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By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. To browse Academia. The European Union is well aware of that, and as a consequence managed to gain the role of CBC leader in the institutional framework. In fact, border regions look at the EU as the institution which supports their projects, not only politically but also financially, allowing them to better develop their economies and social frameworks by coordinating together with other border regions. In this dissertation, an analysis will be conducted in order to examine the contribution given by European institutions for the construction of a road axis between two EU member states, Greece and Bulgaria. First, the evolution of the concept of CBC through previous studies will be analyzed, defining dynamics and effects at both political and economic levels. Then, the analysis will prosecute on European institutions focused on CBC issues, with a particular regard for those involved in the examined case of study. After that, the historical framework will be described, and thereafter the geographical one. Subsequently, the analysis will move on the actions and the activities made respectively by Greece, Bulgaria, and the EU towards the solution of the issue. In the third chapter, the study will focus on a sub-case of study, closely related to the main one, and the analysis will follow the same modus operandi, giving emphasis to the different role played by the EU role. Lastly, being the axis not finished yet, the conclusion will show the last advancements, both from a political and logistical point of view, which will be then analyzed, always keeping in mind the importance of the EU in the completion of the process. Factors of revisionism are evident between the new and old structures. Of course, the structural as well as functional analogies of the forthcoming entity with the Former Soviet Union is not worded by the initiator of the project, contrary, he states that the Soviet Union is already in the past Yet, it dealt with the difficulties and became bigger and mightier. EU enlargement will depend on many factors and challenges that will determine not only the pace of this process but also will carry alongside the settlement of many open problems in various forms, between Western Balkan countries and member states of EU. The purpose of this text is to provide a better approach, as the enlargement process, especially with the Western Balkan countries, not forgetting Turkey, as one of the most powerful and influencing country not only in the Balkan Peninsula, but also in the Middle East and beyond. The question whether the traditional strategies and actions of EU enlargement process are satisfactory for this changed geostrategic environment, needs to be researched in different ways. It will seek to answer in a separate process, reforms and problems that need to be faced by all acceding and candidate countries for integration into this organization. Only if we take the basic and processing milestone of EU enlargement with the countries of Central and E The Journal of Education, Culture, and Society, Journal of Urban and Regional Analysis, vol. Within this context, the borders and border regions are found to be in the center of academic research and policy making as well. Journal of International Relations and Development, Fecisti Cretaria Dal frammento al contesto: studi sul vasellame ceramico del territorio vesuviano , Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Kentrotis K. Eleftherios Antonopoulos. To my family. To whom I encountered along the road. Ad augusta per angusta. The European Union is well aware of that, and as a consequence managed to gain the role of CBC border leader in regions supports their the look institutional at the projects, EU not as framework. In the third chapter, closely follow the study related the same to will the modus focus main on one, operandi, a sub-case and the giving of study, analysis emphasis to will the different role played by the EU role. The theoretical framework of this dissertation will be composed by two main and quite different families of studies, so the first part will be mainly composed by sociopolitical considerations leading to CBC, while the second part will leave more space to an economic analysis of the advantages brought by CBC and infrastructure improvement to international commerce. In addition, the author describes 5 steps of CBC development: information, consultation, cooperation, harmonization, and integration2. Cooperation is a politically sensitive phase, in which the political agenda must be set up: if is thought that an issue may have a negative impact on an organization or on local authorities, there will probably be objections on the matter. Lastly, in the two last steps a common policy is implemented 3. The last and highest level is the common administration of resources and public services: in this last phase even goes beyond the supranational structure, because its aim is to rationalize and put state services in common by reconfiguring them in a cross-border-functional way and by putting at first place the interest of the regions involved in the CBC 