Chimaltenango buy cocaine

__________________________

📍 Verified store!

📍 Guarantees! Quality! Reviews!

__________________________

▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼

▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲

Chimaltenango buy cocaine

Drug traffickers survive under one premise: adapting to change. At the regional level, the agents of change emerge from the interaction between traffickers and the authorities, as well as among drug trafficking structures. The group that does not adapt does not survive. The result is a molotov cocktail of both planned and unanticipated consequences, in which the authorities can act as a stimulus if they are corrupt, or even if they do their job. These circumstances have reconstructed drug trafficking in Guatemala in the past five years, and led to the fracturing of some groups, the violent territorial conquest of new actors, and the displacement of traditional actors. The attack against nine policemen in Salcaja, Quetzaltenango on June 13 seemed like deja vu — something we had seen before. But it also seemed like something more serious: a possible sign that the Zetas were making an incursion into western Guatemala after securing the Franja Transversal de Norte route — the bridge between Honduras and Mexico — and contesting the eastern part of the country. This article was translated from Plaza Publica. See original article here. The case involved the murder of eight police in a police substation and the kidnapping of a police deputy-inspector, Julio Cesar Garcia Crotez, of whom only three fingers and a piece of his uniform have been found. The authorities revealed to the press that Garcia was suspected of participating in a robbery of the gang that presumably carried out the attack and the kidnapping. At the same time, a police source unofficially revealed that the massacre was vengeance for the robbery of a cocaine shipment, and that while the robbery did not involve all the victims, the gunmen had killed everyone in order to leave no witnesses. On July 14, the authorities captured seven men and two women in La Democracia, Huehuetenango, who were suspected of the murders, but did not identify them as members of a particular criminal structure. Later, on July 16, a tenth suspect was captured in Chimaltenango. This time, the authorities linked him to an offshoot of the Gulf Cartel that is beleived to be active in Huehuetenango. But until the arrests, the police had suspected the Sinaloa Cartel and had given assurences that the Zetas had not perpetrated the massacre for three reasons: The first is that Quetzaltenango and Huehuetenango are territories of influence of Sinaloa Cartel associates and the killers used escape routes and even weapons that the group often uses. The type of weapons used is also a very weak indicator — all criminal groups are able to obtain all kinds of firearms. Proof of this is that now the police are blaming the Gulf Cartel, not the Sinaloa. Therefore one cannot automatically attribute something that happens in Quetzaltenango or Huehuetenango to the Sinaloa Cartel. In addition, some authorities seem to have forgotten that drug trafficking is like plasticine — it has as many forms as hands, intentions, and events can shape it into, and one of the consequences of this is that more than one group can operate within the same province, even if it is not in the long term. They have been familiar with the northwestern border of the country since they arrived in Guatemala in the mids, when they were still part of the Gulf Cartel. Later, during the first week of March, , police captured two Mexican and eight Guatemalan Zetas that had stolen weapons from the National Civil Police PNC in Alta Verapaz and that knew how to move easily through five provinces to escape the authorities: Quiche, Huehuetenango, Solola, Totonicapan, and Suchitepequez. In April , the Zetas gunned down five anti-narcotics police investigators in Amatitlan, supposedly in revenge for the robbery of a cocaine shipment, according to the MP. When two guards were taking Gomez from one floor to another, he encountered the Zetas in the lobby in front of the elevator, and he shook each of their hands before continuing on his way to the next floor. Their motive was revenge against the property owner because he supposedly still trafficked drugs with the Gulf Cartel, according to a source in the MP. Ten days after the massacre, they kidnapped and dismembered auxiliary prosecutor Allan Stowlinsky in Coban, Alta Verapaz, after the police and the MP intercepted a Zetas cocaine shipment in Raxruha, Alta Verapaz. On September 26, last year, residents of the town of Santo Domingo Sinlaj, in Barillas, Huehuetenango meters from the border with Mexico , reported that the Zetas had threatened them with death when they refused to join the organization. There are other drug trafficking groups capable of killings like the Salcaja murders. In fact, some authorities have revealed that those detained between July 14 and 16 are linked to the Gulf Cartel. However, the attorney general Claudia Paz y Paz said the MP suspsects that