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Activities by an organized crime group involving the illegal entry, transit or residence of migrants for a financial or material benefit. The illicit trade and possession of species covered by CITES convention, and other species protected under national law. The poaching, illicit trade in and possession of species covered by CITES and other species protected by national law. Includes IUU fishing. The illicit extraction, smuggling, mingling, bunkering or mining of natural resources and the illicit trade of such commodities. The production, distribution and sale of heroin. Consumption of the drug is considered in determining the reach of the criminal market. The production, distribution and sale of cocaine and its derivatives. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market. The illicit cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis oil, resin, herb or leaves. Consumption is used to determine the market's reach. The production, distribution and sale of synthetic drugs. Clearly defined organized crime groups that usually have a known name, defined leadership, territorial control and identifiable membership. Loose networks of criminal associates engaging in criminal activities who fail to meet the defining characteristics of mafia-style groups. Includes foreign nationals and diaspora groups. The State's role in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness. The degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities. A country's supranational structures and processes of interaction, policy making and concrete implementation to respond to organized crime. The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities. Assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime, including initiatives such as witness protection programs. Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime. Chile is an origin, transit and destination country for human trafficking, primarily sexual and labour exploitation. Labour exploitation occurs in mining, agriculture, construction, street vending, hospitality, restaurants, the garment sector and domestic service, with most perpetrators being Chilean nationals. Notably, perpetrators are increasingly making use of the internet to lure victims and often use violence to intimidate bonded people. Dismantled networks show sophisticated levels of organization and differentiated roles, with international networks mainly involving people from Latin America targeting victims from Nepal, India, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador and China. The human smuggling market involves state actor facilitation, criminal networks with international coordination, and individuals facilitating entry through irregular border crossings. The Dominican Republic, China and Venezuela are major source countries for human smuggling into Chile, which is also a transit point to Argentina. However, the existence of 'coyotes' from border countries may indicate that these networks systematically smuggle people from other countries, with many of them perceiving Chile as their final destination. Chile is a major arms importer and a small arms exporter. Importantly, the routes and modalities used in illicit drug imports to Chile have been linked to arms trafficking. There are also indications of corruption, increases in crimes committed with firearms and groups selling arms from prisons. Law enforcement has been involved in the illicit selling of arms, sometimes reporting firearms as lost and then selling them to drug traffickers. The increase in demand for arms is directly related to an increase in the drug market and evident in an escalation of gun-related homicide rates in the country. Of the millions of licit and illicit arms in circulation, only a small number are registered with the General Office of National Mobilization. Even then, people with no criminal records are often paid by criminals to register arms and then report them lost or stolen. Illicit weapons have also been imported from Texas and Florida in the US, to Chile through shell companies, sometimes via the Port of Iquique. Most forests in Chile are privately owned, and opportunities for flora-related offences in the country are fairly limited. Nevertheless, as most flora crimes only result in administrative sanctions, illegal logging occurs in some areas. Perhaps more significantly, Chile is a source and destination country for the illicit trade in exotic fauna such as birds, monkeys and reptiles. A clandestine market operates where large sums are paid for exotic species, used locally as mascots or for their fur. It is likely that perpetrators are small criminal organizations with connections to source countries, mainly Brazil and Bolivia. With regard to non-renewable resource crimes, while limited, it is primarily illegal mining that is undertaken in the country. Few cases of heroin trade have been detected in Chile, mostly involving independent actors attempting to import heroin or move the drug internally. Some heroin is imported from Colombia, and there is evidence that the same mechanisms are used to import other drugs, namely cocaine. Chile has one of the highest prevalence rates of cocaine consumption in South America, and in addition to being a destination and transit country, it is also a major supplier of the controlled substances used in production. Notably, the clandestine laboratories used to dilute cocaine base have