4. Moreover, Huxham e Vangen draw up a list of elements that are fundamental for successful cross-border cooperation; without them, the analyzed CBC will be more likely to fail. Among the positive factors can be found the choice of appropriate partners and the mutual trust inter pares; honesty, reliability, shared vision, mutual interdependence, support from high-level decision-makers, a skilled project leader and a fruitful involvement of stakeholders are the other elements which complete the list of factors which describe a productive Cross-border Cooperation. On the contrary, there are counterproductive factors that determine the failure of the projects, such as ego, geographical distance, politicisation, and cultural differences 5. London: Routledge, p. He adds that citizens are not always involved in the creation of CBC programs; concluding, he also states that, under and economic point of view, the fundamental precondition is complementarity of the countries involved in the CBC. Moreover, Sousa also clarifies the role of cultural diversity for the success or not of the CBC project: he explains how, if the state manages to successfully build through means like military circumscription and scholastic education a strong national identity, this may cause indifference towards the region of the opposite side of the border, and in consequence the failure to develop any CBC project. Then, for the establishment of a solid CBC link it is also relevant how and when the border has been drawn: an agreement will likely be more difficult to reach if the border will be a result of a violent conquer rather than a pacific accord 6. Studies on parts following identity and the ensemble the will this depth have of the approach utilise research methods typical of socio-psychologic and sociological science fields. With the first bunch of studies it is possible to analyse the cognitive distance between the 6 De Sousa, op. An example of this kind of distance is given from Meghoran, which in his essay over the Kyrghyz-Uzbek border explains how, after previously the a fall of the free-moving one Soviet soft Union, the border , area, is then progressively delimited until the definitive drawing of a hard and Following creation physical this, of a border to and not just a political one. A further distinction is proposed by Imperial, who distinguishes different levels of cooperation by proposing three different categories: cooperation at the operative level, where organizations from both sides of the border have similar tasks to achieve and help each other for their accomplishment; regulation cooperation level, where at the orientation organizations have and similar responsibilities for what is concerned in the legislative Megoran, , Nationalism in Central Asia: a biography of the Uzbekistan— Kyrgyzstan boundary, University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. XV, N. This last aspect, according to Grix10 and Sousa11, has better developed and consequently imposed in the last 30 years especially in Europe, thanks to the EU which, through programs like INTERREG, has allowed local institutions to obtain an autonomous space of manoeuvre, bypass state institutions and de facto conduct an independent foreign policy at a local level, using a bottom-up approach. This space of action is also described by Blatter, who inserts it in a political background where he analyses relations between the sub-state arena, where CBC normally takes place, and the intergovernmental vertical arena, were organizations involved in the CBC have also the opportunity to participate to policy-making and policy-shaping processes Lessons from six watershed management programs. XII, N. Grix, in the previously cited paper, defines cooperation at organizational level as a formal integration process. The parallel process composed by is the relations intervention, but informal developed rather by integration process, without governmental market, technology, communication links dynamics, and certainly influenced by cultural and mentality aspects Always Blatter addition to national and cooperation better previously specifies described superiors transfrontier arenas, method. CBC relations he also Local dynamics: in between sub- describes the authorities and organizations will follow different purposes in a different manner, described by different perceptions and interests for each of them. The possibility to solve problems is linked to the ability of strategic planification and to the plethora of stakes of the local authorities of two or more states involved in the CBC. For the accomplishment of this process, other bonds like linguistic or cultural ones can represent an advantage for the future cooperation This kind of analysis, borders by basically economic, examines determining transport costs, the thus impact of considering frontiers as barriers According to Donaubauer, countries with better infrastructure not only reduce bilateral commercial 16 Blatter, op. Donaubauer then infrastructural development must infrastructure into statistic four be demonstrates parallel: units he that divides transport, communications, energy, and finance which do not have to present discontinuities