Ciudad Guayana buying Ecstasy

__________________________

📍 Verified store!

📍 Guarantees! Quality! Reviews!

__________________________

▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼

▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲

Ciudad Guayana buying Ecstasy

Deep in the rural countryside about miles north of Mexico City, there is a small town called Ciudad Mante. The motto, while charming, belies the implications of a fruitful industry. Since I was growing up, I was always intrigued about diabetic retinopathy and ways to prevent it. Diabetic retinopathy is a condition where blood vessels in the retina are damaged due to the high blood sugar levels in diabetes. The condition affects more than one third of the approximately million people living with diabetes worldwide 1. High blood glucose levels damage blood vessels throughout the body, which is why diabetes can lead to kidney failure, neuropathy, and foot ulcers. But certain parts of the body such as the retina are particularly sensitive to blood vessel damage. Damaged blood vessels leak. Blood seeping from retinal blood vessels into the back of the eye triggers swelling and inflammation. This leads to the formation of scar tissue in the back of the eye. The inflammation, leaky vessels, lack of oxygen, growth of new blood vessels, and scar tissue formation all contribute to vision loss. Luckily, treatments for diabetic retinopathy exist. The most commonly prescribed ones are ranibizumab brand name: Lucentis and aflibercept brand name: Eylea. These drugs target proteins called vascular endothelial growth factors VEGF , which promote blood vessel growth. These VEGF inhibitors reduce blood vessel leakiness and block the signal from the ischemic blood vessels that creates more blood vessels. The problem is that because these VEGF inhibitors are protein-based drugs, they are too big to diffuse through the different layers of the eye to get to the retina if applied topically, and no oral formulations of these drugs exist. So, what else are they going to do at that point? VEGF inhibitors are also expensive. People with diabetic retinopathy need more affordable and less invasive treatment options. Through the identification of new drug targets and innovative delivery methods, scientists are developing both eye drops and oral drugs to treat diabetic vision loss without the need for eye injections. When diabetic retinopathy is in its early stages, most people can see just fine. But as it advances to later stages, the consequences quickly become serious. In his clinical work, Kim often sees patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, one of the most severe forms of the disease. After sequencing the transcriptomes of the samples, the researchers noticed that the gene for Runt-related transcription factor 1 RUNX1 was overexpressed in patient tissue samples compared to control healthy samples 3. Increased RUNX1 expression leads to increased blood vessel formation, which tumors often use to increase their blood supply. Because of its importance in cancer, scientists had already developed many different RUNX1 small molecule inhibitors. Kim and his team eagerly investigated these inhibitors in relieving the increased blood vessel formation seen in diabetic retinopathy. They started by injecting a small molecule RUNX1 inhibitor called Ro into mouse eyes 3 , but they soon realized that they could formulate Ro into a nanoparticle emulsion. They encapsulated Ro, which has a high affinity for lipids, in oil-phase molecules and mixed those particles in a saline solution. Using this formulation, the researchers applied Ro directly to the surface of the eye as eye drops 5. When they treated both mouse and rabbit eyes with the drops, the RUNX1 inhibitor had no problem reaching the back of the eye at the needed therapeutic concentration. Multiple RUNX1 inhibitors are working their way through clinical trials in the context of treating various cancers, and Kim is interested in testing RUNX1 inhibitors in non-human primate eyes for their role in treating diabetic retinopathy. While Kim focuses on stopping new blood vessel and scar tissue formation, Lessieur has plans for another eye drop solution for diabetic retinopathy. Lessieur studies how neutrophils, the cells that kick off inflammation in the body, contribute to diabetic retinopathy. In particular, she and her colleagues investigate how elastase enzymes that neutrophils release in extracellular vesicles lead to features of diabetic retinopathy. The elastases set off a signaling cascade that promotes increased inflammation. They help the neutrophils kill invading pathogens, but researchers have also observed elevated levels of neutrophil elastase in the blood of people with diabetes compared to people without diabetes 7. Working in mice with diabetes, Lessieur and her colleagues found that neutrophil elastases trigger inflammation in the eyes and also cause increased blood vessel leakage 8. When the researchers treated these mice with neutrophil elastase inhibitors formulated in eye drops , inflammation receded, and the treatment prevented the degradation of retinal capillaries 9. Because neutrophils release their elastases in extracellular vesicles, Lesseuir and her colleagues are developing a nanoparticle-based therapeutic to block the release of neutrophil