Child Sex Trafficking
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Report Child Sex Trafficking to the CyberTipline!
Child sex trafficking is a form of child abuse that occurs when a child under 18 is advertised, solicited or exploited through a commercial sex act. A commercial sex act is any sex act where something of value – such as money, drugs or a place to stay – is given to or received by any person for sexual activity.
While any child can be targeted by a trafficker, research, data and survivor lived experience and expertise have revealed traffickers and buyers often target youth who lack strong support networks, have experienced violence in the past, are experiencing homelessness, or are marginalized by society. Traffickers are masters of manipulation and prey upon vulnerabilities using psychological pressure and intimidation to control and sexually exploit the child for their benefit. The issue of child sex trafficking is complex. Understanding the various forms of child sex trafficking and indicators can create opportunities for prevention, identification and response. Most importantly NCMEC embraces and encourages all efforts on this issue to be survivor-informed, child-centered, and trauma-informed. Below are some examples of child sex trafficking:
Child is trafficked by an unrelated individual, male or female, who often develops an intentional relationship with the child which is later used as leverage in the exploitation.
Child is trafficked by a relative or a person who is perceived by the child to be a family member such as individuals referred to as “auntie” or “uncle” but are not directly related to the child.
Child is trafficked by a member of a gang or trafficked by the gang. Gangs leverage their organizational structure, violence, and local, national and international networks to instill fear and loyalty in the child victim.
Child is being trafficked but does not have an identified trafficker. Instead, the buyer is directly exploiting the child’s vulnerabilities by offering money, food, and/or shelter in exchange for the sexual exploitation.
Child sex trafficking can have devastating immediate and long-term consequences, including health impacts, psychological and physical trauma and even death.
Prevention and intervention are key to keeping children safer. After making a missing child report to law enforcement we encourage law enforcement, parents, and legal guardians to report ALL missing children, especially children who have run away, to NCMEC by calling 1-800-THE-LOST (1-800-843-5678). Next, if you are concerned about potential child sex trafficking activity or see situations including the indicators listed below please make a report to NCMEC’s CyberTipline or call 1-800-THE-LOST.
Understanding common risk factors helps identify opportunities to proactively intervene in an effort to prevent child sex trafficking. We’ve organized these factors into three categories. The list below is not exhaustive and many factors may be interconnected.
Child Sex Trafficking Vulnerabilities
Survivors of child sex trafficking often are unable to self-identify as victims or disclose their abuse because of fear, shame or loyalty to their abuser(s). It is not a child’s responsibility to ask for help. It is up to professionals and trusted adults in the child’s life to recognize the signs associated with child sex trafficking.
Red flags or indicators should not be considered a checklist or an assessment tool. Rather, if observed they may be an opportunity to ask more questions, make a report to NCMEC’s CyberTipline or connect the child to resources for prevention or intervention.
Signs of sexual or physical abuse
Symptoms of neglect such as malnourishment
Unaddressed or chronic medical/dental issues or STIs
Close association with an overly controlling adult
Recovered at hotels, street tracks, strip clubs, or other locations where commercial sex is known to occur
Has a secret cell phone or apps providing multiple cellphone numbers
In possession of material items inconsistent with the child’s access to money or socioeconomic status
Living out of suitcases, motels, in a car or other evidence of housing insecurity
In possession of bulk sexual paraphernalia such as condoms or lubricant
Unexplained access to large amounts of cash, pre-paid cards, or hotel keys
Tattoos or other branding, such as those indicating money or matching other known trafficking victims, or that the child is reluctant to explain
References traveling to other cities or states while missing, or while their whereabouts were unknown
Drug abuse or frequent use of “party drugs” such as GHB, Rohypnol, Ketamine, MDMA (Ecstasy), or Methamphetamines
Chronically runs away from home (especially 3+ missing incidents)
Unexplained absences from school
Constantly sleeps during class
Stops engaging in activities they previously enjoyed
Abruptly disconnects from family and friends
Significant changes in behavior, including their online activity
Appears overly frightened, annoyed, resistant, or belligerent to authority figures
Avoids answering questions or lets others speak for them
Lies about age and identity or has a secret online profile
Uses language or emojis often associated with commercial sex such as “trick”, “the life”, or “the game”
References online escort ads or dating websites/apps
of possible child sex trafficking.