because otherwise, this would entail inefficiencies for bilateral trade. Nakagawa demonstrates effects concentrates how rather efficiency of a mainly selective than foreign investment unlimited instruments on grants, like has way thus INTERREG European institutions and Cross-border Cooperation As previously said, the European Union promotes crossborder cooperation through various instruments and mechanisms. It is promoted from supranational institutions like the Council of Europe, which focuses its own action especially on the legislative level, or the EEC European Economic Community, now EU , which mainly acts through its executive body, the European Commission, which substantially provides an economic support to cooperation initiatives, support that gave birth to a huge proliferation of Euroregions. The Convention created legislative multilateral support agreements for between drafting non-state bilateral entities: or these agreements produce then effects only on public agents and not on private individuals. For the latter, the main focus is the creation of a panEuropean high-speed network. Projects must be designed for NUTS 2 26 statistical units, defined by the EU, each unit including between , and 3 million inhabitants Perkmann questions the criteria because he considers NUTS 2 areas too large for an efficient allocation of project-dedicated resources Another program put forward by the Union is the TransEuropean Transport Network TEN-T , which since organises a coherent development of infrastructure in order to assure territorial cohesion within the EU. This aspect is fundamental for the Union, which has put trans-European network development as a priority in the Maastricht Treaty. The agenda also aims to attribute relevance to secondary network development, especially to a regional and local level The latter is a preaccession fund countries and particular by individual and which aims prepare them developing private to a develop for entering market initiative central the economy and European free EU, in based on enterprise principles. It has been defined with the Council regulation no. The aim is to solve the structural weaknesses of the Hellenic Republic in order to successfully accomplish within the national objectives fixed by the EU. Its main priority is transport network development, with a particular focus on the completion of the trans-European transport network. Report Action 3. Bulgaria then tried to recover the lost territory, but, though a short re-occupation during the Second World War, Greece and its allies will impose hellenic dominancy over Western Tracia. On the other hand, Greeks considered themselves as the natural continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire, considering that the Turks came in only subsequently During the 20th century, thanks to anti-communism this conviction gained strength until , when Greece foreign policy turned up towards Bulgaria because of contrasts with Turkey over the Cypriot issue. This no-talks situation will end only with the Cypriot crisis. With the fall of communism, both countries started to improve their peaceful and relations stable with border the zone, purpose to achieving create this a through cooperation, characterised by reciprocal reliability In order to reach this goal, it has been necessary to create an atmosphere of reciprocal comprehension, in order to pass over previous historical frictions and conclude ethnical contrasts which were intense in the border zone In the the two countries, after the winning of Bulgarian elections by the socialists, Sofia stared to carry out a flexible cooperation policy by signing bilateral agreements over transports, communications and raw materials such as natural gas and oil Geographical description of the area The analysed case of study locates in the zone around Mount Elidzhe and down its northern and southern slopes. More precisely, Mount Elidzhe, m high, is situated in Western 38 Trace. Through the Elidzhe pass, the valley of Nedeva, op. The Pass is known to be utilised since the Romans, when people from Philippopolis today: Plovdiv wanted to reach the ancient Egnatia Road, in the today Greek territory Until the Pass served as a border point, but then it has been definitively closed because of Cold War and the consequent completion of the hard border between Greece and Bulgaria. In , after the end of the Cold War, Athens and Sofia, the two interested countries, started negotiating in order to re-open the checkpoint. The result was the Sofia agreement, which was signed among other agreements; it contains a joint declaration that states the willing of both Bulgaria and Greece to re-open the closed mountain pass This moslem population is a Thracian minority which is divided by the Greco-Bulgarian border since its conquest from the Ottoman Empire. The islamic minority in Greece has three main components: the one of Turkish descent, gypsies also known as rom , and Pomaks, the latter being more present in Xanthi province Greek fears for an alliance between Bulgarian and Greek Pomaks brought Athens to deny the existence of a Pomak identity in Greece 46, thus assimilating them to the moslem minority, in order to generalise