those detained for the attack in Salcaja, Quetzaltenango, are also linked to the murder of seven people in San Pedro Necta, Huehuetenango, in December , which the Zetas are suspected of committing. Among the victims, who were burnt to ashes, was a prosecutor from Chiquimula, Yolanda Olivares. In terms of drug trafficking behavior, no country shows a pattern. One cannot speak of the Mexicanization of Guatemala, the way that a few years ago one could not speak of the Colombianization of Mexico. No country plagued by drug trafficking becomes an identical copy of another, because the behavior of drug trafficking depends on the interaction between the drug traffickers, the reactions of the authorities and the geographical context, more than on any predetermined pattern, says Rosada. These factors mark the differences in the behaviour of drug traffickers between one country and the next. Guatemala is not Colombia, where Plan Colombia along with the capture of drug traffickers wanted for extradition and the destruction of coca laboratories contributed to alleviating the war between the cartels and the sustained period of narco-violence. Later the cartels transformed into small cells that left production in the hands of the guerrillas and the paramilitaries. But neither is Guatemala Mexico, where the size of the cartels is much larger and their interaction with the authorities much more complex. Guatemala is a unique animal. But what is it? And why? What happens and what is decided in the United States and in Mexico in terms of drug trafficking resonates through Guatemala and the rest of Central America. The engine of change in Guatemala can be divided into two. One on side are events that the United States unleashed in Mexico and Guatemala, and on the other side is the attention paid to requests made by the Public Ministry during the administrations of Amilcar Velazquez and Claudia Paz y Paz. It is during the current administration, under Otto Perez Molina, that Walter Overdick, an important Zetas associate, was captured. In contract, no important Gulf Cartel allies, such as members of the Mendoza group have been captured. The capacity of the drug traffickers for violence continues, as they continue bringing in contraband arms through the blind passes of the Guatemalan border, as a Woodrow Wilson Center report lays out. One of the triggers for the reconstruction of drug trafficking in the region came from the United States in , with the arrest of Osiel Cardenas Guillen, leader of the Gulf Cartel in Mexico, his extradition in , and the resulting infighting within the cartel. Cardenas ran a vertical organization, a narco-dictatorship. A dictatorship is the most vulnerable structure, according to German political scientist Hannah Arendt, because it is managed by violence and not by legitimacy. Cardenas was more feared than respected. Given that he believed he was infallible, he never prepared anyone to succeed him, and he surrounded himself with a security team made up of Mexican ex-military men known as the Zetas. Internal divisions resulted in the Zetas definitively separating from the Gulf Cartel in January At the same time, the Zetas had used their three years of relative independence to fortify alliances in Guatemala and open their own routes between Honduras and Mexico. The blind pass of Ingenieros, to the north of Ixcan, en Quiche, which connects with Chiapas, became one of their routes for bringing drugs up to Mexico. The location was just a few kilometers from the farm where Guatemalan authorities found a Zetas arsenal in March There were very few associates of that cartel who resisted the Zetas conquest, and who had the capacity to keep on trafficking. Overdick also permitted the Zetas to get a foothold in Peten, where he had various properties. This allowed them to harass the Mendoza family, one of the few remaining bastions of the weakening Gulf Cartel in Guatemala — which meant the Zetas immediately considered the Mendoza their enemies. The Zetas had learned something from experience: that it was helpful to ally with family-based drug trafficking groups, which had stronger ties to communities where they had lived for generations like the Cardenas family in Tamaulipas. Although it was on a smaller scale, Overdick and his strong presence in Alta Verapaz offered them this in Guatemala. By , when Osiel was about to fall, the Lorenzana family were trafficking drugs in Guatemala that were sent by the remains of the Cali Cartel and then passed on to the Sinaloa Cartel in Mexico, according to the US Department of Justice, and were part of the transport network of Otto Herrera in Central America. But by , the Lorenzanas would make a decision that would change their history for forever. But Juancho was also stealing drugs from other traffickers in Guatemala and Honduras, and his robberies had created enemies for the Lorenzanas. They knew the execution would occur with or without their consent. They knew to choose their battles, and they recognized that this was not the time for a violent war with the Zetas. It was a matter of honor among criminals. If the Zetas