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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Key findings and threat assessment. Global context. Trafficking and supply. Retail markets. Criminal networks. Actions to address current threats and increase preparedness. This section provides an overview of cannabis cultivation and the production processes of the main consumer products that can be derived from the cannabis plant see Figure Cannabis: Taxonomy of products traditional and modern , as well as some emerging semi-synthetic products see Box Emergence of semi-synthetic cannabinoids: deltaTHC, HHC and HHC-O 1. In Europe and at the global level, illicit cannabis cultivation is performed in a variety of indoor and outdoor settings at different scales. Both indoor and outdoor illicit cannabis-growing operations range from, for example, a few plants cultivated at home for personal use to sites with thousands of plants controlled by criminal networks see Box Indoor cannabis cultivation sites. The cannabis crop, typically the flowering tops of the plant, is then used to manufacture a range of consumer products see Section Trends in European cannabis retail markets. The potency and contents of cannabis products depend on the cannabis plants from which they are derived. In turn, the composition and levels of cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant depend on many factors. Factors include light exposure natural or artificial , the type of seeds, and whether cuttings or clones are used. Furthermore, the method of cultivation, the number of plants per square metre, water supply and soil pH which affects the availability of nutrients may influence the yield of the cultivation site. Outdoor cultivation can produce up to three harvests a year depending on the weather, the amount of light and the strain of cannabis used EMCDDA and Europol, When growing cannabis outdoors, systems to control environmental conditions e. However, automatic watering systems or curtains for shading may occasionally be used, as is the case with certain homemade or portable greenhouse kits. Indoor cultivation sites run by criminal networks operate in a variety of locations see Box Indoor cannabis cultivation sites and can be used to grow cannabis throughout the year, resulting in up to four to six full harvests annually Vanhove et al. Cultivation techniques used for indoor cultivation sites may differ significantly, which in turn influences yields and the number of harvests Vanhove et al. Indoor cultivation sites run a lower risk of detection and generally produce higher yields and experience less spoilage due to adverse weather or pest infestation. Some high-potency strains can only be successfully cultivated indoors. However, the energy consumption of indoor cultivation sites is significantly higher than that of outdoor growing operations see Box Criminal network steals EUR 1. There is also an increased risk of fire, for instance due to defective electrical wiring, as well as other potential hazards related to exposure to mould and chemicals see Section Environmental impact and hazards of cannabis cultivation. Within the cannabis plant, complex biochemical processes lead to the production of a range of phytocannabinoids. THCA in itself is not a psychoactive substance. However, it may be converted to deltaTHC, the most commonly consumed psychoactive cannabinoid, or its isomer deltaTHC which can be oxidized to form cannabinol CBN. The production of cannabis resin, or hashish, involves dislodging the glandular trichomes which contain resinous secretions that form mostly on the flowering tops buds of the cannabis plant, but also on the leaves. This results in a fine powder that is high in THC, which is subsequently compressed to form cannabis resin. However, using just the flowers produces a higher potency end-product. Certain techniques can be introduced to increase the potency of the final product, such as using ice water or dry ice which allows the trichomes to be removed more easily EMCDDA, a. The removal of resinous secretions from the trichomes can also be performed more efficiently through other methods. Some of these processes, especially those using flammable gases such as butane or propane, are known to be hazardous and have led to accidental explosions in several European countries EMCDDA and Europol, Herbal cannabis is produced globally. However, in recent years EU Member States have reported few large seizures of herbal cannabis shipments from these regions, and they are no longer reported as major source countries. Herbal cannabis is also trafficked to the EU from Canada and to some extent, the United States, and there are recent signals that these regions might become more prominent. While most cases involved small amounts in parcels, more recently, several shipments ranging from several hundred kilograms to a tonne, were seized at European ports arriving in containers coming from Canada Openbaar Ministerie, It should also be noted that Morocco, the major source of cannabis resin available on the European market, has also recently been mentioned as a source of herbal cannabis by several EU Member States. Meanwhile, the Western Balkan region has long been important in the supply of herbal cannabis to the EU market. Cannabis is cultivated both indoors and