China Muslim

China Muslim
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Overview of the history of Islam in China

^ Jump up to: a b c Steinhardt, Nancy (2015). "Islamic architecture in China". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun ; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett K. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE . Vol. 4. Leiden and Boston : Brill Publishers . doi : 10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26219 . ISBN 9789004282131 . ISSN 1873-9830 . Islamic architecture in China most likely dates from the eighth century and flourished from the time of the Song dynasty (r. 960–1279). It is characterised by its adaptability to the Chinese building system. The oldest Muslim buildings in China today (cenotaphs, mausoleums, and prayer halls, an entry gate, and a minaret) survive in locations across the country and date to the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Shrines of holy men (Ar. qubba ) date primarily from the Qing dynasty (r. 1644–1911) and are located in western China.

^ B. L. K. Pillsbury (1981), "Muslim History in China: A 1300‐year Chronology", Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs , 3 (2): 10–29, doi : 10.1080/02666958108715833 .

^ For China Family Panel Studies 2017 survey results see release #1 ( archived ) and release #2 (). The tables also contain the results of CFPS 2012 (sample 20,035) and Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) results for 2006, 2008 and 2010 (samples ≈10.000/11,000). Also see, for comparison CFPS 2012 data in Lu 卢, Yunfeng 云峰 (2014). "卢云峰：当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据" [Report on Religions in Contemporary China – Based on CFPS (2012) Survey Data] (PDF) . World Religious Cultures (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2019 . p. 13, reporting the results of the CGSS 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2011, and their average (fifth column of the first table).

^ "China halts mosque demolition due to protest" . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 2018-08-11 . Retrieved 2018-08-10 .

^ Jump up to: a b Armijo 2006

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Lipman 1997 , p. 25

^ Khamouch, Mohammed. "Jewel of Chinese Muslim's Heritage" (PDF) . FTSC . Retrieved 11 August 2012 .

^ Houtsma, M. Th, ed. (1987). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936 . Vol. 2 of E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 (illustrated, reprint ed.). BRILL. p. 840. ISBN 9004082654 .

^ Monumenta Serica, Volume 8 . Fu ren da xue (Beijing, China), S.V.D. Research Institute, Society of the Divine Word, Monumenta Serica Institute. H. Vetch. 1943. p. 25. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: others ( link )

^ 華裔學志: 1935-1948, Volume 8 . 国家图书馆出版社. 2011. p. 25. ISBN 7501338604 .

^ China Today, Volume 2 . Zhongguo wen hua yan jiu suo. United Publishing Center. 1959. p. 14. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: others ( link )

^ North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (1969). Journal . p. 88.

^ Free China Review, Volume 10 . W.Y. Tsao. 1960. p. 14.

^ Jump up to: a b BBC 2002 , Origins

^ Israeli, Raphael (2002). Islam in China . United States of America: Lexington Books, page 291, ISBN 0-7391-0375-X .

^ Israeli (2002), pg. 291

^ Jump up to: a b c * Bai, Shouyi et al. (2003). A History of Chinese Muslim (Vol.2) . Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. ISBN 7-101-02890-X ., pp. 235–236

^ Jump up to: a b c Gernet, Jacques. A History of Chinese Civilization. 2. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-521-49712-4

^ Wan 2017 , p. 11.

^ Qi 2010 , p. 221-227.

^ Gernet 1996 , p. 292.

^ "BBC – Religion & Ethics – Islam in China (650–present): Origins" . www.bbc.co.uk .

^ Israeli (2002), pg. 283-4

^ "Halqah Media Productions" . Dubai Buzz . Archived from the original on 16 December 2006 . Retrieved 12 November 2006 .

^ Israeli, Raphael (2002). Islam in China . United States of America: Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-0375-X .

^ Israeli (2002), pg. 284

^ Garnaut, Anthony (March 2006). "The Islamic Heritage in China: A General Survey" . China Heritage Newsletter (5).

^ Islam the Straight Path: Islam ... – Google Book Search at books.google.co.uk

^ BUELL, PAUL D. (1979). "Sino-Khitan Administration in Mongol Bukhara". Journal of Asian History . 13 (2): 137–8. JSTOR 41930343 .

^ Israeli (2002), p. 285

^ Zhu (1946)

^ "People's Daily Online The Hui ethnic minority" . en.people.cn .

