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Cones, Bosko, Hashish Dahab

Ukraine (Right-wing militants)

Cones, Bosko, Hashish Dahab

Marine Vertebrates, Cnidarians and Mollusks

Cones, Bosko, Hashish Dahab

Critical Care Toxicology pp Cite as. Later version available View entry history. The pulsations of the bell are relied on as their mode of locomotion, while the tentacles are typically used for capturing prey. Jellyfish have a worldwide distribution, occupying every ocean and some freshwater lakes. The phylum is comprised of several distinct life forms and four important classes of jellyfish: Cubozoa, Hydroza, Anthozoa, and Scyphozoa. The defining feature of Cnidaria is the cnidocyte, and the tentacles of most jellyfish are lined with thousands of them Figs. Each cnidocyte contains a harpoon-like organelle known as a cnida or cnidocyst. On the external surface of the cnidocyte is a cnidocil which, when activated by pressure, osmotic, or chemical changes, acts like a trigger, releasing the previously coiled harpoon. Once forcefully expelled, a process that takes microseconds, the harpoon is capable of penetrating human tissue. Venom is forced out of the cnidocyte under pressure through the epidermis and upper dermis and, particularly if dermal capillaries are inoculated directly, can enter the systemic circulation. It is sometimes stated that these may be inadvertently accelerated by the rubbing or shaking of a startled human victim, but there is no reliable evidence that this actually occurs. Skip to main content. This service is more advanced with JavaScript available. Advertisement Hide. Marine Vertebrates, Cnidarians and Mollusks. Authors Authors and affiliations L. Keith French B. Zane Horowitz. This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. CrossRef Google Scholar. Barnes JH. Cause and effect in Irukandji Stingings. Med J Aust. PubMed Google Scholar. A pharmacological investigation of the venom extract of the Australian box jellyfish, Chironex fleckeri , in cardiac and vascular tissues. Toxicol Lett. The effects of antivenom and verapamil on the heamodynamic actions of Chironex fleckeri box jellyfish venom. Anaesth Intensive Care. Google Scholar. Brinkman D, Burnell J. Identification, cloning and sequencing of two major venom proteins from the box jellyfish, Chironex fleckeri. Jellyfish and other cnidarian envenomations cause pain by affecting TRPV1 channels. FEBS Lett. Endean R. Separation of two myotoxins from nematocysts of the box jellyfish Chironex fleckeri. Cardiovascular actions of the venom from the Irukandji Carukia barnesi jellyfish: effects in human, rat, and Guinea-pig tissues in vitro and in pigs in vivo. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. Effects of diltiazem on in vitro cardiovascular actions of crude venom obtained from Okinawan box-jellyfish Habu-kurage , Chiropsalmus quadrigatus. Anaesth Intens Care. Haemodynamic effects of the crude venom from nematocysts of the box-jellyfish Chiropsalmus quadrigatus Habu-kurage in anaesthetized rabbits. Cardiovascular effects and lethality of venom from nematocytes of the box-jellyfish Chriopsalmus quadrigatus Habu-kurage in anaesthetized rats. Isolation and partial characterization of a hemolytic and toxic protein from the nematocyst venom of the Portuguese man-of-war, Physalia physalis. Bhakdi S, Tranum-Jensen J. Damage to cell membranes by pore-forming bacterial cytolysins. Prog Allergy. Apparent membrane pore-formation by Portuguese Man-of-War Physalia physalis venom in cultured cells. Effects of nematocyst toxin of Physalia physalis Portuguese Man-of-War on the canine cardiovascular system. Exp Biol Med. Tibballs J. Australian venomous jellyfish, envenomation syndromes, toxins and therapy. Prospective study of jellyfish stings from tropical Australia, including the major box jellyfish Chironex fleckeri. Studies on three venomous cubomedusae. In: Ress WJ, editor. The Cnidaria and their evolution. New York: Academic; Little M, Mulcahy RF. Severity of Irukandji syndrome and nematocyst identification from skin scrappings. Intracranial hemorrhage and death after envenoming by the jellyfish Carukia barnesi. Clin Tox. Nakamoto M, Uezato H. Stings of box-jellyfish and sea anemones. Jpn J Clin Dermatol. An outbreak of Portuguese man-of-war Physalia physalis — Linnaeus, envenoming in Southeastern Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. Hemolysis and acute renal failure following a Portuguese man-of-war sting. Ann Emerg Med. Erythema nodosum