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Ulcerative colitis UC is a clinically common, progressive, devastating, chronic inflammatory disease of the intestine that is recurrent and difficult to treat. Recent studies have shown that NLRP3 is associated with UC susceptibility, and that it maintains a stable intestinal environment by responding to a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. The mainstay of treatment for UC is to control inflammation and relieve symptoms. Despite a certain curative effect, there are problems such as easy recurrence after drug withdrawal and many side effects associated with long-term medication. NLRP3 serves as a core link in the inflammatory response. If the relationship between NLRP3 and gut microbes and inflammation-associated factors can be analyzed concerning its related inflammatory signaling pathways, its expression status as well as specific mechanism in the course of IBD can be elucidated and further considered for clinical diagnosis and treatment of IBD, it is expected that the development of lead compounds targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome can be developed for the treatment of IBD. Research into the prevention and treatment of UC, which has become a hotbed of research in recent years, has shown that natural products are rich in therapeutic means, and multi-targets, with fewer adverse effects. Natural products have shown promise in treating UC in numerous basic and clinical trials over the past few years. Ulcerative colitis UC is a type of inflammatory bowel disease IBD that is characterized by persistent or recurrent immune activation and intestinal inflammation with recurrent clinical manifestations such as abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea Caron et al. In the 20th century, UC occurred mainly in Europe and the United States, and as time progressed, the incidence of UC accelerated in newly industrialized countries in Asia, South America, and Africa, affecting more than 6. The intestinal mucosal layer is invaded by a large number of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, causing a strong inflammatory response, and damage to the mucosal barrier affects flora and immunity Buie et al. NLRP3 responds to a range of pathogenic microorganisms and danger signals to maintain body equilibrium, which can activate pro-caspase-1 to caspase NLRP3 deletion and intestinal epithelial proliferation when moderately activated can directly affect gut microbes, but overactivated NLRP3 directly triggers intestinal inflammation. Traditional Chinese medicine and its natural active ingredients, such as extracts, have attracted much attention for their distinct theoretical framework, multi-target and multi-pathway, mild action, and low toxicity, as well as for their increasingly noteworthy effectiveness in preventing and treating complex diseases caused by multiple etiologies. The extraction of active compounds from natural products or herbal remedies to treat UC has gained popularity in recent years Li et al. This article provides a rationale for developing therapies that target natural products. UC is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease. It has a long course of the disease and lacks effective treatment and management, which is difficult to cure Burri et al. Although drug treatment can alleviate clinical symptoms, the patient cannot be fully recovered. Therefore, UC is considered to be an incurable disease. At present, the etiology and pathogenesis of UC are still unclear, and there is still a lack of specific targeted therapeutic drugs Jeong et al. The commonly used therapeutic drugs for UC are mainly aminosalicylic acid, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressive agents, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and intestinal microecological preparations. Surgical treatment can be considered in cases of serious diseases that cannot be treated medically. Finding safe and effective drugs is a significant challenge for the clinical treatment of UC Ungaro et al. In comparison with salazosulfapyridine, mesalamine and olanzapine are better tolerated by patients with UC Lee et al. The use of high-dose mesalazine in patients with severe UC is more effective than low-dose mesalazine, but high-dose drug application can lead to dose-dependent toxicity Ungaro et al. In addition, patients must also deal with the high costs of UC treatment. The therapeutic effect of biological agents such as monoclonal antibodies on moderate and severe UC is significantly better than that of non-biological agents i. Mesalazine is the first-line drug for IBD clinical treatment, but its cost is higher than sulfasalazine. The cost of drugs and treatment efficacy should be considered simultaneously when treating IBD patients. There is a major clinical challenge in finding effective low-cost treatment options for each patient Stawowczyk and Kawalec, Known as inflammasomes, these proteins detect intracellular damage-associated molecular patterns or pathogen-associated molecular patterns. The Apoptosis-Associated Speck-Like Protein ASC , and the aforementioned three structural domains of caspase-1 make up the high molecular weight multiprotein complexes known as NLRP3 inflammasomes, which are primarily expressed in neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, monocytes, osteoblasts, and