Charley Atwell Tape Tied And Cleave Gagged

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U. S. GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION

J. W. POWELL IN Charok

CONTRIBUTIONS

TO

NORTH AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

VOLUME II

PART I

WASHINGTON

OOVEENMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1S90

'0

CONTHIBiiTIOM TO NORTH AMERICAU ETHNOLOOY

(•AMI I ( HUM l,tt'lt.« L

Scale : 15 miles to 1 inch.

MAP OF THE HEADWATERS OF THE KLAMATH RIVER.
By Albert S. Gatschet.

1066 531 5 01 8X

DEPAltTMKNT OP THE INTEKIOK

U. S. GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION

J. W. POWELL IN Charok

1^

T

THE

KLAMATH INDIANS

OF

k

SOUTHWESTERN OREGON

BY

ALBERT SAMUEL GATSCHET

t

?f . 1

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1890

CONTENTS.

PART I.

Letter of transmittal \\i

Etbnograpbiu sketch j^

Texts " J

Oraminar igg

PART II.

Dictionary— Klamath-English 1

Dictionary— Euglish-Klamath 49a

ILLUSTRATION.

Map of the headwaters of the Klamath River Frontispiece.

LFrrTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Smithsonian Institution,

HUKKAU OK IvniNOLOOY,

Washhif/ton, D. (!., June 25, 1 8!)().

SlB: I ha"o tlio honor to tnmatnit to you my report upon tlio Khuniitli
Indians of SoiitliwoHtorn Orofron, tho result of lonjr and patituit study. It
d(!al.s with thoir bohofs, h'},''()n(ls, and traditictus, thtiir govornnioiit and social
lifo, their racial and somatic poculiaritics, v >l, mon* oxtcnsivoly, with their
lanfTiiiifro. To this tho reader is introduced by numerous ethnographic
"Texts," suggested or dictated by the Indians themselves, and accompanied
by an interlinear translation and by "Notes," a method which I regard as
tho most efficient means of becoming acquainted with any language. In
this report I have given prominenco to tho exposition of tho language,
because I consider language to la^ the most important monument of the
American Indian, Archa'ology and ethnography are more apt to acquaint
us with fads concerning the aborigines, but language, when properly inves-
tigated, gives us the i(l,m that were moving tho Indian's mind, not t.nly
recently but long before tho historic period.

Repeated and prolonged visits to tho people of the northern as well as
of the southern chieftaincy have yielded sufficient material to enable mo to
classify tho language of Ijoth united tribes as belonging to a distinct family.
In their territorial seclusion from tiio nearer Indian tribes they show anthro-
pologic differences considerable enough to justify us in regarding them as
a separate nationality.

There is probably no language spoken in North America possessed
of a nominal inflection more developed than the Klamath, although in
this particular, in the phonetic elements and in the syllabic reduplication
pervading all parts of speech, it shows many anahjgies with th.- Saluiptin

vu

• ••

VIU

dialects. The analytic character of the language and its synthetic character
balance each other pretty evenly, much as they do in the two classic lan-
guages of antiquity.

Concerning the ethnography of both chieftaincies and the mythology
of the Modoc Indians, 1 have gathered more material than could be utilized
for the report, and I hope to publish it at a later day as a necessary sup-
plement to what is now embod'sd in the two parts of the present volume.
Very respectfully, yours,

Albert S. Gatschet.
Hon. J. W. Powell,

Director of the Bureau of Elhnolo(iy.

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P-

ETHI^OGEAPIIIC SKETCH

OP THE

KLAMATH PEOPLE.

ix

&^

THE KLAMATH INDIANS OF SOUTHWESTERN OREGON.

By Albert S. Gatschet.

ETHNOGRAPHIC SKETCH OF THE PEOPLE.

INTRODUCTION.

The Klamath people of North American Indians, the subject of this
descriptive sketch, have inhabited from time immemorial a country upon
the eastern slope of the Cascade Range, in the southwestern part of the
territory now forming the State of Oregon. That territory is surrounded
by mountain ridges and by elevations of moderate height, and watered by
streams, lakes, marshes, and pond-sources issuing from the volcanic sands
covering the soil. The secluded position of these Indians within tiieir
mountain fastnesses has at all times sheltered them against the inroads of
alien tribes, but it has also witliluild from them some of the benefits which
oidy a lively intercourse and trade with other tribes are able to confer.
The climate of that upland country is rough and well known for its sudden
changes of temperature, which in many places render it unfavorable to
agriculture. But the soil is productive in edible roots, bulbs, berries, and
timber, the limpid waters are full of fish and fowl, and game was plentiful
before the white man's rifle made havoc with it. Thus the country was
capable of supplying a considerable number of Indians with food, and they
never manifested a desire to migrate or "be removed to a better country."
The topography of these highlands, which contain the headwaters of the
Klamath River of California, will be discussed at length after a mention of
the scanty literature existing upon tliis comparatively little explored tract of
land.