outdoors throughout the region. However, the period was characterised by a sharp decrease in seizures of herbal cannabis. While more than 84 tonnes was seized at regional level in , mostly in Albania, this amount decreased significantly to around This decline in seizures appear to have been influenced by a shift in cannabis cultivation in the Western Balkan region since , with less cannabis being grown outdoors. This in turn seems to have been influenced by major eradication efforts in Albania, where operations have been undertaken in cooperation with the Italian Guardia di Finanza. Overall, the situation has become more diverse and complex, with an increasing number of countries in the region reporting large-scale indoor cannabis cultivation sites, with some of the drug likely intended for export see Box Industrial-scale cannabis cultivation in the Western Balkan region. The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. Some of the cannabis produced for legal markets e. North Macedonia legalised cannabis production for medical use in Between February and October , 64 companies were granted licences to grow cannabis for medical use Hall, Worryingly, there have been indications that cannabis legally produced in some of these sites may have been diverted to the illicit drug market in North Macedonia or smuggled to other countries EMCDDA, d. For example, in early December , over 2 tonnes of cannabis were stolen from the warehouses of licensed North Macedonian companies in two separate incidents Ministry of Interior of North Macedonia, a, b. There are also signs that illicit cannabis production may have been deliberately undertaken in licensed production facilities. For instance, in February , North Macedonian police seized about 1. In June , the Albanian government published for consultation a law regulating cannabis cultivation for medical and industrial purposes Electronic Register Albania, Overall, potential links between licit production sites and the illegal market in the Western Balkans should be monitored closely see also Section Cannabis resin production in the EU. In the EU, herbal cannabis appears to be mainly produced for sale on domestic markets rather than for export. Estimating the total cannabis production in Europe is difficult due to the currently limited systematic monitoring of illicit cannabis cultivation, leading to a lack of data on the number and size of illicit cannabis production sites dismantled in Europe each year. This is likely due to a combination of factors, including the time required to report large amounts of data. An additional obstacle is the difficulty of calculating potential national and EU-wide production figures from the existing studies on cannabis yield determination, as these are based on specific growing conditions that are unlikely to be representative of the varying types of illicit settings in which cannabis is grown across Europe Toonen et al. In addition to the standard reporting protocols, the EMCDDA also obtains information on dismantled cannabis cultivation sites from open source information and ad-hoc information-gathering exercises with supply experts and the national focal points of the Reitox network. Although these data often do not include information on the size of the dismantled sites, they do help to build a better understanding of the extent of illicit cannabis production in Europe. Based on these data, 14 Member States reported dismantling a total of nearly 7 illicit cannabis cultivation sites in In , almost 10 sites were reported to have been dismantled by 14 Member States , while in , 13 Member States reported over 9 dismantled sites. Due to incomplete reporting, the size of these sites remains, for the most part, unknown. However, several recent cases indicate that large-scale cultivation sites are frequently detected in the EU. Seizures of cannabis plants may be regarded as an indicator of the extent of cannabis production in a particular country. While plant seizures are reported annually to the EMCDDA, differences between countries in terms of law enforcement priorities, resources and reporting practices, mean that caution should be exercised in the interpretation of these data. Nonetheless the reported data indicate general trends in cannabis cultivation in the EU see Figure Quantity of cannabis plants seized in the EU, In , more than 4. In , the number of cannabis plants seized in Spain could be even higher as law enforcement dismantled several large-scale illicit production sites see Box Cannabis plantations using fake authorisations dismantled in Spain. Although large scale cannabis cultivation takes place in many EU countries, Spain has made it a law enforcement priority Spanish Interior Ministry, which may not be the case in other countries. This is reflected in the data reported, but nonetheless confirms the emergence of Spain as one of the largest cannabis production zones in the EU. Some knowledge gaps in this area have recently been addressed, largely as a result of research emanating from North America, where regulated cannabis markets have been established Wartenberg et al. Regardless of setting indoor, outdoor or greenhouse , six environmental impact pathways from cannabis cultivation have been documented in the literature. These are water use, energy use, pesticide use, water