their identity around religious and non-ethnic criteria. Concluding the geographic description, the re-opening of the Elidzhe mountain border post could bring, together with the road axis completion, to an immediate link between the town of Dimario Demirjik in bulgarian and Rudozem, a small mining town with inhabitants data , which during the Ottoman domination was part of the Xanthi Sandjak, even if it is located on the other side of the Rodope watershed. Looking at the matter from a wider perspective, the axis would represent a direct link between the Bulgarian city of Plovdiv Philippopolis in Greek and Xanthi, located in Greece. Moreover, the two cities are twinned since , when the Sofia agreement was signed. The the two countries, which had previously brought forward only mirror projects, had to re-configurate all of their CBC administration institutions after the decision to establish a cooperation Its main purpose is to augment entrepreneurial activity and SME Small-Medium Entreprises economic capacity to expand beyond local markets. The program has a total budget of Bulgaria on the matter Bulgaria and in particular the region of Smolyan are the most interested subjects in the completion of the road. In fact, Smolyan, given its landlocked geographical position, needs to reach Plovdiv in the north in order to enter the main European transport links and thus gain access to the main international trade routes. This is maybe the ground that caused the population to decrease from The latter is based on the agreement signed which between the provisioned checkpoints. The two countries the opening purpose of on of the December new 22nd border project is , crossing to reduce isolation of border regions and to attract investments and encourage trans-frontier trade, thus developing economic cooperation and improving the infrastructural network. Besides these general objectives, there are other, more specific targets, as facilitating and stimulating traffic flow through the Elidzhe checkpoint in order to develop tourism in the Smolyan region, especially in Pamporovo, where an important ski resort is located, and more generally in the whole province, where the mountain tourism on the northern Rodope heights can be incentivised. On a more practical plan, the project aims to remould and improve the II road that links Plovdiv with Smolyan and than continues towards Rudozem. Another road that the project aims to build is the Rudozem bypass and the last section of the 9. In works were expected to last 24 months 55, and as a consequence Bulgarians assumed they could benefit of the new checkpoint already in , as announced from the former Bulgarian infrastructure minister Passy. It should be noted that the passage can already be opened, but its effective social and commercial usability is affected from the absence of receptive infrastructure, thus impeding the full development and a better exploitation of the area, especially in the touristic sector in fact, in , Rudozem opened the mountain border post for two days Moreover, Bulgaria has already completed the construction of its half, as shown from photos taken in March 59, and now keeps the infrastructure at an adequate level, also trying to improve its quality. In addition, also the Srendnogortsi-Rudozem section has enjoyed support from ERDF: with the financing it has been possible to improve the road structure in order to prepare it to the future traffic flows, when the Rudozem Border Control Checkpoint BCCP will be full functioning Specifically, news refer about the invitation sent by the local representative of Dimario, the last Greek village before the border, to the mayor of Rudozem with the aim of showing the state of progress of the works. Then it is added that once Greece will have finished its section, the region of Smolyan will announce a contract work in order to build a junction in order to link the m that today divide the II and the Elidzhe pass. We must have common aims and ask for more support for our region. On the other hand, the same cannot be said about Greece: in fact, still today there is not any road that links Dimario with the state border and moreover, reaching the village from Xanthi is actually not easy, this because of the mountainous conformation of the road, which obliges drivers to drive slow. The absence of the junction is a problem that cannot be attributed to local administrators rather than the central government that, in the opinion of infrastructural leaving only local politicians, development smaller of the financements invests capital to the only city, rest in the Athens, of the country. The actual situation causes complains on both sides of the border66 67, and of course especially in Greece, where local representatives organised manifestations that blocked traffic flow on the A2, the Egnatia highway Besides this first reason, another ground is, as already described in the 2nd paragraph of this chapter, the Greek reserve about the Pomaks from both sides of the border that could finally reunite Tsartsaras 70 but they have been repeatedly ignored. The regional and town representatives from both sides of the border have met more than once, mainly discussing