elastase-containing extracellular vesicles and their retinal damaging communication Scientists at Augusta University and Hillhurst Biopharmaceuticals are also targeting retinal inflammation in diabetic retinopathy, but their approach has a gaseous twist. They use low doses of the typically toxic gas carbon monoxide as a new treatment for diabetic vision loss. Carbon monoxide is typically dangerous because it binds to the hemoglobin in red blood cells with a much higher affinity than oxygen — about times higher In high doses, carbon monoxide prevents oxygen from binding to red blood cells, leading to oxygen deprivation and ultimately, death. In low doses, however, researchers have noticed that carbon monoxide has beneficial effects in a number of diseases In particular, low doses of carbon monoxide can trigger the expression of the gene heme oxygenase 1 HO-1 , which activates anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress pathways. The team at Hillhurst Biopharmaceuticals are experts in formulating therapeutic gases into liquid treatments so that they are easy for people to take and are formulated in precise dosages. By working with their collaborators at Augusta University led by ophthalmology researcher Pamela Martin, the scientists at Hillhurst Biopharmaceuticals created a low dose carbon monoxide oral drug called HBI When swallowed, HBI moves through the digestive tract, and the carbon monoxide crosses from the intestines into the blood. It hitches a ride on hemoglobin in the blood and moves throughout the body. When the carbon monoxide gets to the blood vessels in the retina, its presence there induces the expression of the HO-1 gene, leading to a reduction in inflammation in the retina. The Hillhurst Biopharmaceutical team is already testing HBI in a clinical study in healthy people to assess its safety and plan to test its effectiveness in treating sickle cell disease soon. To find new treatments for diabetic retinopathy, scientists at Verseon are diving into a chemical ocean to fish out a cure. Their research team uses artificial intelligence and machine learning to search for overlooked molecules with potential therapeutic effects. Rather than look for a new injectable drug for diabetic retinopathy, Kita and his team surveyed the chemical ocean for a drug that people could take orally. Their lucky catch turned out to be a new class of plasma kallikrein inhibitors PKIs. When activated in the retina, the plasma kallikrein-kinin PKK system sets off a signaling cascade that leads to increased inflammation and greater blood vessel permeability But if PKIs could block the runaway train of PKK signaling before it leads to severe blood vessel leakage, they could potentially prevent diabetic retinopathy. Scientists first got interested in PKIs as a potential treatment for diabetic retinopathy when they noticed high levels of PKKs in eyes of people with the disease compared to healthy ones Studies in rat models of diabetic retinopathy demonstrated that PKIs injected into the eyes reduced inflammation and blood vessel leakiness there As a class of molecules, PKIs are safe and effective. Regulators have already approved them to treat hereditary angioedema, an inherited condition that causes swelling in multiple tissues — most dangerously in the airway. When the Verseon scientists gave diabetic rodents one of their newly identified oral PKI candidates, they saw that the treatment decreased blood vessel leakiness in the retina Kita and his team are finalizing the toxicology studies of their PKIs and hope to begin clinical studies soon. In addition to the research team at Verseon, scientists at the biotechnology companies Rezolute and KalVista are advancing their own oral PKI candidates for diabetic vision loss. KalVista developed an injectable PKI called KVD to treat the severe subset of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema DME , and they are now developing it into an oral formulation. Most of all, Kita is eager for a cheaper and less invasive treatment for diabetic vision loss for patients. Home Archive February Ophthalmology. Top Image: Inflammation, vascular leakage, and increased blood vessel formation are all features of diabetic retinopathy. Drops and drugs for diabetic vision loss Eye injections are the only way to treat diabetic retinopathy, but many refuse to get them. Now, eye drops and pills are on their way. Highlights in this article Drops of small molecules Cellular text messages A toxic gas turned good A chemical fish in a drug ocean. Now, she studies how neutrophils contribute to diabetic retinopathy to identify a new treatment. Leo Kim hopes to develop small molecule-based treatments for diabetic retinopathy that can be formulated as eye drops. Emma Lessieur studies mouse retinal blood vessels shown here in green in the context of diabetic retinopathy. By formulating therapeutics gases into oral drugs, Andrew Gomperts and his team at Hillhurst Biopharmaceuticals hope to treat diabetic blindness in a noninvasive way. David Kita is a cofounder and chief scientific officer at Verseon, a computational drug discovery biotechnology company. He and his team are developing an oral drug for diabetic retinopathy. Subscribe to our eNewsletters. Please read our Cookie Policy to learn how we use cookies to provide you with a better experience.