dendritic cells Liao et al. The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome has been associated with several internal and external signals, including cholesterol, lipopolysaccharides, calcium pyrophosphate, silica, sodium urate, palmitate, and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Many damage-associated molecular patterns activate this inflammasome, including hyperglycemia, hypercalcemia, hypokalemia, ATP, reactive oxygen species ROS , and cathepsin B Gold and El Khoury, The NLRP3 inflammasome is also activated by sodium channels, specifically dysregulated epithelial sodium channels Scambler et al. Researchers have examined the mechanism of the NLRP3 inflammasome in search of potential targets for pharmacological intervention in associated disorders. There are four primary ideas that have so far been accepted. According to Wang et al. Also, inflammasome activation is facilitated by the endocytosis of granular substances by macrophages, such as cholesterol crystals and SiO 2 , which causes lysosomal fragmentation and disruption of histone proteases. Figure 1. In addition, zinc finger protein and aromatic hydrocarbon receptors can bind to exogenous chemical response elements on NLRP3 Hajikhezri et al. Depending on the structure of the inflammasome, the central molecule usually contains the pyrin domain-caspase activating and recruitment domain region Martinon et al. Proteins in this domain competitively bind to these molecules, thereby inhibiting the assembly of complexes. Another class contains caspase recruitment domains such as only proteins, caspase, and other molecules, which inhibit NLRP3 activation by competitively binding to ASC with caspase In addition, the protease inhibitor PI-9 can suppress the caspase-1 activation by competitively binding to the active site of caspase-1 Kannan-Thulasiraman and Shapiro, Negative regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome activation pathway is more complex due to the diversity of activation mechanisms. The cells can reduce their content of damaged mitochondria and ROS by activating the autophagy pathway under stress, thus negatively regulating NLRP3 activity Zhou et al. Autophagy, which involves the breakdown and recycling of damaged cells, tissues, and organs, may intensify the inflammatory response Morimoto and Cuervo, In autophagy, damaged cell tissues and organs are degraded and recycled Basisty et al. Inflammatory reactions can be further exacerbated by the loss of autophagy-related proteins. Nakahira et al. Zhong et al. The above shows that NLRP3 inflammasomes can be negatively regulated by mediating mitophagy. UC is a disease characterized by chronic persistent intestinal inflammation caused by gastrointestinal mucosal immune dysfunction Wang Z. A large number of immune cells can be provided in the gastrointestinal mucosa to prevent infection with toxins and potential pathogens in the environment. Increasing evidence suggests that innate immune recognition on the mucosal surface, especially in the intestine, is an imperative component of intestinal homeostasis Verma et al. It has been further highlighted that the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome is not only as an influential mediator of host defense but also as an effective regulator of homeostasis in the gut by controlling the integrity of intestinal epithelial cells, thereby regulating the immune response of the gut to the microbiota Li et al. On the one hand, inflammasomes can enhance inflammation and aggravate colon injury. On the other hand, inflammasomes can improve UC progression. The NLRP3 protein plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and identifying intestinal parasites. Zaki et al. In mice with NLRP3 deficiencies, 2. Kanneganti et al. It has also been found that caspase-1 gene-deficient mice were given DSS induction. Wang et al. Further research is needed to determine its specific mechanism of action and to guide clinical treatment. In recent years, research on the mechanism of action and targeted therapy of NLRP3 in UC has become more and more in-depth. The research on the activation and regulation mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome mainly focuses on immune cells and animal models. The NLRP3 inflammasome clinical research has also made some progress. In addition, studies have used synthetic NLRP3 molecular inhibitors in animal models to evaluate therapeutic effects Du et al. The control of NLRP3 inflammasome assembly by natural products has been shown to ameliorate UC illness in recent research. This article summarizes studies on the creation of natural UC extracts based on the NLRP3 inflammasome over the past 10 years. Traditional medicine has utilized phenolic chemicals in foods and beverages for thousands of years, including fruits, vegetables, beverages, herbs, and spices Yu et al. Intestinal inflammation and polyphenols have drawn more attention in recent years Table 1. Pineapple leaf polyphenols, which are organic phenol extracts from pineapple leaves, have lipid-regulating, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic properties Xie et al. It is known to have many biological effects, including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial Mishra et al. Consequently, this formulation may offer a