following a jellyfish sting. J Emerg Med. Evidence for leukotrienes in animal venoms. J Allergy Clin Immunol. Lymphokine activity in coelenterate envenomation. Pressure immobilization bandages in first-aid treatment of jellyfish envenomation: current recommendations reconsidered. Disarming the box jellyfish, nematocyst inhibition in Chironex fleckeri. Turner B, Sullivan P. Disarming the bluebottle: treatment of Physalia envenomation. Evaluation of the effects of various chemicals on discharge of and pain caused by jellyfish nematocysts. Evidence-based treatment of jellyfish stings in North America and Hawaii. Dose and time dependence of box jellyfish antivenom. An in vivo comparison of the efficacy of CSL box jellyfish antivenom with antibodies raised against nematocyst derived- Chironex fleckeri venom. Response of the box-jellyfish Chironex fleckeri cardiotoxin to intravenous administration of verapamil. Verapamil potentiation of Chironex box-jellyfish antivenom. Early experience with magnesium administration in Irukandji syndrome. Randomized trial of magnesium in the treatment of Irukandji syndrome. Emerg Med Australas. Schwartz S, Meinking T. Venomous marine animals of Florida: morphology, behavior, health hazards. J Fla Med Assoc. Auerbach PS. Wilderness medicine: management of wilderness and environmental emergencies. Louis: Mosby; Isolation and partial purification of a toxin from Millepora alcicornis. Isolation and purification of a toxin from Millepora dichotoma. Isolation and characterization of a novel protein from fire coral. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of toxins obtained from the fire coral Millepora complanata. Milleporin-1, a new phospholipase A2 active protein from the fire coral Millepora platyphylla nematocysts. Addy JH. Red Sea coral contact dermatitis. Int J Dermatol. Minimal change disease in association with fire coral Millepora species exposure. Am J Kidney Dis. The fire coral Millepora dichotoma as a cause of burns: a case report. First aid treatment of the sting from the hydroid Lytocarpus philippinus : the structure of, and in vitro, discharge experiments with its nematocysts. J Wilderness Med. Diaz JH. The evaluation, management, and prevention of stingray injuries in travelers. J Travel Med. Liggins JB. Death due to a stingray barb piercing the heart: a New Zealand case from , an unusual bathing fatality. Fatal and non-fatal stingray envenomation. Ikeda T. Supraventricular bigeminy following a stingray envenomation: a case report. Hawaii Med J. Freshwater stingrays: study of epidemiologic, clinic and therapeutic aspects based on 84 envenomings in humans and some enzymatic activities of the venom. Isbister GK. Venomous fish stings in tropical Northern Australia. Am J Emerg Med. Forrester MB. Pattern of stingray injuries reported to Texas poison control centers from to Hum Exp Toxicol. Stingray envenomation: a retrospective review of clinical presentation and treatment in cases. Marine stingray injuries to the extremities: series of three cases with emphasis on imaging. J Postgrad Med. Necrotizing fasciitis due to Photobacterium damsela in a man lashed by a stingray. New Engl J Med. Psuedoaneurysm of the superficial femoral artery resulting from stingray envenomation. Ann Vasc Surg. Cooper NK. Historical vignette: the death of an Australian army doctor on Thursday Island in after envenomation by a stone fish. J Roy Army Med Corps. Marine Scorpaenidae envenomation in travelers: epidemiology, management, and prevention. Cardiovascular effects of scorpionfish Scorpaena plumieri venom. Scorpaenidae envenomation: a five-year poison center experience. Lionfish envenomations in an urban wilderness. Wild Environ Med. Lionfish sting experiences of an inland poison center: a retrospective study of 23 cases. Vet Hum Toxicol. Lionfish envenomation. Envenomation by aquatic vertebrates. In: Auerbach PS, editor. Wilderness medicine. Philadelphia: Elsevier-Mosby; Currie BJ. Marine antivenoms. