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On August 31, 2014, a collection of nearly 500 private pictures of numerous celebrities, mostly women, with many containing nudity , were posted on the imageboard 4chan , and soon disseminated by other users on websites and social networks such as Imgur and Reddit . The leak has been popularly dubbed The Fappening and also Celebgate . The images were initially believed to have been obtained via a breach of Apple 's cloud services suite iCloud , [1] [2] or a security issue in the iCloud API which allowed them to make unlimited attempts at guessing victims' passwords. [3] [4] Apple claimed in a press release that access was gained via spear phishing attacks. [5] [6]
The incident was met with varied reactions from the media and fellow celebrities. Critics felt the distribution of the photos was a major invasion of privacy for their subjects, while some of the alleged subjects denied the images' authenticity. The leak also prompted increased concern from analysts surrounding the privacy and security of cloud computing services such as iCloud—with a particular emphasis on their use to store sensitive, private information.
"The Fappening" is a jocular portmanteau coined by combining the words " fap ", an internet slang term for masturbation , and the title of the 2008 film The Happening . Though the term is a vulgarism originating either with the imageboards where the pictures were initially posted or Reddit, mainstream media outlets soon adopted the term themselves, such as the BBC . [7] [8] The term has received criticism from journalists like Radhika Sanghani of The Daily Telegraph and Toyin Owoseje of the International Business Times , [9] who said that the term not only trivialized the leak, but also, according to Sanghani, "[made] light of a very severe situation." Both articles used the term extensively to describe the event, including in their headlines. [10]
The images were obtained via the online storage offered by Apple 's iCloud platform for automatically backing up photos from iOS devices, such as iPhones . [12] Apple later reported that the victims' iCloud account information was obtained using "a very targeted attack on user names, passwords and security questions", such as phishing and brute-force attack guessing. [5] [6] [13] It was initially believed that the images were obtained using an exploit in the Find My iPhone service. [12] Court documents from 2014 indicated that one user created a fake email account called "appleprivacysecurity" to ask celebrities for security information. [14] The photos were being passed around privately for at least a couple of weeks before their public release on August 31. There are claims that unreleased photos and videos exist. [15]
The hacker responsible for the leak, who described themselves as being a "collector", distributed the leaked images on the image boards 4chan and Anon-IB in exchange for Bitcoin . [16] [17] Ultimately, the images were widely circulated online via other channels, including Imgur and Tumblr . Celebrity gossip blogger Perez Hilton also re-posted some of the photos on his blog, but soon took them down and issued an apology, saying "he had acted in bad taste". [18] [19]
A major center of activity was the link-sharing website Reddit , [20] where a subreddit, /r/TheFappening , was created for sharing the photos; [21] in a single day, it amassed over 100,000 followers. Reddit administrators were criticized for allowing this to take place in an alleged violation of their anti- doxing rules. [22] [23] As McKayla Maroney claimed to be under 18 at the time the photos of her were taken, Reddit staff took photos of her down and warned that anyone re-posting them, or underage photos of Liz Lee which had been circulating prior to this incident, would be permanently banned from the site and could be prosecuted for distributing child pornography . [24] On September 7, citing copyright issues, Reddit banned /r/TheFappening, [21] [25] also saying the workload of dealing with them had become too much. [26] Reddit banned another subreddit named "Fappening" on the same day. [25]
The original release contained photos and videos of more than 100 individuals that were allegedly obtained from file storage on hacked iCloud accounts, [27] including some the leakers claimed were A-list celebrities. [28] [29] Shortly after the photos were leaked, several affected celebrities issued statements either confirming or denying the photos' authenticity. [30] [31] Celebrities who confirmed the photos' authenticity include Jennifer Lawrence (confirmed by her publicist), [32] Kate Upton and her husband Justin Verlander (confirmed by Upton's lawyer), [33] [34] [35] Mary Elizabeth Winstead (confirmed via Twitter ), [36] [37] Jessica Brown Findlay (confirmed by spokesman), [38] Kaley Cuoco (confirmed via Instagram), [39] [40] and Kirsten Dunst , who also criticized the iCloud service. [41] Jill Scott confirmed on Twitter that one of the leaked photos was of her while stating that another was fake. [42]
Celebrities who denied the photos' authenticity include Ariana Grande [43] [44] and Yvonne Strahovski . [45] Olympic gymnast McKayla Maroney initially denied the images' authenticity on Twitter, [46] [47] but later confirmed the photos were legitimate while also saying she was underage when they were taken. [24] Victoria Justice denied the photos were authentic but later stated on Twitter that she was pursuing legal action and found the leak to be a massive invasion of not just her privacy, but of the privacy of all celebrities affected by the incident. [43] [48] Reports in October indicated that Nick Hogan was the first male star to be directly targeted by hackers; however, Hogan denied the pictures' authenticity. [49]