^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects . Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-7007-1026-3 . Retrieved 28 June 2010 .

^ Donald Daniel Leslie (1998). "The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims" (PDF) . The Fifty-ninth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2010 . Retrieved 30 November 2010 .

^ Johan Elverskog (2010). Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road (illustrated ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-8122-4237-9 . Retrieved 28 June 2010 .

^ Dru C. Gladney (1991). Muslim Chinese: ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic (2, illustrated, reprint ed.). Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-674-59495-1 . Retrieved 28 June 2010 .

^ Jump up to: a b Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-521-66991-X

^ Liu 刘, Yingsheng 迎胜 (2008). "Muslim Merchants in Mongol Yuan China" . In Schottenhammer, Angela (ed.). The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration . Vol. 6 of East Asian economic and socio-cultural studies: East Asian maritime history (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 121. ISBN 978-3447058094 . ISSN 1860-1812 .

^ Chaffee, John W. (2018). The Muslim Merchants of Premodern China: The History of a Maritime Asian Trade Diaspora, 750–1400 . New Approaches to Asian History. Cambridge University Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-1108640091 .

^ Liu 刘, Yingsheng 迎胜 (2008). "Muslim Merchants in Mongol Yuan China" . In Schottenhammer, Angela (ed.). The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration . Vol. 6 of East Asian economic and socio-cultural studies: East Asian maritime history (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 122. ISBN 978-3447058094 . ISSN 1860-1812 .

^ Chaffee, John (2008). "4 At the Intersection of Empire and World Trade: The Chinese Port City of Quanzhou (Zaitun), Eleventh-Fifteenth Centuries" . In Hall, Kenneth R. (ed.). Secondary Cities and Urban Networking in the Indian Ocean Realm, C. 1400–1800 . G – Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Vol. 1 of Comparative urban studies. Lexington Books. p. 115. ISBN 978-0739128350 .

^ Park, Hyunhee (2012). Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-1107018686 .

^ Liu 刘, Yingsheng 迎胜 (2008). "Muslim Merchants in Mongol Yuan China" . In Schottenhammer, Angela (ed.). The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration . Vol. 6 of East Asian economic and socio-cultural studies: East Asian maritime history (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 123. ISBN 978-3447058094 . ISSN 1860-1812 .

^ Wain, Alexander (2017). "Part VIII Southeast Asia and the Far East 21 CHINA AND THE RISE OF ISLAM ON JAVA" . In Peacock, A. C. S. (ed.). Islamisation: Comparative Perspectives from History . Edinburgh University Press. pp. 434–435. ISBN 978-1474417143 .

^ Wain, Alexander (2017). "Part VIII Southeast Asia and the Far East 21 CHINA AND THE RISE OF ISLAM ON JAVA" . In Peacock, A. C. S. (ed.). Islamisation: Comparative Perspectives from History . Edinburgh University Press. pp. 434–435. ISBN 978-1474417136 .

^ Reid, Anthony (2015). A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads . Blackwell History of the World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 102. ISBN 978-1118512951 .

^ Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia By Tan Ta Sen, Dasheng Chen, pg 170

^ "Looking East: The challenges and opportunities of Chinese Islam" . Archived from the original on March 12, 2008.

^ Tan Ta Sen (2009). Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 170. ISBN 978-981-230-837-5 .

^ Susan Naquin (2000). Peking: temples and city life, 1400–1900 . University of California Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-520-21991-5 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 .

^ Farmer, Edward L., ed. (1995). Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule . BRILL. p. 82. ISBN 9004103910 .

^ Jiang, Yonglin (2011). The Mandate of Heaven and The Great Ming Code . University of Washington Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0295801667 .

^ The Great Ming Code / Da Ming lu . University of Washington Press. 2012. p. 88. ISBN 978-0295804002 .

^ Israeli(2002), pg. 292

^ Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1 (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 17. ISBN 978-3447040914 .

^ Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1 . Vol. 37 of Turcologica Series, Turcologica, Bd. 37 (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 18. ISBN 978-3447040914 . Tibetans south of the Yellow river were displaced much earlier by Salar and ... intermarried extensively with local Tibetan women, under the condition that ...

^ Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain) (1894). The Geographical journal, Volume 3 . London: Royal Geographical Society. p. 362 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 .