cutting-edge nutraceutical approach to treating UC in the oral cavity. There is a natural non-flavonoid polyphenol in grapes and wine called resveratrol C 14 H 12 O 3. The use of resveratrol and its derivatives for the treatment and prevention of numerous chronic diseases has shown promise, such as IBD and diabetes Kitada et al. Several lines of evidence suggest that resveratrol reduces intestinal inflammation and damage Dong et al. Resveratrol, however, also had effects on CaCO 2 cells that inhibited growth and stopped the cell cycle Liu et al. A wide range of fruits, vegetables, cereals, and plants contain flavonoids, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, and neuroprotective properties. The benefits of flavonoids on the gastrointestinal tract have been demonstrated in the past 10 years by growing scientific data Xue et al. Table 2. Traditional Chinese herbs such as Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi contain a bioactive flavonoid called baicalein C 15 H 10 O 5 , a flavonoid with bioactive properties Kim et al. Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch is a natural sweetener and herbal remedy for inflammatory illnesses Yang et al. TFGU contains liquiditigenin, isoliquiritigenin, liquiritin, and glycyrrhizin, which are believed to be the main active ingredients of G. It is significant that isoliquiritigenin is predominantly found in the gastrointestinal tract and has the potential to reduce the severity of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by inhibiting the MAPK pathway Choi et al. Increased uric acid produced by an inflammatory reaction in the colon may worsen intestinal illness. When IBD mice were treated with uric acid alone, the condition was aggravated, and intestinal permeability was raised Chiaro et al. When TFGU therapy was administered to colitis animals, purine metabolism was downregulated, which resulted in a significant decrease in fecal uric acid. Several studies have shown that lonicerin has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties Lee et al. Lonicerin increases autophagy to inactivate the NLRP3 inflammasome. According to a study, Lonicerin targets enhancers of zeste homolog 2 to reduce the symptoms of UC in mice by inactivating the NLRP3 inflammasome Lv et al. Subsequent research demonstrated that lonicerin improved autophagy to inactivate NLRP3 inflammasome. Formononetin C 16 H 12 O 4 is an isoflavone compound found in many natural plants. Astragalus, for example, contains this compound as one of its main biologically active components Machado Dutra et al. Over years ago, astragalus was used in China to cure diabetes. Formononetin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antitumor, and promoting apoptosis properties in recent studies Ma et al. It has been reported that formononetin reduces inflammation in rats with peritonitis and protects mice from acute lung damage caused by LPS Ma et al. The chemical molecule oroxindin C 22 H 20 O 11 is a flavone and a phenolic compound. Specifically, it is a wogonoside, or wogonin glucuronide, which was isolated from Holmskioldia sanguinea , O roxylum indicum , and Bacopa monnieri all Bignoniaceae Fong et al. It was discovered that Huang-Qin one of the key ingredients of Huang-Qin-Tang contains a natural bioflavonoid called oroxindin. Studies have shown that oroxindin has anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-oxidant properties Wang et al. Alpinetin C 16 H 14 O 4 is a flavonoid found in ginger as well as large amounts of cardamom, turmeric, and tulip. There are a variety of health benefits associated with alpinetin, including antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, antithrombotic, hypotensive, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antiemetic, and analgesic properties Wikan et al. Alpinetin has been shown in earlier investigations to have protective properties against acute lung damage and mastitis in mice Chen et al. Procyanidin is a flavonoid found primarily in green tea, grape skin, and grape seeds. It has been demonstrated that procyanidin absorbs oxygen radicals at a rate that is substantially greater than that of vitamin C and vitamin E Ariga, Kae C 15 H 10 O 6 is the primary active ingredient of many therapeutic plants. Additionally, Kae has antitumor and antioxidant properties in addition to its capacity to facilitate neurological recovery Kumar, Kae-rich diets also reduced the generation of inflammatory mediators, leading to wound healing in mice with colitis. Kae modulated immune function in UC animal models by modifying the gut microbiota and different metabolites. Terpenoids have a general formula of C 5 H 8 n , an oxygen-containing compound with varying levels of saturation Christianson, They can be seen as a class of natural compounds linked by isoprene or isopentane in various ways. Terpenoids are widely found in nature, including higher plants, fungi, microorganisms, insects, and marine organisms. Terpenoids are an imperative class of compounds in Chinese herbal medicines. They are also an important natural spice and an indispensable raw material for the cosmetics and food industries Masyita et al. According to the structure, terpenoids can be divided into monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenoids, and polyterpenes. In addition to their biological