pollution, air pollution and land cover change Wartenberg et al. Cannabis plants generally require larger quantities of water compared to crops such as maize, rice or soy when grown in similar conditions see Box Estimated water needs for outdoor cannabis cultivation. An outdoor-grown cannabis plant may for example consume between However, energy and water use vary according to a number of factors, such as geographical location, cultivation method or strain-related characteristics Summers et al. Depending on the time of year, a cannabis plant cultivated indoors may require between 9 and 11 litres per day Wilson et al. Indoor cultivation can be undertaken throughout the year, which in many cases leads to at least four growing cycles per year Vanhove et al. As indoor cannabis cultivation in the EU also appears to be more widespread than outdoor production, the overall water demand is likely higher. For example, an indoor cannabis cultivation site of plants and operational throughout the year would potentially consume between 1. Some indoor cannabis sites in Europe consume additional quantities of water, for instance those using water-cooled air-conditioning Vanhove et al. Energy use accounts for the largest share of carbon dioxide emissions caused by indoor cannabis cultivation Summers et al. Most of the energy directly expended in indoor cultivation is used to power lighting and for water and air circulation, while in outdoor sites the majority of the energy used directly is channelled into pumping water and producing fertilisers Wartenberg et al. Additionally, an indirect use of energy derives from the use of fertilizers, whose production is an energy-intensive process with considerable carbon emissions. Some studies have estimated that illicit cannabis cultivation sites consume large amounts of electricity Mills, ; Summers et al. However, the total quantity of energy used by such sites in a specific area is difficult to assess, as data on the size, conditions and number of cannabis cultivation sites are rarely comparable and often incomplete, which makes inaccuracies in terms of extrapolation inevitable Vanhove et al. According to the Dutch electricity grid operator, a total of million kilowatt hours of electricity was stolen in by the operators of at least 1 indoor cultivation sites discovered by the police. By extension, the operator estimated that more than 1 billion kilowatt hours of electricity was stolen to power illicit cannabis cultivation sites in the Netherlands that year 2 ; which is more than the annual consumption of all the households in the city of Rotterdam Netbeheer Nederland, see Box Criminal network steals EUR 1. The use of pesticides alongside water and air pollution e. To date, no quantitative study has measured the contribution of pesticides to water and air pollution from illicit cannabis cultivation Cuypers et al. According to recent research, some of the chemical particles associated with cannabis odours may negatively affect air quality Seltenrich, While further research is needed in this area, the environmental and human health impacts of cannabis cultivation are assessed as posing a growing threat Wartenberg et al. Most of the existing research on the links between illicit drug crop cultivation and climate change has focused on the carbon dioxide emissions caused by direct and indirect deforestation UNODC, Studies quantifying deforestation resulting from the outdoor cultivation of illicit drug crops mostly relate to coca crops grown for cocaine production in South America, while such studies on cannabis cultivation are very scarce Wartenberg et al. Since illicit cannabis cultivation sites do not comply with health and safety standards, they present a range of potential human hazards. These can be physical, electrical, chemical or biological in nature Vanhove et al. Most of the cannabis resin consumed in Europe has traditionally originated from sources of production outside the region — predominantly from Morocco , although Afghanistan, Albania and Lebanon have also been mentioned as marginal sources. Although there is little doubt that Morocco remains the largest supplier of the European cannabis resin market, it is often difficult to identify other potential sources, including within the EU, due to insufficient profiling of the cannabis resin available in Europe. Other countries, such as India, Nepal, Pakistan and some Central Asian nations are known producers but do not seem to supply the European market in any significant way. It has recently been claimed that large-scale cannabis resin production is taking place in Syria Reuter, ; COAR, A number of multi-tonne cannabis resin consignments shipped from Syria were seized in EU ports between and , often together with large amounts of captagon tablets see Amphetamine module. However, the seized cannabis resin may have been produced in Lebanon and then smuggled to Syria before shipping. It is unlikely that the resin and captagon seized in EU ports from ships departing Syria were destined for the European drug market; their end destination was probably the Persian Gulf. It is difficult to reconcile the production estimates of Moroccan cannabis resin with seizures likely to be of Moroccan origin carried out in Europe and North Africa. For instance, Morocco, Algeria and Spain together