^ The Geographical journal, Volume 3 . London. 1894. p. 362 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 .

^ 秉默, ed. (2008-10-16). "韩有文传奇然也" . 中国国民党革命委员会中央委员会 . 民革中央. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.

^ 朱, 国琳 (2011-03-03). "马呈祥在新疆" . 民族日报-民族日报一版 (民族日报数字报刊平台) . Archived from the original on 2011.

^ 韩, 芝华 (2009-10-16). "怀念我的父亲──韩有文" . 中国国民党革命委员会新疆维吾尔自治区委员会 . Archived from the original on 2017-09-06.

^ Yang, Shengmin; Wu, Xiujie (2018). "12 THEORETICAL PARADIGM OR METHODOLOGICAL HEURISTIC? Reflections on Kulturkreislehre with Reference to China" . In Holt, Emily (ed.). Water and Power in Past Societies . SUNY Series, The Institute for European and Mediterranean Archaeology Distinguished Monograph Series (illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-1438468754 . The Salar did and do not fully exclude intermarriage with other ethnic groups. ... reached that allowed Salar men to marry Tibetan women (Ma 2011, 63).

^ Yang, Shengmin; Wu, Xiujie (2018). "12 THEORETICAL PARADIGM OR METHODOLOGICAL HEURISTIC? Reflections on Kulturkreislehre with Reference to China" . In Arnason, Johann P.; Hann, Chris (eds.). Anthropology and Civilizational Analysis: Eurasian Explorations . SUNY series, Pangaea II: Global/Local Studies (illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-1438469393 . The Salar did and do not fully exclude intermarriage with other ethnic groups. ... reached that allowed Salar men to marry Tibetan women (Ma 2011, 63).

^ Central Asiatic Journal, Volumes 43–44 . O. Harrassowitz. 1999. p. 212. towards outsiders, the Salar language has been retained. Additionally, the ethnic group has been continuously absorbing a great amount of new blood from other nationalities. In history, with the exception of Hui, there is no case of a Salar's daughter marrying a non-Salar. On the contrary, many non – Salar females married into Salar households . As folk acounts and historical records recount, shortly after Salar ancestors reached Xunhua, they had relationships with neighbouring Tibetans through marriage .

^ Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1 . Vol. 37 of Turcologica Series, Turcologica, Bd. 37 (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-3447040914 . Tibetans south of the Yellow river were displaced much earlier by Salar and ... intermarried extensively with local Tibetan women, under the condition that ...

^ Simon, Camille (2015). "Chapter 4 Linguistic Evidence of Salar-Tibetan Contacts in Amdo" . In M Hille, Marie-Paule; Horlemann, Bianca; Nietupski, Paul K. (eds.). Muslims in Amdo Tibetan Society: Multidisciplinary Approaches . Studies in Modern Tibetan Culture. Marie-Paule Hille, Bianca Horlemann, Paul K. Nietupski, Chang Chung-Fu, Andrew M. Fischer, Max Oidtmann, Ma Wei, Alexandre Papas, Camille Simon, Benno R. Weiner, Yang Hongwei. Lexington Books. pp. 90, 91, 264, 267, 146. ISBN 978-0739175309 . ... 146, 151n36; between Muslim tradesmen and local women, 149n15; oral history of the first matrimonial alliances between Salar men and Tibetan women, ...

^ Nietupski, Paul K. (2015). "Chapter 6 Islam and Labrang Monastery A Muslim community in a Tibetan Buddhist Estate" . In M Hille, Marie-Paule; Horlemann, Bianca; Nietupski, Paul K. (eds.). Muslims in Amdo Tibetan Society: Multidisciplinary Approaches . Studies in Modern Tibetan Culture. Marie-Paule Hille, Bianca Horlemann, Paul K. Nietupski, Chang Chung-Fu, Andrew M. Fischer, Max Oidtmann, Ma Wei, Alexandre Papas, Camille Simon, Benno R. Weiner, Yang Hongwei. Lexington Books. pp. 90, 91, 264, 267, 146. ISBN 978-0739175309 .