effects, terpenoids also have a variety of physiological effects, including expectorant, cough, wind, sweating, insect repellent, analgesic, and so on Table 3. PF C 23 H 28 O 11 , a monoterpene glycoside, is derived from the radices of Paeoniae lactiflora Pall , which have been used extensively in China for medicinal purposes for around 1, years Sun et al. PF serves as an anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory agent Lu et al. Reports indicate that PF prevents chemically induced colitis by reducing inflammation Zhang et al. In Chinese medicine, the roots of plants in the Paeonia genus , including Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Researchers examined the therapeutic effects of PF on mice with DSS-induced colitis discovering that PF had a preventative effect on colitis. The root extracts of the three-wingnut and thunder god vine, Tripterygium regelii , contain a substance called celastrol tripterine Celastrol C 29 H 38 O 4 belongs to the quinone methides family of Pentacyclic Nortriterpene Quinones Corson and Crews, ; Shi et al. The research shows that treatment with celastrol attenuated DSS-induced colon shortening and neutrophil infiltration. Besides, celastrol ameliorated DSS-induced colon injury and inflammatory signs as visualized by histopathology Shaker et al. In the mouse model of DSS-induced colitis, celastrol prevents intestinal epithelial homeostasis loss by ameliorating acute intestinal injury. Asiatic acid C 30 H 48 O 5 is a natural triterpenoid molecule found in Centella Asiatica and Terminalia catappa , which is used in both Indian Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine Tang et al. In previous studies, asiatic acid has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties Gao et al. CA C 20 H 28 O 4 is an alkane diphenol diterpene found in rosemary, therapeutic sage, and other plants. Rosemary extract has two main active ingredients, CA and carnosol, which are antioxidants and preservatives. Studies have shown that CA in DSS-induced UC mice significantly prevented weight loss and colon length shortening in colitis improved the obvious infiltration of immune cells and the loss of crypt structure and goblet cells and explored its mechanism. Lib M is the first diterpene of the pimarane type isolated from the marine fungus Stibella fimetaris. In plants, fungi, and marine animals, pimarane diterpenes are important tricyclic diterpenes Kildgaard et al. A variety of biological functions are demonstrated by them, including anti-inflammatory properties Costantino et al. Saponins are natural surface-active glycosides found in herbs such as ginseng, astragalus, and Sanqi. Recent studies have demonstrated that saponins can act as powerful anti-inflammatory agents and regulate immune homeostasis, especially in digestive diseases involving intestinal inflammation Dong et al. Ginsenoside is a sterol compound, a triterpenoid saponin. It is only found in ginseng plants. Ginsenosides are regarded as the active ingredients in ginseng and thus become the target of research. Because ginsenosides affect multiple metabolic pathways, their efficacy is also complex, and the efficacy of various ginsenosides is difficult to isolate Table 4. TABLE 4. Many ginsenosides have been isolated and identified. Research has shown that ginseng can improve vitality, prolong life, and treat cardiovascular disease, depression, diabetes, malignant disease, depression, diabetes, malignant tumors, lung disease, and ulcers Wang et al. G-Rg1 C 42 H 72 O 14 is the most abundant in ginsenosides and has a glucocorticoid-like structure. Hu et al. It has been reported that G-Rg1 has anti-inflammatory activity in vivo in inflammatory animal models. Other studies have also shown that ginsenosides can accumulate in large quantities in the colon after oral administration in rats. They can be metabolized by various specific enzymes in the intestine Lee, Alcohol-induced liver injury can be suppressed by Rk3, as can kidney oxidative damage caused by cisplatin Baek et al. A protective effect of ginsenoside Rk3 on DSS-induced colitis is achieved by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome expression and protecting intestinal barrier function Tian et al. Dioscin C 45 H 72 O 16 is a natural steroidal saponin isolated and purified from the family Dioscoreaceae. Dioscin has excellent activity in metabolism, anticancer, anti-inflammation, and oxidative stress Tao et al. Recent studies have found that dioscin can reduce serum uric acid levels and enhance uric acid excretion Zhang et al. These results suggest that Dioscin is a candidate drug for future treatment of UC. An abundant polymer in nature, the polysaccharide is composed of many monosaccharide molecules linked together by glycosidic bonds. Plants and animals, as well as microorganisms, contain large amounts of it in their cell walls. It is known for its excellent safety and low toxicity, as well as its significant impact on the body. Researchers have found that polysaccharides can reduce insulin resistance, reduce blood sugar and cholesterol levels, and modulate the immune system Table 4. Pectic polysaccharides, a class of heteropolysaccharides rich in 1,4-galacturonic acid, are mostly composed of galactose, galactose, arabinose, and rhamnose. A study found that pectic polysaccharides prevented