reported seizures of cannabis resin of approximately tonnes in and more than tonnes in UNODC, This points to the probability that cannabis resin production continues to be underestimated in Morocco. In addition, Moroccan cannabis resin estimates do not take into account the developments that have affected production in the Rif region for a number of years. This modernisation of the Moroccan cannabis industry, which may have been introduced by European growers established in the Rif Chouvy and Macfarlane, , allows the production of cannabis resin and extracts of higher potency than in the past. Source: The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. There are signs that similar types of high-potency cannabis resin are produced in other European countries. Although it is difficult to ascertain the scope of the phenomenon, there are some indications that cannabis resin production in Europe may be increasing, that it is probably larger than presently available data suggest and that much of the resin produced has a high concentration of THC. There are signs that significant quantities of high-potency cannabis resin are manufactured in other EU countries. For instance, a cannabis cultivation site that also produced extracts, including resin, was dismantled by the Greek police in EMCDDA and Europol, Several law enforcement operations in Spain over the last two years, some of which have involved sites specifically dedicated to cannabis resin production, have also led to seizures of cannabis-resin-manufacturing equipment, cannabis resin, cannabis oil and cannabis plant material ready for processing into resin. Industrial equipment to manufacture cannabis resin was seized, as well as more than 8 tonnes of cannabis products including a large quantity of cannabis resin powder, several 1-kilogram resin packages and plant material in different stages of processing Guardia Civil, a. In July , Spanish law enforcement dismantled a huge cannabis production site spread over 32 hectares in Barcelona Province, seizing a total of 6 tonnes of cannabis plants and herbal material. The site, which had been active since at least , had posed as a licit industrial hemp production facility but lacked the necessary licences see Box Cannabis plantations using fake authorisations dismantled in Spain. This facility produced significant amounts of cannabis resin, seizures of which yielded kilograms in powder form and 17 kilograms in pressed form, alongside chopped plant material likely intended for the manufacture of cannabis resin Guardia Civil, a. Large amounts of chopped cannabis have also been seized from other dismantled illicit plantations in Spain, for instance during Operation Safari, in Toledo Province in October Guardia Civil, b. In February , an Italian-led criminal network investigated by Spanish and Italian police had set up a large cannabis plantation in southern Spain where they manufactured cannabis resin. The criminal group was composed of Albanian, Italian, Spanish and Moroccan nationals, and was also involved in smuggling cannabis resin from Morocco into Europe. Twenty suspects were arrested and 2. Overall, as observed in the previous edition of this report EMCDDA and Europol, , the widespread availability and ease of purchasing equipment to produce cannabis resin, combined with the extensive cultivation of cannabis plants in Europe, means that the manufacturing of cannabis extracts, especially cannabis resin, could become more widespread in the future. Data on biomass stocks in temperate forest regions: 5 kilograms carbon dioxide per square metre. Consult the list of references used in this module. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. Table of contents Search within the book. Introduction Introduction Key findings and threat assessment Key findings and threat assessment Global context Global context Production Production Trafficking and supply Trafficking and supply Retail markets Retail markets Criminal networks Criminal networks Actions to address current threats and increase preparedness Actions to address current threats and increase preparedness. Search within the book Operator Any match. Exact term match only. Booby traps are sometimes installed to protect the crop from theft or destruction, thus presenting risks to law enforcement or members of the general public. Structural modifications made to the cultivation premises, such as holes made in walls to accommodate wiring, piping and flexible ducting, can also lead to structural instability. Improper wiring increases the risk of electrocution or short circuits that can cause fires. Fertilisers, pesticides and other chemicals can cause dermatological or respiratory problems for those entering the premises or living nearby. Carbon dioxide generators are increasingly used for indoor cannabis cultivation to increase the rate of plant growth and its deltaTHC content. The use of these generators can result in oxygen-deficient atmospheres that are hazardous not only to the people working in the cultivation site, but also to individuals, such as law enforcement and other officials, entering such sites. Quantity of cannabis plants seized in the EU, Year Spain Netherlands Belgium Italy Other countries Main subject. Target audience. Publication type. EU Drug Market: Cannabis — main page. On this page.