been disrupted in the country. The market involves criminal organizations with ties to foreign actors, prisons and clients. Furthermore, increasing violence related to the drug market is evident in shootings and homicides between local rival organizations. Arguably, drugs and arms are imported into the country in the same way. Chile is a major cannabis consumer in Latin America, and cannabis produced in the country mainly feeds domestic demand. Paraguay is the main cannabis distributor in the Americas, but Colombian 'creepy' cannabis, known for its high levels of Tetrahydrocannabinol THC , is also sold to upper and middle-class markets, Chile included. Cannabis is transported in part by small, primarily Colombian, criminal networks, and reportedly some cannabis shipments cross through Chile to Argentina. Meanwhile, Ecstasy and phenethylamine are the most imported synthetic substances. Synthetic drug imports originate in the Netherlands, Germany and Spain, as well as in Argentina and Colombia. Chile is also a transit country for synthetic drugs from Colombia. The market targets young adults, but the consumer base has expanded to encompass diverse socio-economic groups. Most seizures are associated with individual possession, but some cases of criminal organization involvement have been identified as well. Notably, synthetic drugs have been seized in prisons. Organized crime in Chile is largely characterized by loose criminal networks, mostly anonymous family clans, operating in marginalized neighbourhoods and involved in drug trafficking, contraband, human smuggling and trafficking. These networks are mostly territorial, use low levels of violence and coordinate their operations with foreign actors. Although the government claims these groups might play a role in ongoing protests, there is no evidence of them attempting to influence the democratic process. Mafia-style groups operating in Chile also include drug trafficking family networks and family clans with defined leadership, small to moderate membership and low levels of territorial control. However, some operate transnationally, coordinating arms, drug and contraband trafficking with foreign actors. Additionally, drug trafficking groups use prisoners to carry out operations. State officials have also been accused of involvement in arms and drug trafficking locally. Significantly, military equipment has been reported lost and allegedly transferred to criminal groups. Foreign actors, Colombian organizations in particular, are engaged in the illegal cannabis market in Chile. Besides local criminal actors collaborating with foreign groups, nationals from countries with strong historical migration flows into Chile have also allegedly been involved in human trafficking. After months of conflict, Chileans voted by referendum for the Constitution to be rewritten. Punitive measures are being implemented to combat organized crime, including the deployment of the army to fight drug trafficking and contraband. Anti-corruption institutions outside the government also proposed a similar agenda. Furthermore, authorities have uncovered one of the largest corruption operations in the Chilean police's history, in which officers ran a scam to increase their salaries. Nonetheless, corruption levels are perceived as fairly low in the country. Chile has signed most international treaties pertaining to organized crime, and it has extradition agreements with eighteen countries. Chile also engages well in international cooperation on anti-organized crime, evident in a number of successful police operations and seizures. In line with Chile's commitments abroad, a number of national laws target organized crime, including human trafficking and smuggling, drug trafficking, gun control and tax evasion. However, the legal framework needs fine-tuning in respect to non-renewable resources and flora crimes, as these are only penalized if there is some form of tax evasion, while illegal logging merely elicits an administrative penalty. Chile has one of the lowest regional rates of investment in the judicial system or judges per capita, but the judiciary is considered largely independent. However, prisons suffer overcrowding with reports indicating inmates have insufficient access to water and hygiene services, mainly attributed to the inexistence of a criminal enforcement law, corruption and insufficient infrastructure and investment. Although high homicide levels exist inside prisons, the system is not controlled by criminal groups. Meanwhile, the main security bodies in Chile are the Carabineros de Chile, the national militarized police force managed by the interior ministry, and the Chilean investigative police PDI , a civilian police force responsible for investigating crimes. Furthermore, the police have their own anti-drug and organized crime unit. Chile's law of intelligence allows police officers to address threats ranging from terrorism, organized crime, drug trafficking and the use of reserved funds without judicial authorization, but resulting information is inadmissible in court. The lack of information sharing between police forces, ANI and other organizations has been criticized, however, intelligence sharing with other countries appears effective. Chile shares borders with two major cocaine producers, Peru and Bolivia, as well as Argentina, an important transit and destination country for drug trafficking. The borders present many vulnerabilities, including