^ The Tibet Journal, Volume 20 . Library of Tibetan Works & Archives. Library of Tibetan Works & Archives. 1995. p. 101. Central Asian Sufi Masters who gave to the founder of the Chinese Qādiriyya his early training.25 Gladney wrote in his book Chinese Muslims that Afāq Khvāja preached to the northeastern Tibetans but he does not tell us what are his sources. ... The cities of northwestern China visited by the khvāja are Xining (in Qinghai), Hezhou (the old name for Linxia, the Chinese Mecca) in Gansu and Xunhua near the Gansu-Qinghai border where the Salar Turks live amidst a predominantly Tibetan Buddhist population. Gansu is a natural corridor linking China with Eastern Turkestan and Central Asia It is a ... passageway through which the silk road slipped between the Tibetan plateau to the west and the Mongolian grasslands to the north. In addition to the Chinese and the Tibetans, Gansu was also home to different people like the Salar Turks and the Dongxiang or Mongol Muslims, both preached to by Afāq Khvāja. ... (actually the city of Kuna according to Nizamüddin Hüsäyin.26 Although the Salars intermarried with the Tibetans, Chinese and Hui, they have maintained their customs until now. From the Mission d'Ollone who explored this area at the beginning of the century, we learn that some Chinese Muslims of this area married Tibetan women who had kept their religion, i . e . Lamaism, and that their sons were either Muslim or Buddhist. We are told for example that in one of these families, there was one son who was a Muslim and the other who became a Lama. Between the monastery of Lha-brang and the city of Hezhou (Linxia, it is also indicated that there were Muslims living in most of the Chinese and Tibetan... {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: others ( link )

^ Gladney (1999)

^ Perdue, Peter C (2009). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia (reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 191, 192. ISBN 978-0674042025 .

^ Millward, James A. (1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864 (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 298. ISBN 978-0804729338 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 .

^ Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China . University of Washington Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0295800554 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 .

^ Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China . University of Washington Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0295800554 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 .

^ Millward, James A. (1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864 (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-0804729338 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 .

^ Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1 (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 8. ISBN 978-3447040914 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 .

^ Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China . University of Washington Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0295800554 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 .

^ WAKEMAN JR., FREDERIC (1986). GREAT ENTERPRISE . University of California Press. p. 802 . ISBN 978-0520048041 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 .

^ WAKEMAN JR., FREDERIC (1986). GREAT ENTERPRISE . University of California Press. p. 803 . ISBN 978-0520048041 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . milayin.

^ Brown, Rajeswary Ampalavanar; Pierce, Justin, eds. (2013). Charities in the Non-Western World: The Development and Regulation of Indigenous and Islamic Charities . Routledge. ISBN 978-1317938521 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 .

^ Damsan Harper, Steve Fallon, Katja Gaskell, Julie Grundvig, Carolyn Heller, Thomas Huhti, Bradley Maynew, Christopher Pitts. Lonely Planet China. 9. 2005. ISBN 1-74059-687-0

^ Hugh D. R. Baker (1990). Hong Kong images: people and animals . Hong Kong University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-962-209-255-6 .

^ Allès, Elizabeth (September–October 2003). "Notes on some joking relationships between Hui and Han villages in Henan" . China Perspectives . 2003 (49): 6. doi : 10.4000/chinaperspectives.649 . Retrieved 20 July 2011 .

^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects . Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-7007-1026-3 . Retrieved 28 June 2010 .

^ Millward, James A. (1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864 . Stanford University Press. p. 124. ISBN 0804797927 .

^ Newby, L. J. (2005). The Empire And the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations With Khoqand C1760-1860 (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 39. ISBN 9004145508 .

^ Wang, Ke (2017). "Between the "Ummah" and "China"：The Qing Dynasty's Rule over Xinjiang Uyghur Society" (PDF) . Journal of Intercultural Studies . Kobe University. 48 : 204.

^ Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0231139243 .

^ Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0231139243 .

^ Millward, James A. (1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864 . Stanford University Press. pp. 206–207. ISBN 0804797927 .

^ Atwill, David G. (2005). The Chinese Sultanate: Islam, Ethnicity, and the Panthay Rebellion in Southwest China, 1856–1873 (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 89. ISBN 0804751595 .

^ Wellman, Jr., James K., ed. (2007). Belief and Bloodshed: Religion and Violence across Time and Tradition . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 121. ISBN 978-0742571341 .

^ Ali, Tariq (2014). The Islam Quintet: Shadows of the Pomegranate Tree, The Book of Saladin, The Stone Woman, A Sultan in Palermo
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