killed without permission on Lorenzana territory, they would have to respond. They knew they should wait, take their time, and then decide if they would make a strategic alliance with the Zetas, or if they would begin a war against them like the conflict seen in Mexico. Juancho had stolen a Zetas shipment in Honduras, and he had killed two of their men, according to the same Mexican and Honduran intelligence sources. On March 25, , the Zetas responded. It was not simple revenge. The Zetas showed what would happen if anyone killed or robbed any of them which is what might have happened with the Salcaja case. It was a lesson that the historian Thucydides proclaimed in ancient Greece: the emperor, or whoever aspired to be emperor, should always respond to attacks to show that he is not an easy target. In this way, the Zetas raised their profile in Guatemala and also took the pulse of other rival groups. On November 30, they interrupted a horse race organized by allies of the Sinaloa Cartel in the town of Agua Zarca, in Huehuetenango. The shootout left 17 dead, including people from both groups. This would be the signature of the Zetas in the following years, and they would become one of the principal factors behind the instability in drug trafficking in Guatemala — more even than the police. Guatemalan authorities, including the MP and the Ministry of the Interior, and the United States with their orders of capture and extradition, dealt the Lorenzanas a serious blow. In the list of people eligible for extradition to the United States, there were people from all the criminal groups. But in Guatemala, operations concentrated on allies of the Sinaloa Cartel. An ex-official with the Drug Enforcement Administration DEA , Michael Braun, said that in Colombia the strategy was to attack one cartel at a time, and maybe that was the strategy also used in Guatemala. Regardless, whatever the intention was, the results ended up favoring the Zetas. By , the government of Alvaro Colom boasted of having captured at least a hundred Zetas, although two-thirds were Guatemalan many, replaceable , and the majority were mid and low-level members. Between and , the Interior Ministry signaled in an interview with a Spanish media outlet that the army was the source of leaks that alerted traffickers. But the police in Zacapa were also untrustworthy, according to a police investigator who worked the case. With the Lorenzanas busy trying to keep a low profile without neglecting their business, the mid-level commanders and junior narcos assumed they had the green light to try and improve their positions. Between and , the arrest warrants and extradition orders from the United States and the arrests made in Guatemala by the MP and the PNC started molding drug trafficking in Guatemala like plasticine. In theory, these arrests should have taken down the whole structure. In practice, it did not. What factor saved it? Another factor is corruption. Sources in the PNC say that Chamale directed all his drug trafficking operations from prison, which is an example of when interaction between drug traffickers and certain authorities favors the trafficker. The groups in the west led by Chamale continued to operate, perhaps even with a higher level of influencee due to their geographic proximity to their Mexican counterparts. At the same time, the Lorenzanas were exposed to other factors, the biggest of which was the Zetas. In , the arrests of the Lorenzanas cleared the path for the Zetas to force an alliance. Thus the moment arrived for the Lorenzanas to make the decision they had put off since , when they gave the Zetas permission to kill Juancho. With more drugs moving overland, there were more routes to fight over and more violence on both sies of the border. It is not that there was more drug production for the narcos, but rather a greater volume of drugs was passing across the Honduras-Guatemala border that previously would have been transported by air from South America to Guatemala, meaning there were more drugs being transported overland that were vulnerable to robberies. The arrests and the extraditions, in Guatemala and Mexico, and the expansion of the Zetas allied with local drug trafficking groups started to change the face of drug trafficking in the country. In , they entered through Huehuetenango, but they made Alta Verapaz their base of operations. By , they had dominated the corridor between Honduras and Mexico, starting with Izabal, following the Franja Transversal del Norte, passing through Alta Verapaz — its bridge to Quiche —, but they also moved toward Peten in the north, and toward the capital and the Pacific coast to the south, according to the MP. In it was clear that the Zetas had found the path and access to arms in military storehouses. In March and April, the authorities found numerous weapons, thousands of bullets, and at least a thousand grenades in Ixcan, Quiche, and Amatitlan. In Amatitlan, the authorities found a rifle that belonged to a set purchased for the police during the government of Oscar Berger , said Carlos Menocal, who was the Ministry of the Interior for