numerous unauthorized border crossing points. Chile also has ports of significant size, vulnerable to trafficking, and the expansion of the Panama Canal has allowed for direct transit to the ports of Valparaiso, San Antonio, San Vicente and Coronel, contributing to the increased risk of trafficking flows. Chilean law encompasses terrorism financing and money laundering, and, importantly, cases have been successfully prosecuted under the legislation. In recent years, more crimes have been incorporated as part of anti-money laundering efforts, including the embezzlement of public funds, fraud against the treasury, fraud, contraband and illicit arms trafficking. The economic regulatory environment is moderately conducive to doing business, and the private sector plays an important role in the economy. Previously, the state launched a programme to promote small, micro and medium enterprises and improve access to international markets. Nevertheless, a bureaucratic and regulatory system makes it difficult for businesses to operate, with tax payments made more costly due to an increase in corporate income tax. However, starting a business has been made easier through online registration of closed corporations, and establishing an electronic platform that allows plaintiffs to file initial complaints online. Additionally, the country's secured transactions system has been improved through a unified collateral registry and a new legal framework for nonpossessory security interests, requiring more corporate disclosure and managing the approval of transactions between interested parties. Chile's Victims Support Programme assists victims of human smuggling and trafficking with centres in every region, while underage victims and witnesses can testify via pre-recorded interviews. Overall, the government has a fairly robust framework to provide support to victims of modern slavery. The government also created a civil society council to promote civil society participation in the elaboration of drug prevention and rehabilitation policies, plans and programmes, and a National Agreement for Public Safety was launched in , focusing on police reform, including non-state actor participation. Additionally, the PDI has created an environment brigade to promote prevention action against fauna and flora crimes. Chile has made efforts to promote press freedom, and coverage of police violence during political protests has been substantial. Although NGOs and opposition leaders frequently contribute to electronic media, concentrated media ownership and a lack of resources are continual challenges. The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel. A series of 13 discussion papers, one for each illicit market considered during the development of the Index. We're constantly working to improve the Index. By participating in this survey, you will be providing us with insights and suggestions that will help us make the Index an even better resource. This report was funded in part by a grant from the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State. Capital Santiago. Income group High income. Population 18,, Geography type Coastal. Criminal markets 4. An assessment of the value, prevalence and non-monetary impacts of a specific crime type. Human trafficking 4. Human smuggling 4. Arms trafficking 5. Flora crimes 4. Fauna crimes 4. Non-renewable resource crimes 2. Heroin trade 2. Cocaine trade 7. Cannabis trade 6. Synthetic drug trade 4. Criminal actors 4. An assessment of the impact and influence of a specific criminal actor type on society. Mafia-style groups 4. Criminal networks 5. State-embedded actors 4. Foreign actors 5. Political leadership and governance 7. Government transparency and accountability 7. International cooperation 8. National policies and laws 6. A state's legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime. Judicial system and detention 6. Law enforcement 4. Territorial integrity 4. Anti-money laundering 6. Economic regulatory capacity 7. Victim and witness support 7. Prevention 6. Non-state actors 8. Analysis Download full profile english spanish. People Chile is an origin, transit and destination country for human trafficking, primarily sexual and labour exploitation. Trade Chile is a major arms importer and a small arms exporter. Environment Most forests in Chile are privately owned, and opportunities for flora-related offences in the country are fairly limited. Drugs Few cases of heroin trade have been detected in Chile, mostly involving independent actors attempting to import heroin or move the drug internally. Criminal Actors Organized crime in Chile is largely characterized by loose criminal networks, mostly anonymous family clans, operating in marginalized neighbourhoods and involved in drug trafficking, contraband, human smuggling and trafficking. Criminal justice and security Chile has one of the lowest regional rates of investment in the judicial system or judges per capita, but the judiciary is considered largely independent. Economic and financial environment Chilean law encompasses terrorism financing and money laundering, and, importantly, cases have been successfully prosecuted under the legislation. Civil society and social protection Chile's Victims Support Programme assists victims of human smuggling and trafficking with centres in every region, while underage victims and witnesses can testify via pre-recorded interviews. 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