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. Dose-dependent cardiovascular and neuromuscular effects of stonefish Synanceja trachynis venom. Khoo HE. Bioactive proteins from Stonefish venom. Clin Exp Pharm Physio. Stonefish envenomation. Stonefish envenomation presenting to a Singapore hospital. Singapore Med J. Stonefish antivenom neutralizes the inflammatory and cardiovascular effects induced by scorpionfish Scorpaena plumieri venom. Stonefish Synanceia spp. Patkin M, Freeman D. Bullrout stings. An investigation of the biologic activity of bullrout Notesthes robusta venom. Adrenergic and cholinergic activity contributes to the cardiovascular effects of lionfish Pterois volitans venom. Catfish stings in Mississippi. South Med J. Shiomi K, et al. Toxins in the skin secretions of the oriental catfish Plotosus lineatus : immunological properties and immunocytochemical identification of producing cells. Blomkalns A. Catfish spine envenomation: a case report and literature review. Wilderness Environ Med. Gudger EW. On the alleged penetration of the human urethra by an Amazonian catfish called candiru with a review of the allied habits of other members of the family pygidiidae: part II. Am J Surg. Breault JL. Candru: Amazonian parasitic catfish. Bonnet MS. The toxicology of Trachinus vipera : the lesser weeverfish. Br Homeopath J. Weeverfish fish stings a report of two cases presenting to an accident and emergency department. J Accid Emerg Med. Russell FE. Weeverfish sting in the last world. Br Med J. Br J Indust Med. Duran FY, Duran O. Weever fish sting: An unusual problem. J Acad Emer Med. Letter to the Editor. Gonzago RAF. Spontaneous abortion after weeverfish sting. Briars GL. Envenomation by the lesser weeverfish. Br J Gen Pract. Marine envenomations. Part 1. Cain D. Weever fish sting: an unusual problem. Br Med Res. Envenomation by Trachinus draco in the eastern Mediterranean. Eur J Emerg Med. Predator crown of thorns starfish Acanthaster planci outbreak, mass mortality of corals and cascading effects of reef fish and benthic communities. PLoS One. Case of skin injuries due to stings by crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci. J Dermatol. Purification and characterization of a lethal factor in venom from the crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci. Spine venom of crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci induces antiproliferation and apoptosis of human melanoma cell. Liver damage by the crown-of-thorns starfish. Biochim Biophys Acta. Anaphylactic shock caused by sting of crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci. Forensic Sci Int. How does the blue-ringed octopus Hapalochlaena lunulata flash its blue rings? J Exp Biol. Distribution of tetrodotoxin in the body of the blue-ringed octopus Hapalochlaena maculosa. Toxins and mode of envenomation of the common ringed or blue-banded octopus. Edmonds C. A non-fatal case of blue-ringed octopus bite. Blue-ringed octopus Hapalochlaena sp. Clin Toxicol. Walker DG. Survival after severe envenomation by the blue-ringed octopus Hapalochlaena maculosa. Flachsenberger WA. Respiratory failure and lethal hypotension due to blue-ringed octopus and tetrodotoxin envenomation observed and counteracted in animal models. Williamson JA. The blue-ringed octopus bite and envenomation syndrome. Clin Dermatol. Fulghum DD. Octopus bite resulting in granuloma annulare. Terlau H, Olivera BM. Conus venoms: a rich source of novel ion channel targeted peptides. Physiol Rev. Yoshiba S. An estimation of the most dangerous species of cone shell: Conus geographus venoms lethal dose to humans. Jpn J Hyg. Intraspecific variations in Conus geographus defence-evoked venom and estimation of the human lethal dose. Conus venom peptide pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev. Holmes D. Conotoxins: how a deadly snail could help ease pain. Lancet Neurol. Prommer EE. Ziconotide: can we use it in palliative care? Am J Hosp Palliat Med. Fegen D, Andresen D. Conus geographus envenomation. Report of a human accident caused by Conus regis Gastropoda, Conidae. Report of a fatal cone shell sting by Conus geographus Linnaeus. Balhara K, Stolbach A. Purification and characterization of contractin A from the pedicellarial venom of sea urchin Toxopneustes pileolus. Arch Biochem Biophys. Takei M, et al. A toxic substance from the sea urchin Toxopneustes pileolus induces histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Agents Actions. Cracchiolo A, Goldberg L. Local and systemic reactions to puncture injuries by the sea urchin spine and the date palm thorn. Arthritis Rheum. Sea urchin injuries. Injury to human tissues from sea urchin spines. Calif Med. Linaweaver PG. Toxic marine life. Mil Med. Joint Bone Spine. Sea urchin granuloma of the nail apparatus: report of 2 cases. Envenomation by aquatic invertebrates. Philadelphia: Mosby; Keith French 1 Email author B. Zane Horowitz 1 1. Personalised recommendations. Cite entry How to cite? ENW EndNote.

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