President Colom from onwards. Between and , the Zetas fortified their extension towards the eastern part of the country with the same aggression they had employed in Mexico. The expansion occurred after the arrests — when the Lorenzanas were at their weakest and were keeping a low profile. They continued trafficking, but by now they did not have the power to maintain a monopoly over what went on in Zacapa. Their control over drug robbers on the border with Honduras and, to the south, with El Salvador, was further weakened. So the Zetas seized the moment. In Mexico, their modus operandi consisted of taking territory and then monopolizing criminal activity in the area. That is to say, they take control of a zone not just to engage in criminal activity, but also so that they can charge a tax on anyone who wants to pass through or engage in criminal activity in their territory — a kind of criminal tax. Thus they have agreements with migrant smugglers and human traffickers, among other criminal groups. The killings included attacks against some landowners in the eastern part of the country who the police linked to drug trafficking , some small-time drug dealers, and shipment thieves in the area. Among these cases, one that stands out is that of Jairo Orellana, who, according to civilian intelligence sources, the Zetas tried to execute for failing to pay the tax. The Zetas gunmen killed his seven bodyguards in front of a clinic building in Zone 15 of Guatemala City in an attack in November from which Orellana is beleived to have escaped unharmed. By , the Zetas were already operating in the southern and western parts of Guatemala. By last December, they had received two shipments on a farm in Escuintla. The person who sent them from Zacapa is believed to be Marta Julia Lorenzana, according to unofficial information. This marked a dividing line in the history of the family, who for years had trafficked exclusively for the Sinaloa Cartel. For the Zetas, in contrast, the incursion into the southern coast was not unusual. Some of the Mexican Zetas detained in had identification documents that marked them as residents of municipalities along the southern coast, according to the MP who investigated whether the documents were forged or whether they had been legally issued based on false identities. It is believed that once they were in Escuintla in , the Zetas used another transporter to move the shipments to Mexico. Hall Institute and year-old son of Marta Julia Lorenzana, was detained last June in San Marcos with a shipment destined for the Sinaloa Cartel when a military source says his mother has been linked to the Zetas since December although the US Treasury Department only links her to the Sinaloa Cartel. Guatemalan authorities determined that the 15 kilos of cocaine that were seized from Lemus Lorenzana were marked with a horseshoe, a characteristic symbol of the Sinaloa Cartel. The fact that it was a small shipment could indicate that it was meant as a demonstration, to prove the efficiency of a new route or sender before risking a larger shipment — a test that that the adolescent evidently failed, either through inexperience or because somebody informed on him. One former government official suspects that the the fracturing of the power of the Lorenzanas left some members and allies of the family free to negotiate with people unrelated to the Sinaloa Cartel. If some members of the Lorenzana family are trafficking with one group, and other members trafficking with another, the potential for conflict is even higher. If this is indeed the case, friction and an increase in violence in the western part of the country is only a matter of time. Until then, drug trafficking will remain subject to the hands that will write — both within and outside the law — its next chapter. It was translated and reprinted with permission. Subscribe to our newsletter to receive a weekly digest of the latest organized crime news and stay up-to-date on major events, trends, and criminal dynamics from across the region. Donate today to empower research and analysis about organized crime in Latin America and the Caribbean, from the ground up. Skip to content. The Dividing Line The engine of change in Guatemala can be divided into two. Battles Postponed By , when Osiel was about to fall, the Lorenzana family were trafficking drugs in Guatemala that were sent by the remains of the Cali Cartel and then passed on to the Sinaloa Cartel in Mexico, according to the US Department of Justice, and were part of the transport network of Otto Herrera in Central America. Capture of the Lorenzanas Guatemalan authorities, including the MP and the Ministry of the Interior, and the United States with their orders of capture and extradition, dealt the Lorenzanas a serious blow. Alliances and the Conquest of Routes In , the arrests of the Lorenzanas cleared the path for the Zetas to force an alliance. Stay Informed With InSight Crime Subscribe to our newsletter to receive a weekly digest of the latest organized crime news and stay up-to-date on major events, trends, and criminal dynamics from across the region.