XI

Xll

ETHNOGUAPUIC SKETCH.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Tho list below contains titles of books and articles upon the two tribes
of the Klamath people, which are of scientific interest, whereas others, also
mentioned in this list, are of popular interest only. Several of the latter I
have never been able to inspect personally. During the Modoc war a large
number of articles appeared in the periodical press, expatiating upon the
conduct of that war, the innate bravery of the Indian, the cruelty of the
white against the red race, and other commonplace topics of this sort. As
the majority of these were merely repetitions of fttcts with which every
reader of the political press was then familiar, I did not secure the titles of
all of these articles.

Abmy and Navy Journal:

A weekly periodical published in New York from 1863 to 1880. 4°. During the
Modoc war of 1872-1873 many strategic articles appeared iu it upon the con-
duct of that war, composed by a specialist.

Atwkli., William:

War correspondent of the periodical "Sacramento Record" at the time of the
Modoc war. Mentioned in Note to Texts (p. 48).

Bancboft, Hubeet Uowe:

(1) In section: "The Northern Californians" (Vol. I, pp. 326-361) of "Native

Races," where the Klamath Lake and Modoc tribi's are relcrred to in connec-
tion with other tribes. Notes and literature, pp. 443, 444.

(2) Remark on the Klamath language; list of numerals. In "Native Races,"

Vol. Ill, p. 640. (San Francisco, Cal., 1882. 8°.)

Bland, T. A. :

Life of Alfred B. Meacham, together with his lecture, "The tragedy of the lava
beds," delivered in Park Street Church, Boston, Mass. Illustrated by seven
portraits. Washington, J 883. 8°. 48 pp. (Published by the author.)

Claek, W. C:

Vocabulary of the Modoc of Southern Oregon. Manuscript, 12 pp. 4°. Collected

in 1878 at Yaueks. In the Library of the Bureau of Ethnology.

Clabke, William J.:

Bock piles and ancient dams in the Klamath Valley. American Antiquarian,
1886, pp. 40, 41. (Refers to the obstructions in the river at Liakville, etc.)

Dbakk, Samuel G.:

The Aboriginal Races of North America, etc. Fifteenth edition. By Professor
Williams. New York, 1880. 8°. Appendix: The Modocs and the Modoc
War, pp. 707-714.

BIBLIOGUAPHY.

Xlll

Fields, Captain, U. S. Army:

The Modoc War. Tbe cmises wbicli led to it and the results. C .respondence
of the Constitution, Atlanta, Ga., Sundays, October 13 and 20, 1889.
Fremont, Col. J. C:

The Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, Oregon and California, etc
New York and Auburn, 185C. Sipall 8o. 456 pp. jind ninp. (May, 1842, to
August, 1844.) Klamath Country of Oregon, pp. 283-294. Snake Indians,
p. 297. Summer Lake, p. 29(). Abert Lake, p. 292. (Passed only through
the eastern part of the country and from Klamath Marsh northward.)
Oabb, Db. William M.:

Vocabulary of the Klamath of Southern Oregon. MS. 10 leaves. 4°. 150 words.
Collected by means of the Chinook Jargon in 1864. In the Library of the
Bureau of Ethnology.

liATSCHET, ALBERT S.:

(1) Adjectives of color in Indian Languages. In American Naturalist, XIII, nn
475-485. Philadelphia, 1870.

(2) The same was, with few changes only, published in German under the head-
ing: "FarbenbenennungeninnordamerikanischenSprachen." In Zeitschrift
fur Ethnologic, Vol. XI, Berlin, 1879. The first of the seven languages spoken
of is the Klamath of Oregon.

(3) Sketch of the Klamath language of Southern Oregon. In Amer. Antiquarian

I, pp. Sl-84. (1878-1879.) '

(4) Mythologic text in the Klamath language of Southern Oregon, with transla-

tion and comments. Ibid., 1, pp. 161-166.

(5) The numeral adjective in the Klamath language of Southern Oregon. Ibid

II, pp. 210-217. (1379-1880) "'

(6) Volk und Sprache der Maklaks im siidwestlichen Oregon. In Globus, illustr.
Zeitschrift f. Liinder- und Volkerkunde, Vol. 35, No. 11, pp. 167-171 nnd
187-189. 40. Braunschweig, 1879.

(7) Three short texts were published in the First Annual Report of the Bureau of

Ethnology, Washington, 18>J1. Imp. 8°. pp. 583-587, with commentaries:
Details of a conjurer's practice; The Relapse; Sweat Lodges. (They are also
embodied in the author's Report, under "Texts."

IlADLEY, Lewis F.:

Vocabulary of the Modoc. Manuscript in three blank books, on 34 unpaged
leaves. 4°. In the Library of the Bureau of Ethnology.

Hale, IIobatio:

Ethnography and Philology of the United States Exploring Expedition during
the years 1838-1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes, U. S. Navy.
This work forms Vol. VI of the report of that expedition, and was published
Philadelphia, 1840. 4°. It contains abont 190 words of the "Lutuami" or
Klamath language, pp. 570-629. The words which Mr. Hale obtained for
f.ither, nine, yes, dead show that his informant was a Klamath Lake and not
,> Modoc Indian.

XIV

KTJJNOGRAI'UIC! SKETCH.

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Jackson, William Henby:

Photogriiphs of Klamath Lake and Modoc Indians wore taken by hini, and the
subjects described in his Descriptive Ca
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