UC in mice Fan et al. Traditional Chinese medicine Smilax China L. Astragalus polysaccharide has immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, anti-lipid, anti-heart failure, and antioxidant effects Cho and Leung, ; Lee et al. Furthermore, Astragalus and Lycium barbarum L. Solanaceae polysaccharides help the intestinal barrier heal and protect against experimental UC Zhao et al. Sinapic acid C 11 H 12 O 5 is a naturally occurring hydroxycinnamic acid commonly found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and oilseed crops. It is also found in wine and vinegar Chen and longevity, Sinapic acid exhibits a variety of pharmacological effects, including antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimutagenic, antiglycemic, and antioxidant properties. Table 4. UC is an inflammatory disease of the colon that is non-specific. As is well known, UC is closely related to the inflammatory response. Research on the activation and regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome is mostly focused on immune cells and animals, but clinical targeting of NLRP3 inflammasome has also progressed. As NLRP3 is a core component of the inflammatory response, if the relationship between NLRP3 and intestinal microbes and inflammation-related factors can be analyzed for its related inflammatory signaling pathways, its expression status and specific mechanisms in the course of IBD can be elucidated and further considered for clinical diagnosis and treatment of UC, it is expected that lead compounds targeting NLRP3 inflammasome can be developed to treat UC. The active ingredients of Chinese medicine have made great progress in the clinical treatment of UC, and related studies have attracted much attention. A variety of active components of traditional Chinese medicine, including flavonoids, polysaccharides, polyphenols, terpenoids, and saponins, can protect against UC-related colitis symptoms by regulating NLRP3-related pathways. The mechanism of action of these compounds mainly involves the regulation of NLRP3 to downregulate the expression of inflammatory factors to reduce the inflammatory response and protect against tissue damage. NLRP3 is the core link in the inflammatory response. Natural products can regulate the relationship between NLRP3 and intestinal microorganisms and inflammation-related factors according to their related inflammatory signaling pathways. At present, it is more commonly used in clinical practice to combine traditional Chinese medicine compound preparations with traditional therapeutic drugs. Natural products have less clinical application in the treatment of UC and are still in the research and development stage, but the research on animal models has been more mature. Not only that, many natural products have been used in animal models of UC with comparable efficacy to therapeutic-positive drugs. Therapeutic strategies targeting NLRP3 have shown great potential. Although precise targeting NLRP3 therapeutic strategies are still in the research stage and many obstacles need to be overcome for their application in clinical treatment, it brings hope to the treatment of UC. Chinese plant polysaccharides can regulate the imbalance of gut microbes, repair intestinal barrier damage, and alleviate intestinal inflammation through NLRP3. The flavonoids can inhibit inflammation, and regulate intestinal flora and their metabolites through NLRP3. The therapeutic effects of natural products of Chinese medicine are often multi-targeted, and how to correlate the targets of Chinese medicine with inflammasome deserves more research. In this respect, perhaps network pharmacology can provide some reference. With its holistic and multi-layered nature, the effective targets of herbal medicine in modulating inflammasome can be searched for and investigated in greater depth. J-CX: Writing—original draft, Writing—review and editing. SY: Writing—review and editing. X-TH: Writing—review and editing. HM: Writing—review and editing. B-HL: Writing—review and editing. W-WC: Writing—review and editing. MZ: Writing—review and editing. H-BL: Writing—review and editing. X-FG: Writing—review and editing. CD: Writing—review and editing. M-JL: Writing—review and editing. Q-GZ: Writing—review and editing. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Amaral, G. Antibacterial and antioxidant effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Ariga, T. 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The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Top bar navigation. About us About us. Sections Sections. About journal About journal. Article types Author guidelines Editor guidelines Publishing fees Submission checklist Contact editorial office. Natural products modulate NLRP3 in ulcerative colitis. NLRP3 inflammasome activation pathway. TABLE 1. 