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17th International Congress of Behavioral Medicine

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For a few years, the local soccer team rebranded as Jikji FC. Jikji is the name of a book, a collection of Confucian teachings, that was printed by a group of monks in a temple in Cheongju in She had arrived that week from Korea with a collection of slightly newer documents in her luggage. Along with a set of European texts, they were there to be analyzed with the help of a synchrotron, a type of particle accelerator. As electrons whirl around the circular structure, they cast off X-rays that fly into small, sealed laboratory chambers where scientists conduct experiments. At that moment, this particular chamber was host to an unusual tableau: an original copy of the Gutenberg Bible, produced in Germany in the s, carefully strung up by its outer cover so that it dangled in front of the X-ray beams. For the next five hours, the Bible would make slow undulations from side to side, its pages scanned in sections about 60 microns wide, or just more than half the width of a strand of hair. The point of this exercise was a form of elemental sleuthing. When high-energy X-rays hit an object, like the Bible, excited atoms in the ink and paper start firing off electrons, producing fluorescent light. With those images, the researchers hoped to compare the printing traditions of Asia and Europe. In the lab that day, they were racing to image dozens of documents produced on opposite sides of the world but at roughly the same time, mostly within the 15th century. The Korean artifacts, an array of mostly Confucian texts, represented hundreds of years of movable type printing in Asia, which dates back to at least the 11th century, while the European ones, which also included a first edition of The Canterbury Tales and a second copy of the Gutenberg, represented the very birth of the tradition there. They were created at a time when the cultures of the two continents had drifted closer together, but the historical record is virtually silent on what technological links, if any, existed between them. Perhaps, the researchers hoped, a closer look at the objects would offer molecular clues about the processes that produced the documents, and their potential similarities. It is in France, where it has not been seen by the public for about 50 years. Since then, the Korean government has repeatedly demanded its return—and once got close, when a trade was briefly floated as a part of a deal involving high-speed rail technology. But the librarians protested, and the demand has softened to a loan—or even a public display in Paris. So in the meantime, the documents he and Noh had brought from Korea would have to suffice. The printing press is often thought of as a singular invention—a guy in Mainz, Germany, comes up with a breakthrough that sparks the printing revolution and gives rise to the European Enlightenment and, well, modernity. But scholars have long debated how German printing developed. Was it an independent innovation, born out of the development of European metalworking? Or was a craft that was passed through trading routes and across empires, whether directly or through a more informal spread of ideas? Other Asian innovations, like paper and gunpowder, have a clear record of dissemination to Europe, with artifacts and record-keeping that trace their travel westward along routes of trade and conquest. A close look at both printing technologies has also revealed more differences than similarities: different inks oil-based in Europe versus water-based in Asia and different processes to create the metal types, which stamp ink into the page. In the 14th century, when Jikji was printed, Korean printers were widely using a method called sandcasting to produce types, which involves filling molds lined with compressed sand. To create their movable type, Europeans swapped sand for metal. One of the benefits was that, unlike sand, these metal molds could be reused, allowing the types for individual letters to be mass produced. This is one factor thought to have helped the printing press spread so quickly in Europe. That innovation has long been traced back to Gutenberg's workshop. Their analysis focused on subtle imperfections in the text. But a mathematical analysis revealed that there were differences in the letters. The researchers hypothesized that the patterns were more in line with sandcasting. Not everyone agrees with that interpretation, but since then, there has been more evidence in its favor. Lo and behold, it appeared to work. It would so also mean that the metal mold, with its regular, replicable type, likely came later, and suggest that the printing press was a more gradual development than a sudden arrival on the scene. A Gutenberg Bible had been analyzed in the s at a much less powerful particle accelerator at the University of California, Davis. But the Stanford synchrotron is far more sensitive, expanding the range of the elements and the level of detail it can see, says Mike Toth, an imaging expert who frequently works with ancient objects. In this case, the research team could read the words on the page with their own eyes. They expected to see lead in the European inks, for example, and copper in the Asian ones, based on surviving descriptions and artifacts. Mercury appears in the Confucian texts where the monks went back to highlight an important passage in red ink. But they also hoped to see something new. But what if they left an elemental imprint on the pages? Perhaps when they were pressed on the paper, along with the slightly caustic ink, some atomic evidence that would reveal what they were made of was rubbed off too. The scanning was thus a hour affair that week in late July, with scientists working in shifts at the lab and gathering the next morning on Zoom with scholars and historians around the world to discuss what they had found and what data they should gather next. For each document, they would create an elemental profile using the X-ray fluorescence, followed in some cases by a second X-ray scan that measured the amount of energy absorbed by the atoms. This can help decipher the form in which an element occurs—for example, if an iron atom is bonded with oxygen to form an iron oxide, that might indicate it is from an ink sample. Within the next few years, they plan to publish that data and launch a touring exhibit of their findings and interpretations from scholars. But they did unearth one early surprise: an unexpected abundance of copper on the pages of both the Korean texts and the Bible. The next day, on Zoom, the scholars began trading theories. Perhaps it was an unknown ingredient in the ink? Or had they made a discovery about the type that Gutenberg used? Or maybe it had nothing to do with the printing at all; perhaps 15th century printers on both continents just used a copper cauldron to mix their inks. Both converged on similar technical answers to the problem of spreading information. But in Europe, the politics of the early Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation may have had as much to do with the demand as innovation—the right technology at the right time. And there are practical reasons to consider, too: The Latin alphabet contains only 26 letters, which were relatively simple to mass produce as type pieces. Chinese script, which was then used in Korea, has thousands of characters. The researchers also hope that the project will draw attention to Jijki. They hope the French National Library will agree to show the book as part of a series of exhibits that will show off the results of the research at SLAC. Representatives of the library did not respond to a request for comment. In your inbox: Our biggest stories , handpicked for you each day. Interview: Bobbi Althoff on exactly how she got rich—and how rich. A JD Vance adviser posted extensively on Reddit for years about drug use. Save this story Save. Most Popular. By Parker Hall. By Christopher Null. By Andy Greenberg. By Ryan Waniata. Photograph: SLAC. You Might Also Like …. Contributor X. Topics X-ray culture science history particle accelerators technology Chemistry History. The US defense research agency is funding three universities to engineer reef structures that will be colonized by corals and bivalves and absorb the power of future storms. Saqib Rahim. Annie Melchor. Ben Brubaker. It has been a billboard week for artificial intelligence research. But could big wins for Demis Hassabis and Geoffrey Hinton change broader scientific incentives? Chris Stokel-Walker. The classic novel by Walter M. Miller Jr. Geek's Guide to the Galaxy. Can We Learn from the Mistakes of Futurism? In their new book, brothers Steven, Jay, and Bob Novella try to improve on the futurism of yesteryear by identifying 10 'futurism fallacies' that have bedeviled earlier predictions. Boone Ashworth. Morgan Meaker.

Cheongju buying Heroin