Puma responses to close approaches by researchers". Wildlife Society Bulletin . 33 (3): 905–913. doi : 10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33[905:PRTCAB]2.0.CO;2 .

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^ "Confirmed mountain lion attacks in the United States and Canada 1890 – pr
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