around the axis construction; in these occasions, Bulgarians always pointed out that they have already completed their part of the job, and that they can only wait for Greek action in order to start a rapid path of development for the region. The latter, located near to the city of Kavala, could become the third hub for Bulgarian stocks, after the seaports of Thessalonica and Alexandroupolis, thus increasing and better managing the total amount of goods managed by the Greek ports of call. Another facility that is going to be improved is the Chrysoupoli airport that just as the Nea Karvali seaport can constitute an air hub. The two places are complementary to each other, also because of their location, both near Nea Karvali. Just as the seaport, Greeks are investing also in the airport that is going to be enlarged in order to be ready to receive an increasing air traffic and consequently more goods and passengers; the completion of the works is expected to be in The first one starts in , when the last protocol describing the general characteristics of the planned road was signed, and finishes in , when Egnatia Odos A. To this issue should be added the one brought up by different Xanthi associations which ask for a reshape of the junction, precisely from where it starts encircling the city to the point where it reaches the A2, because they wanted to protect the woods located near the city Despite the announcement of the support, the project remained in the study phase at least until ; during the same period Egnatia A. Moreover, in the same year is made known that the request forwarded by the associations of Xanthi has actually been welcomed and approved, causing a layout modification of the junction that will link the future Vertical Axis 70 with the A2 motorway Then, in 4th temporal void the first step is finally accomplished: the works for the construction of the 1. Its cost is of 5 million Euro, disbursed by the province of Xanthi; the road obviously respects the parameters preconcerted in the agreement, which requires a However, this average 78 Link at footnote no. In can be noted a continuity of information about the roadworks which in the past cannot be found; moreover, the project is completely defined and clear: the budget then is elevated to According to the project it is now expected the realisation of a 8. The works will be digging, pavement building, asphalt and road signals laying, tunnel digging and service buildings constructing As a consequence, the money that will not be utilised for this section of the road, will be available for the other sections which will be constructed in the near future. The contract is then signed on the 7th of May. Shortly after the announcement of the signature, local representatives immediately asked for the re- investment of the saved money, about 20 million Euros for the sections between the junction and Xanthi, and for the employment of local companies for the fringe activities The progress of the roadworks will be treated in the conclusion of this work; in the next chapter a sub-case of study will be discussed, located in the same zone that has been described up to now, which represents an interesting parallel with che main case of study of the Smolyan-Xanthi axis. Its starting point is briefly northern of Echinos, departing from the future Vertical Axis 70; then it reaches the town of Thermes and subsequently crosses the border through the Agios Konstantinos pass. The Bulgarian city next to the border is Zlatograd, where this junction ends being linked with the Bulgarian national road system, which than allows the user to reach Rudozem, Smolyan and Plovdiv. Sadly, it is not as good as it may seem: in fact, to reach Smolyan from Xanthi through Agios Konstantinos takes 3 hours, three times more than the sole hour needed to reach the Bulgarian village through the Vertical Axis 70 once fully completed, from the border to Xanthi, passing through Dimario. Moreover, there have been lots of polemics about the road, which was conceived as a secondary road, characterised by a reduced width and consequently clearly inadequate for the traffic volumes required for a productive cross-border cooperation. The arterial road was opened on the 15th of January , when it was also inaugurated. These sensations are confirmed by the presence of both Greek and Bulgarian Prime Ministers, which four years before had signed an agreement about the opening of the frontier post. But, another important detail or problem rapidly emerges: the road, or better, the frontier post is only for tourist traffic and not for commercial purposes; as a consequence, only cars not company cross the ones border with passengers The benefit for tourist transfers is considerable: in fact, a Xanthi-Plovdiv road trip takes around 4 hours rather than the initial 6 ones, when it was necessary to reach Drama or Komotini in order to cross the border and only then head towards Plovdiv; in the same way Xanthi-Zlatograd becomes then a 50 minutes trip from the previous 7 hours. On the other hand, the road is very tourtous and rather dangerous when the cars drive in both directions 91; moreover, the former Greek minister of the economic development