Search Collections

Chimaltenango buy cocaine

After a shift in US interdiction efforts, postwar Guatemala has become a principle point of transit for cocaine produced in the Andes for the United States. One effect has been a drastic increase in the consumption of crack cocaine in Guatemala. Another effect has been the proliferation of Pentecostal drug rehabilitation centers. Informal and unregulated, these houses often hold users against their will. This photo essay, in response, juxtaposes a Pentecostal commitment to having a positive attitude with the everyday violence of forced detention. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways:. Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Enter your library card number to sign in. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. See below. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Sign in through your institution. Subject All Subject Expand Expand. Arts and Humanities. Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Archaeology. Archaeological Methodology and Techniques. Archaeology by Region. Archaeology of Religion. Archaeology of Trade and Exchange. Biblical Archaeology. Contemporary and Public Archaeology. Environmental Archaeology. Historical Archaeology. History and Theory of Archaeology. Industrial Archaeology. Landscape Archaeology. Mortuary Archaeology. Prehistoric Archaeology. Underwater Archaeology. Urban Archaeology. Architectural Structure and Design. History of Architecture. Residential and Domestic Buildings. Theory of Architecture. Art Forms. Art Styles. Art Subjects and Themes. History of Art. Industrial and Commercial Art. Theory of Art. Biographical Studies. Byzantine Studies. Classical Studies. Classical Numismatics. Classical Literature. Classical Reception. Classical History. Classical Philosophy. Classical Mythology. Classical Art and Architecture. Classical Oratory and Rhetoric. Greek and Roman Archaeology. Greek and Roman Epigraphy. Greek and Roman Law. Greek and Roman Papyrology. Late Antiquity. Religion in the Ancient World. Social History. Digital Humanities. Cold War. Colonialism and Imperialism. Diplomatic History. Environmental History. Genealogy, Heraldry, Names, and Honours. Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing. Historical Geography. History by Period. History of Agriculture. History of Education. History of Emotions. History of Gender and Sexuality. Industrial History. Intellectual History. International History. Labour History. Legal and Constitutional History. Local and Family History. Maritime History. Military History. National Liberation and Post-Colonialism. Oral History. Political History. Public History. Regional and National History. Revolutions and Rebellions. Slavery and Abolition of Slavery. Social and Cultural History. Theory, Methods, and Historiography. Urban History. World History. Language Teaching and Learning. Language Learning Specific Skills. Language Teaching Theory and Methods. Applied Linguistics. Cognitive Linguistics. Computational Linguistics. Forensic Linguistics. Grammar, Syntax and Morphology. Historical and Diachronic Linguistics. History of English. Language Variation. Language Families. Language Acquisition. Language Evolution. Language Reference. Linguistic Theories. Linguistic Typology. Linguistic Anthropology. Phonetics and Phonology. Translation and Interpretation. Writing Systems. Children's Literature Studies. Literary Studies Modernism. Literary Studies Asian. Literary Studies European. Literary Studies Eco-criticism. Literary Studies Romanticism. Literary Studies American. Literary Studies - World. Literary Studies to Literary Studies 19th Century. Literary Studies 20th Century onwards. Literary Studies African American Literature. Literary Studies British and Irish. Literary Studies Early and Medieval. Literary Studies Gender Studies. Literary Studies Graphic Novels. Literary Studies History of the Book. Literary Studies Plays and Playwrights. Literary Studies Poetry and Poets. Literary Studies Postcolonial Literature. Literary Studies Queer Studies. Literary Studies Science Fiction. Literary Studies Travel Literature. Literary Studies War Literature. Literary Studies Women's Writing. Literary Theory and Cultural Studies. Mythology and Folklore. Shakespeare Studies and Criticism. Media Studies. Applied Music. Dance and Music. Ethics in Music. Gender and Sexuality in Music. Medicine and Music. Music Cultures. Music and Culture. Music and Religion. Music and Media. Music Education and Pedagogy. Music Theory and Analysis. Musical Scores, Lyrics, and Libretti. Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques. Musicology and Music History. Performance Practice and Studies. Race and Ethnicity in Music. Sound Studies. Performing Arts. Aesthetics and Philosophy of Art. Feminist Philosophy. History of Western Philosophy. Moral Philosophy. Non-Western Philosophy. Philosophy of Action. Philosophy of Law. Philosophy of Religion. Philosophy of Science. Philosophy of Language. Philosophy of Mind. Philosophy of Perception. Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic. Practical Ethics. Social and Political Philosophy. Biblical Studies. East Asian Religions. History of Religion. Judaism and Jewish Studies. Qumran Studies. Religion and Education. Religion and Health. Religion and Politics. Religion and Science. Religion and Law. Religion and Art, Literature, and Music. Religious Studies. Society and Culture. Cookery, Food, and Drink. Cultural Studies. Customs and Traditions. Ethical Issues and Debates. Hobbies, Games, Arts and Crafts. Natural world, Country Life, and Pets. Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge. Sports and Outdoor Recreation. Technology and Society. Travel and Holiday. Visual Culture. Civil Law. Company and Commercial Law. Commercial Law. Company Law. Comparative Law. Systems of Law. Competition Law. Constitutional and Administrative Law. Government Powers. Judicial Review. Local Government Law. Military and Defence Law. Parliamentary and Legislative Practice. Social Law. Construction Law. Contract Law. Criminal Law. Criminal Procedure. Criminal Evidence Law. Sentencing and Punishment. Employment and Labour Law. Environment and Energy Law. EU Law. Family Law. Financial Law. Banking Law. Insolvency Law. Tax Law. History of Law. Human Rights and Immigration. Intellectual Property Law. International Law. Private International Law and Conflict of Laws. Public International Law. IT and Communications Law. Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law. Law and Society. Law and Politics. Legal System and Practice. Courts and Procedure. Legal Skills and Practice. Legal System - Costs and Funding. Primary Sources of Law. Regulation of Legal Profession. Media Law. Medical and Healthcare Law. Criminal Investigation and Detection. Police and Security Services. Police Procedure and Law. Police Regional Planning. Property Law. Personal Property Law. Study and Revision. Terrorism and National Security Law. Tort Law. Trusts Law. Wills and Probate or Succession. Medicine and Health. Allied Health Professions. Arts Therapies. Clinical Science. Dietetics and Nutrition. Occupational Therapy. Operating Department Practice. Speech and Language Therapy. General Anaesthesia. Clinical Medicine. Acute Medicine. Cardiovascular Medicine. Clinical Genetics. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Endocrinology and Diabetes. Genito-urinary Medicine. Geriatric Medicine. Infectious Diseases. Medical Oncology. Medical Toxicology. Pain Medicine. Palliative Medicine. Rehabilitation Medicine. Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonology. Sleep Medicine. Sports and Exercise Medicine. Clinical Neuroscience. Community Medical Services. Critical Care. Emergency Medicine. Forensic Medicine. History of Medicine. Medical Ethics. Medical Dentistry. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Paediatric Dentistry. Restorative Dentistry and Orthodontics. Surgical Dentistry. Medical Skills. Clinical Skills. Communication Skills. Nursing Skills. Surgical Skills. Medical Statistics and Methodology. Clinical Neurophysiology. Nursing Studies. Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Occupational Medicine. Otolaryngology ENT. Chemical Pathology. Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics. Medical Microbiology and Virology. Patient Education and Information. Popular Health. Caring for Others. Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Self-help and Personal Development. Preclinical Medicine. Cell Biology. Molecular Biology and Genetics. Reproduction, Growth and Development. Primary Care. Professional Development in Medicine. Addiction Medicine. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Forensic Psychiatry. Learning Disabilities. Old Age Psychiatry. Public Health and Epidemiology. Public Health. Clinical Radiology. Interventional Radiology. Nuclear Medicine. Radiation Oncology. Reproductive Medicine. Cardiothoracic Surgery. Gastro-intestinal and Colorectal Surgery. General Surgery. Paediatric Surgery. Peri-operative Care. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Surgical Oncology. Transplant Surgery. Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery. Vascular Surgery. Science and Mathematics. Biological Sciences. Aquatic Biology. Bioinformatics and Computational Biology. Developmental Biology. Ecology and Conservation. Evolutionary Biology. Genetics and Genomics. Molecular and Cell Biology. Natural History. Plant Sciences and Forestry. Research Methods in Life Sciences. Structural Biology. Systems Biology. Zoology and Animal Sciences. Analytical Chemistry. Computational Chemistry. Environmental Chemistry. Industrial Chemistry. Inorganic Chemistry. Materials Chemistry. Medicinal Chemistry. Mineralogy and Gems. Organic Chemistry. Physical Chemistry. Polymer Chemistry. Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry. Theoretical Chemistry. Computer Science. Artificial Intelligence. Computer Architecture and Logic Design. Game Studies. Human-Computer Interaction. Mathematical Theory of Computation. Programming Languages. Software Engineering. Systems Analysis and Design. Virtual Reality. Business Applications. Computer Games. Computer Security. Computer Networking and Communications. Digital Lifestyle. Graphical and Digital Media Applications. Operating Systems. Earth Sciences and Geography. Atmospheric Sciences. Environmental Geography. Geology and the Lithosphere. Maps and Map-making. Meteorology and Climatology. Oceanography and Hydrology. Physical Geography and Topography. Regional Geography. Soil Science. Urban Geography. Engineering and Technology. Agriculture and Farming. Biological Engineering. Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building. Electronics and Communications Engineering. Energy Technology. Engineering General. Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology. History of Engineering and Technology. Mechanical Engineering and Materials. Technology of Industrial Chemistry. Transport Technology and Trades. Environmental Science. Applied Ecology Environmental Science. Conservation of the Environment Environmental Science. Environmental Sustainability. Environmentalist Thought and Ideology Environmental Science. Natural Disasters Environmental Science. Nuclear Issues Environmental Science. Pollution and Threats to the Environment Environmental Science. History of Science and Technology. Materials Science. Ceramics and Glasses. Composite Materials. Metals, Alloying, and Corrosion. Applied Mathematics. Biomathematics and Statistics. History of Mathematics. Mathematical Education. Mathematical Finance. Mathematical Analysis. Numerical and Computational Mathematics. Probability and Statistics. Pure Mathematics. Cognition and Behavioural Neuroscience. Development of the Nervous System. Disorders of the Nervous System. History of Neuroscience. Invertebrate Neurobiology. Molecular and Cellular Systems. Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System. Neuroscientific Techniques. Sensory and Motor Systems. Astronomy and Astrophysics. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. Biological and Medical Physics. Classical Mechanics. Computational Physics. Condensed Matter Physics. Electromagnetism, Optics, and Acoustics. History of Physics. Mathematical and Statistical Physics. Measurement Science. Nuclear Physics. Particles and Fields. Plasma Physics. Quantum Physics. Relativity and Gravitation. Semiconductor and Mesoscopic Physics. Affective Sciences. Clinical Psychology. Cognitive Neuroscience. Cognitive Psychology. Criminal and Forensic Psychology. Developmental Psychology. Educational Psychology. Evolutionary Psychology. Health Psychology. History and Systems in Psychology. Music Psychology. Organizational Psychology. Psychological Assessment and Testing. Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction. Psychology Professional Development and Training. Research Methods in Psychology. Social Psychology. Social Sciences. Anthropology of Religion. Human Evolution. Medical Anthropology. Physical Anthropology. Regional Anthropology. Social and Cultural Anthropology. Theory and Practice of Anthropology. Business and Management. Business History. Business Strategy. Business Ethics. Business and Government. Business and Technology. Business and the Environment. Comparative Management. Corporate Governance. Corporate Social Responsibility. Health Management. Human Resource Management. Industrial and Employment Relations. Industry Studies. Information and Communication Technologies. International Business. Knowledge Management. Management and Management Techniques. Operations Management. Organizational Theory and Behaviour. Pensions and Pension Management. Public and Nonprofit Management. Social Issues in Business and Management. Strategic Management. Supply Chain Management. Criminology and Criminal Justice. Criminal Justice. Forms of Crime. International and Comparative Criminology. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. Development Studies. Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics. Asian Economics. Behavioural Finance. Behavioural Economics and Neuroeconomics. Econometrics and Mathematical Economics. Economic Methodology. Economic Systems. Economic History. Economic Development and Growth. Financial Markets. Financial Institutions and Services. General Economics and Teaching. Health, Education, and Welfare. History of Economic Thought. International Economics. Labour and Demographic Economics. Law and Economics. Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics. Public Economics. Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics. Welfare Economics. Adult Education and Continuous Learning. Care and Counselling of Students. Early Childhood and Elementary Education. Educational Equipment and Technology. Educational Strategies and Policy. Higher and Further Education. Organization and Management of Education. Philosophy and Theory of Education. Schools Studies. Secondary Education. Teaching of a Specific Subject. Teaching Skills and Techniques. Applied Ecology Social Science. Climate Change. Conservation of the Environment Social Science. Environmentalist Thought and Ideology Social Science. Natural Disasters Environment. Pollution and Threats to the Environment Social Science. Human Geography. Cultural Geography. Economic Geography. Political Geography. Interdisciplinary Studies. Communication Studies. Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences. African Politics. Asian Politics. Chinese Politics. Comparative Politics. Conflict Politics. Elections and Electoral Studies. Environmental Politics. Ethnic Politics. European Union. Foreign Policy. Gender and Politics. Human Rights and Politics. Indian Politics. International Relations. International Organization Politics. Irish Politics. Latin American Politics. Middle Eastern Politics. Political Theory. Political Methodology. Political Communication. Political Philosophy. Political Sociology. Political Behaviour. Political Economy. Political Institutions. Politics and Law. Politics of Development. Public Administration. Public Policy. Qualitative Political Methodology. Quantitative Political Methodology. Regional Political Studies. Russian Politics. Security Studies. State and Local Government. UK Politics. US Politics. Regional and Area Studies. African Studies. Asian Studies. East Asian Studies. Japanese Studies. Latin American Studies. Middle Eastern Studies. Native American Studies. Scottish Studies. Research and Information. Research Methods. Social Work. Addictions and Substance Misuse. Adoption and Fostering. Care of the Elderly. Child and Adolescent Social Work. Couple and Family Social Work. Direct Practice and Clinical Social Work. Emergency Services. Human Behaviour and the Social Environment. International and Global Issues in Social Work. Mental and Behavioural Health. Social Justice and Human Rights. Social Policy and Advocacy. Social Work and Crime and Justice. Social Work Macro Practice. Social Work Practice Settings. Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice. Welfare and Benefit Systems. Childhood Studies. Community Development. Comparative and Historical Sociology. Disability Studies. Economic Sociology. Gender and Sexuality. Gerontology and Ageing. Health, Illness, and Medicine. Marriage and the Family. Migration Studies. Occupations, Professions, and Work. Population and Demography. Race and Ethnicity. Social Theory. Social Movements and Social Change. Social Research and Statistics. Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility. Sociology of Religion. Sociology of Education. Sport and Leisure. Urban and Rural Studies. Warfare and Defence. Defence Strategy, Planning, and Research. Land Forces and Warfare. Military Administration. Military Life and Institutions. Naval Forces and Warfare. Other Warfare and Defence Issues. Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution. Weapons and Equipment. Browse all content Browse content in. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Published online:. Published in print:. Search in this book. Expand Front Matter. Copyright Page. List of Contributors. Collapse Part 1 Shared Understandings. Expand Part 2 Gender and Masculinities. Expand End Matter. Violence at the Urban Margins Contents. Oxford Academic. Google Scholar. Annotate Cite Icon Cite. Permissions Icon Permissions. Select Format Select format. Abstract After a shift in US interdiction efforts, postwar Guatemala has become a principle point of transit for cocaine produced in the Andes for the United States. Keywords: cocaine , drugs , detention , captivity , Pentecostalism , Christianity , violence , rehabilitation. Collection: Oxford Scholarship Online. You do not currently have access to this chapter. Sign in Get help with access. Institutional access Sign in through your institution Sign in through your institution. Get help with access Institutional access Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: IP based access Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. Sign in through your institution Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Click Sign in through your institution. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. Sign in with a library card Enter your library card number to sign in. Society Members Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Sign in through society site Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Sign in using a personal account Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Personal account A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. Viewing your signed in accounts Click the account icon in the top right to: View your signed in personal account and access account management features. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. Signed in but can't access content Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. Institutional account management For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Purchase Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. Purchasing information. Total Views More from Oxford Academic. Authoring Open access Purchasing Institutional account management Rights and permissions. Get help with access Accessibility Contact us Advertising Media enquiries.

Chimaltenango buy cocaine