According to security expert Nik Cubrilovic , in addition to the photographs, other personal information such as text messages, calendars, address books, phone call logs and any other data stored on their phones and backed up to the service were also likely stolen. [50] [51]
On September 20, 2014, a second batch of similar private photos of additional celebrities was leaked by hackers. [52] On September 26, 2014, a third batch was also leaked, [53] which was dubbed "The Fappening 3". [54]
Actress Lena Dunham pleaded on Twitter for people not to view the photos, arguing that in doing so "you are violating these women over and over again. It's not okay." [55] Actress Emma Watson condemned not only the leak, but also "the accompanying comments [on social media] that show such a lack of empathy." [56] Actors Seth Rogen and Lucas Neff also spoke out against the hackers and people who posted the pictures. [57] Justin Verlander, then a pitcher for the Detroit Tigers , told the media prior to a game against the Cleveland Indians that he keeps his private life private and would rather focus on the Tigers' race with the Kansas City Royals for the AL Central title than be a distraction to his teammates. [58] Security analysts have stated that the breach could have been prevented through the use of two-factor authentication , [59] while a Forbes writer recommended completely shutting down the iCloud "Photo Stream" feature (which automatically uploads photos taken with an iOS device to iCloud servers). [60]
In an interview with The Wall Street Journal , Apple CEO Tim Cook stated that in response to the leak, the company planned to take additional steps to protect the privacy and security of iCloud users in the future. [61] Notifications will be provided whenever data is restored to a device via iCloud and after logging into iCloud via a web browser, [62] in addition to existing notifications when a user's iCloud password is changed. Additionally, Apple will broaden and encourage the use of two-factor authentication in future versions of its software and operating systems, such as the then-upcoming iOS 8 . In conclusion, he emphasized that "we want to do everything we can do to protect our customers, because we are as outraged if not more so than they are." [13]
Jennifer Lawrence contacted authorities and her publicist stated that the authorities would prosecute anyone who posted leaked images of her. [63] Forbes columnist Joseph Steinberg questioned whether the reactions by law enforcement and technology providers indicated that celebrities were being treated differently from ordinary Americans, which, in the case of law enforcement, may be illegal. [64]
On October 1, 2014, Google was threatened with a $100 million lawsuit by lawyer Martin Singer on behalf of unnamed victims of the leak, alleging that Google had refused to respond to requests for the images to be removed from its platforms (including Blogger and YouTube ), "[failing] to act expeditiously, and responsibly to remove the images", and "knowingly accommodating, facilitating, and perpetuating the unlawful conduct". [65] [66]
In an interview with Vanity Fair , victim Jennifer Lawrence called the hack a "sex crime" and a "sexual violation"; she added, "Anybody who looked at those pictures, you're perpetuating a sexual offense. You should cower with shame." [67] This view was contrasted by another victim of the hack, Emily Ratajkowski , who told GQ , "A lot of people who were victims of [the hack] said anyone who looks at these pictures should feel guilty, but I just don't think that's fair", and "I'm not sure that anyone who Googles it is necessarily a criminal. I think the people who stole the photos are". [68]
The FBI said it was "aware of the allegations concerning computer intrusions and the unlawful release of material involving high profile individuals, and is addressing the matter." [69] Similarly, Apple stated that it had been investigating whether a security breach of the iCloud service was responsible for the leaked photographs, as per the company's commitment to user privacy. [59] [70] On September 2, 2014, Apple reported that the leaked images were the result of compromised accounts, using "a very targeted attack on user names, passwords and security questions, a practice that has become all too common on the Internet". [5] [6]
In October 2014, the FBI searched a house in Chicago , Illinois and seized several computers, cellphones and storage drives after tracking the source of a hacking attack to an IP address linked to an individual named Emilio Herrera. A related search warrant application mentioned eight unidentified high profile victims. According to law enforcement officials, Herrera was just one of several people under investigation and the FBI carried out various searches across the country. [71] [72]
In March 2016, 36-year-old Ryan Collins of Lancaster, Pennsylvania , agreed to plead guilty to one count of unauthorized access to a protected computer to obtain information resulting in an 18-month sentence. [73] While no victims were named in the court documents, numerous media outlets connected Collins' case to the breach. During the investigation, it was found that Collins phished by sending e-mails to the victims that looked like they had been sent by Apple or Google, warning the victims that their accounts might be compromised and asking for their account details. The victims would enter their passwords, and Collins gained access to their accounts, downloading e-mails and iCloud backups. [74] In October 2016, Collins was sentenced to 18 months in prison. [75] [76]