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Two men have their hands tied behind their backs. Two more men are beating them up. Instead, he finds this. The attackers turn on the newcomer and tie him up as well. There are more blows and screams, and then the assailants suddenly disappear. The employee calls the police to report the attack, but in the meantime the two victims have also made their getaway. Almost simultaneously, another caller reported an attempted theft at another warehouse nearby. It was there that law enforcement officers made an historic discovery: the largest hashish shipment ever seized in Spain; The police immediately connected the dots and realized that both events were related. It was the beginning of an operation to bust two major drug rings operating out of Seville. Four detainees are already in prison, but more arrests are expected in the coming days. Six days after finding that massive shipment, another kilos of hashish were discovered inside a third warehouse. The following day, 10 more tons turned up inside two trucks in a fourth warehouse. But when 32 tons of hashish turned up among the melons inside a truck going from Morocco to France last week, Civil Guard officers were perplexed. The driver was arrested and a few days later Moroccan authorities detained three people in the port of Tangier, from where the shipment had left on its way to Perpignan. The suspects included a police officer and a customs official, news agency Efe reported. During the second half of , statistics had reflected a drop in drug confiscations in trucks. Every day, around lorries cross the port of Algeciras; of these, around half may be inspected visually by agents with trained dogs, which can smell through the plastic bags used to carry the hashish. About a tenth of the trucks may have their merchandise scanned. The drug is always concealed behind screens. But police are also puzzled by the fact that all the shipments should be concealed so close to one another. The idea is to keep it for the shortest time possible and ship it out again. The explanation might lie in an unexpected distribution problem for the gang, which is made up of two families from Seville. One of them is well-known to the police, as its members used to own a transportation company and were found with a ton of drugs on the French border some years ago. The industrial park of La Amargacena could not be better situated. The daily bustle at the site, with vehicles of all sizes going in and out, affords the perfect cover. The information contained in the leases helped with at least one of the arrests. All of the suspects hail from Seville, although two of them were arrested in Almonte, Huelva. What role did these warehouses play? Investigators suspect the attackers were looking for the second warehouse. According to this hypothesis, after extracting the information from the bound men, the assaulters climbed into their cars, drove to the second warehouse and attempted to break the door down by ramming their vehicles into it, in what amounted to a failed smash-and-grab raid. The unit that was initially dispatched to the scene realized this was more than mere theft — there were wrappers on the ground of the type typically used to store drugs, and blood stains. The narcotics unit was also called in. Meanwhile, another worker walked by the second warehouse and saw the damage to the door. The police were informed of this as well. Nobody at the industrial park suspected they were surrounded by tons of hashish, workers say. There are hundreds of businesses there, small and large, located next to workshops and warehouses. Its irregular layout, featuring numerous alleyways and backstreets for loading and unloading, makes visibility more complex. Investigators believe the market value of the haul could be close to 80 million euros. Copy link. AFP Two men have their hands tied behind their backs. Disfruta de nuestras lecciones personalizadas, breves y divertidas. Disfrute de nuestras lecciones personalizadas, breves y divertidas. Italiano online. Nuevo curso 'online'. Crucigramas minis. Crucigramas Tarkus. Sudokus mini. Sopas de letras. Global MBA. Clases virtuales. Posgrado en Recursos Humanos. Palabra secreta.

Cordoba buying hash