NCMEC has received reports of child sex trafficking in
All 50 U.S. States , Washington, D.C. and
These reports include incidents occurring in every type of community: suburban, rural, urban, and tribal lands.
Trends show us that when children run away frequently or for long periods of time, they tend to be running from an unsafe situation or to an unsafe situation.
of the more than 26,500 cases of children reported missing to NCMEC in 2020 who had run away were likely victims of child sex trafficking.
of child sex trafficking victims reported to NCMEC.
NCMEC provides training, case management, clearinghouse resources, analytical support, family and peer support, and recovery services assistance on reports involving child sex trafficking, including:
Child Sex Trafficking Analytical Team
The Child Sex Trafficking Team resources are available to law enforcement only. For assistance please reach out to 1-800-THE-LOST and ask to speak with a member of this team.
Child Sex Trafficking Recovery Planning and Services
The Child Sex Trafficking Recovery Services Team (RST) provides specialized technical assistance and resources to child welfare workers, foster parents and law enforcement who are working with missing children who are also victims of child sex trafficking. RST Resource Specialists provide knowledge and guidance on promising practices in trauma-informed response by making connections to statewide and local specialized child sex trafficking resources. RST Resource Specialists are prepared to assist in the development of intentional, trauma-informed, and victim-centered plans which have been proven to build rapport, increase opportunities for youth engagement, and reduce trauma responses.
In areas where specialized child sex trafficking resources are limited, RST Resource Specialists can provide support by offering guidance to organizations that are willing to expand programming to include CST survivors. In these situations, Resource specialists can offer staff training, case staffing and guidance, and offer to connect agencies with other resources to help meet the complex needs of survivors of CST. Support will be available as requested, and developed based on the needs of each individual case and survivor. For more information, click here.
NCMEC provides assistance and support to families impacted by child sex trafficking. Family Advocacy Specialists offer crisis intervention to families as well as local referrals to appropriate professionals for longer-term support. Families of exploited children often feel alone in their struggle and overwhelmed by the issues impacting their lives. NCMEC’s Team HOPE is a volunteer program that connects families to others who have experienced the crisis of a sexually exploited child. These trained volunteers offer peer support, coping skills, and compassion.
Prioritizing Survivor Leadership & Voice
In 2020, NCMEC launched the Child Sex Trafficking Survivor Expert Working Group to strengthen our existing efforts to prevent, identify and serve survivors of child sex trafficking. This incredible group is working with NCMEC to ensure our programs are informed by the lived experience and expertise of individuals who have survived this type of abuse. Each of the 15 members from across the nation has been brought onto the NCMEC team as independent Expert Consultants representing diverse professional, experiential and cultural perspectives, and are helping to bring a child sex trafficking survivor informed lens to our work.
Dr. Alexandra (Sandi) Pierce
Applied Sociologist, Othayonih Research
Nathan Earl
CEO at Ark of Freedom Alliance
Marq Daniel Taylor
CEO and Founder, The B.U.D.D.Y. House, Incorporated
Keisha Head
Activist, Advocate, and Motivational Speaker
Training Professionals on How to Identify & Respond to Child Sex Trafficking
NCMEC provides specialized child sex trafficking training on the identification and response to child sex trafficking that can be provided online or in-person. To learn more about our training options or request a specialized training click here.
Introduction to Child Sex Trafficking
This training offers three modules and builds a comprehensive foundation on the issue of child sex trafficking for all audiences including law enforcement, child welfare, as well as concerned citizens.
To access click here.
NCMEC writes, contributes to, and publishes multiple publications pertaining to child sex trafficking. See them all here.
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