In August 2016, 28-year-old Edward Majerczyk of Chicago, agreed to plead guilty to a similar phishing scheme, although authorities believe he worked independently and he was not accused of selling the images or posting them online. [77] [78] [79] On January 24, 2017, Majerczyk was sentenced to nine months in prison and was ordered to pay $5,700 in restitution to cover the counseling services of one unnamed celebrity victim. [79]
Emilio Herrera, also from Chicago, had first been named in the press in 2014; [71] he pleaded guilty to one count of unauthorized access to a protected computer to obtain information in October 2017. Herrera had accessed the accounts of unnamed celebrities and others but was not accused of being involved in leaking or sharing the photos and videos he obtained. [80] He was sentenced to 16 months in jail in March 2018. [81]
In April 2018, 26-year-old George Garofano of North Branford, Connecticut , pleaded guilty to one count of unauthorized access to a protected computer to obtain information. Garofano's attorney said he had been led into the phishing scheme by criminals. [81]
On August 29, 2018, a federal court sentenced Garofano to eight months in prison. [82]
On October 22, 2018, Christopher Brannan, a former Virginia teacher, became the fifth man to be convicted in relation to the hacking. Brannan pled guilty to federal charges of aggravated identity theft and unauthorized access to a protected computer. Through a phishing expedition, he hacked more than 200 people. In addition to his celebrity victims, Brannan targeted his underage sister-in-law, as well as teachers and students at the school where he used to teach. [83] Brannan was sentenced to 34 months in prison on March 1, 2019. [84]
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By Rachel Quigley Updated: 17:48 BST, 18 August 2011
Graphic, disturbing and 'beyond pornographic' images are believed to have been found on Gary Giordano's camera of missing Maryland woman Robyn Gardner, calling into question the relationship between them, who were at first believed to simply be travelling companions.
Giordano's camera, as well as his laptop and cell phone, have been sent away for analysis.
Solicitor general of Aruba Taco Stein - who called the 50-year-old a 'mean b******' - could not confirm the nature of the images to the Today Show but would only say it did not look like she was under any duress.
Missing: Robyn's travelling partner Gary Giordano is thought to have got angry after reading a text she sent to her boyfriend
Meanwhile it emerged that the Maryland businessman tried to collect the $1.5million accidental death policy he took out on her just two days after he reported her disappearance to police.
Giordano, who purchased the accidental policy shortly before travelling to the Dutch Caribbean island with the 35-year-old, tried to begin redeeming the American Express policy, which he took out just days before their trip and unusually only covered the trip to Aruba.
According to a police source, Giordano purchased a more expensive one-year policy instead of a more commonly purchased five year policy.
Insurance: Gary Giordano tried to redeem accidental death policy on missing woman Robyn Gardner, which named him as a beneficiary, days before their trip to the Dutch Caribbean island of Aruba
Authorities today were preparing a massive search of the island for the missing woman’s body or evidence in the case.
Their search will be focused on the most southern, rural parts of the island which is more desert-like and uninhabited.
Giordano - a twice divorced father-of-three - is still fighting the accusations and is being held in an Aruban prison.
He still denies anything to do with Robyn's disappearance and claims she vanished while they were out snorkelling.
Police are looking at a rock which is said to have a full hand print and blood on it that was found behind a restaurant that the pair were said to have dined in before her disappearance.
In cuffs: A judge ruled Mr Giordano can be held for another 60 days without charge
Trouble in paradise: Robyn Gardner was seen at this restaurant on the afternoon that she vanished
On Monday Giordano was ordered to remain in an Aruban jail for another 16 days while police investigate 'serious inconsistencies' in his account of events.
The American Express accidental policy is currently being investigated by the FBI.
Court documents show the 50-year-old has a history of domestic violence, has not been charged but remains the only suspect in the case.
His attorney has said he had nothing to do with her disappearance and has called for his release from jail.
Officers having been tracing the movements of Giordano in the hours before Ms Gardner's disappearance, but said they have had trouble identifying him in surveillance video because he frequently changes his toupees.
Inconsistencies? Gary Giordano, left, speaks with detectives at Baby Beach on the day after Robyn Gardner disappeared
The scene: The Renaissance Aruba Resort & Casino in Oranjestad, where Ms Gardner and Mr Giordano were reportedly staying during the holiday
Video shows the pair at the Rum Beef Bar & Grill in the Baby Beach area of the island where Ms Gardner went missing.
Restaurant staff have told investigators that the woman seemed woozy while they ate.
Surveillance footage also shows Giordano in his rental car at the back of the restaurant, but the car had tinted windows so no one else in the vehicle can be seen.
Police said that they found blood on a rock behind the dive shop at the restaurant.
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Published by Associated Newspapers Ltd
Part of the Daily Mail, The Mail on Sunday & Metro Media Group
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