Sokratis Xinidis, admits that Bulgaria made a better job while building the road, making it broader and safer, allowing two cars to pass simultaneously without any danger, with soft curves But the fact that the frontier post is only for tourist flows is not just a detail: in fact, the Bulgarian goods still cannot reach Greek ports in order to shorten their path towards transfrontier consequence, the international activities some are Bulgarians trade legally cross routes; prohibited. This black market danger has developed, among Greek entrepreneurs and shopkeepers, a diffused sense of rage and hate towards the new link that brought, after only one year, to the creation of committees which demanded the closure of the road. Their complains regarded the utilisation of the road made by the Bulgarians, who, according to their point of view, contraband goods and services into the Greek territories. Despite its activism, the problem continues also through next years: in a research assesses a loss for the Greek state because of Bulgarian contraband at circa 2 billion Euro In particular, Athens is violating the collaboration protocol with Bulgaria law n. The issue remained open until February , when finally Greece approved a plan which stated its intention to install its own physical border checkpoint, with offices and administrative personnel which have to check if the conditions to enter in Greece subsist or not Regrettably, is has also to be noticed that Greece, once more, demonstrated its incapacity to realise its part of the infrastructure at an acceptable level, comparable to the part realised by the Bulgarian government. The poor implementation of the border controls by the Greek authorities, as a consequence, has brought several economic damages to the province of Xanthi itself. Moreover, red tapes repeatedly slowed down the process of resolution of the issue, thus leading to a sense of exasperation among the inhabitants of Xanthi and its countryside. In addition, there is no explanation for the preference of the Agios Konstantinos link instead of the Dimario-Rudozem one, the latter being specifically designed to allow the passage of large flows of people and goods, unlike the former. As a result, this sub-case produces one more evidence of how important is the European Union and which role it plays with its financial support to the infrastructural development that fosters the creation of linking-countries axes like the Smolyan-Xanthi, which are a precious resource to connect different countries under every Document cited at footnote no. On the 4th December a presentation conference about the strategical tasks that need to be accomplished in order to complete che CrossBo project has been held: in this occasion the Minister of the Economy and Development Stathis Giannakidis announced the deadline for the completion and the consequent opening of the infrastructure, appointed for the summer of Finally, he also said that the road will be free of charge once completed, being tolls not planned. An important reconnaissance for the axis on the Greek side is its insertion in the National Strategic Programme for Transports of March , finally giving national relevance to the issue, thus spreading hopes for the final completion of the year-long question. Sofia, as already said in the 2nd chapter, is so interested in the question that its press has been even faster than Greek press. For example, in May Bulgarians were the first to announce the start of the arrangement of the support infrastructure by the building contractor AKTOR To conclude this dissertation, it should be remarked the main goal of this script, which reconstructed the case of study of the Smolyan-Xanthi axis: Greece and Bulgaria, two bordering countries, in decided to give birth to common policy unfortunately, aimed while at opening Bulgaria new frontier successfully a posts; completed its part of what had been agreed within the fixed time limits, Greece struggled even to give a start to its obligations; hopefully, these will come to an end in the summer Secondly, it sustained the realisation with a strong economic support through different funding systems. In addition to the considerations made above, there are the ones which come as a result of the analysis of the subcase of study of the Agios Konstantinos road carried out in It is possible to follow the prosecution of the roadworks at anaptyxi. The case presents a cooperation between and only the two states, the EU playing a secondary and circumstances way the less final important result role. It this because must be of remarked that smuggling flourished thanks to the Greek inability to organise its own border post and control the traffic of goods and services entering the Hellenic Republic, which is a serious protection failure not for only of a country its that territory, should but ensure also of the the Schengen Area, at least until Bulgaria will not be part of it. Citing the White Book on Transports of the European Union published in March , where it describes the programme plan for a single European transport area at the point no. Related papers Dumitriu maria mihalache. 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