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In recent years, drug trafficking from North Korea has posed a more and more serious threat to Northeast China, and will be a new challenge to Northeast Asia. Methamphetamine production in North Korea is reported to have started in after heavy rains decreased income from poppy production. Yanbian shares a border of Geographical and ethnic-cultural-linguistic ties provide helpful networks for cross-border trafficking of drugs and illegal immigrants. Furthermore, drug trafficking groups from North Korea, China, and South Korea often cooperate on drug trafficking across the border. Recently uncovered cases illustrate this trend. In October , Baishan city border patrol agencies seized 5. On December 23, , Dandong border patrol agencies uncovered the largest drug trafficking operation from North Korea into China since this border patrol was established, seizing 13, MaGu tablets in which the dominant ingredient is amphetamine , and arresting 4 suspects. Jilin Province is not only the most important transshipment point for drugs from North Korea into China, but has itself become one of the largest markets in China for amphetamine-type stimulants ATS. Chinese scholar Cui Junyong notes that over the last three to five years, most of the ice consumed in Yanbian has originated from North Korea. Across China, more than 70 percent of drug addicts abuse heroin, but in Jilin Province more than 90 percent of addicts abuse new synthetic drugs and ice in particular. It is uncertain whether drug trafficking across the North Korea-China border is sponsored by the North Korean government. Similar to other issues including traditional and non-traditional security, Chinese counternarcotics policy relating to North Korea is often subordinated to the goal of maintaining a good overall relationship between two countries. The Chinese government implements a relatively tolerant policy toward the cross-border drug traffic, which could be very costly in the long run. As drug abuse is established in Northeast China, increased demand will lead to a substantially increased supply of illicit drugs. This will stimulate drug production in North Korea, and will also attract other international drug trafficking organizations. Some have speculated that Afghan heroin smuggled into the Russian Federation will be re-trafficked into Northeast China via the China-Russia border. The Northeast China market has also attracted domestic drug producers and traffickers from Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Guangdong provinces. Finally, and somewhat paradoxically, if North Korea carries out a reform and opening policy in the near future, the China-North Korean border trade would grow and economic ties would be strengthened. As a result, the Chinese government will not only relax its control of the border area but also actively facilitate cross-border commerce. In such an environment, the volume of drug trafficking across the border into Northeast China and other Northeast Asian countries would quickly increase unless the DPRK were to take strict measures to eliminate drug production. China currently faces similar dilemmas in its southwestern and northwestern border regions. Though Chinese authorities have begun to confront the issue, its measures have not been able stop or significantly interdict North Korean drug trafficking into China. What new steps should be taken to deal with this problem, or at least to avoid a new tragedy in Northeast Asia which might originate from North Korea? First, the Chinese government should actively urge North Korea to undertake serious investigations into the scope and patterns of ATS production in North Korea and subsequent trafficking across the border. Whenever feasible, the Chinese government could provide technology and equipment assistance to North Korea, in order to help it control and ultimately eliminate drug production and trafficking. Second, the Chinese government should promote the establishment of a regional counternarcotics cooperation mechanism and intelligence sharing system. Ideally, North Korea itself could also be involved in this effort in the future. Third, Chinese central, provincial, and local governments should strengthen counternarcotics law enforcement, border checkpoints and border control in Northeast China, and establish a network to monitor the illegal activities related to drug trafficking in the Korean Chinese and Uyghur Chinese communities that are often located in border regions that see the heaviest drug trafficking in China. Fourth, Chinese authorities should enhance their education of the public on the harm caused by amphetamine-type stimulants, establish advanced drug treatment centers for ATS addicts. Without efforts to reduce the demand for illicit drugs, actions aimed at reducing the illicit drug supply will be doomed to failure. Nonetheless, the paucity of public reports of drug trafficking with a direct DPRK connection suggests strongly that such high-profile drug trafficking has either ceased, or has been reduced very sharply. There are indications that international drug traffickers can purchase methamphetamine in kilogram quantities in some of the major towns on the Chinese side of the DPRK-China border. Foreign Policy. China North Korea Northeast Asia. Center for Asia Policy Studies. Sections Sections. Sign Up. Yong-an Zhang YZ. Yong-an Zhang. North Korean drug trafficking into Northeast China Methamphetamine production in North Korea is reported to have started in after heavy rains decreased income from poppy production. Policy recommendations Though Chinese authorities have begun to confront the issue, its measures have not been able stop or significantly interdict North Korean drug trafficking into China. More On. Jake Sullivan on the US international economic agenda: An update. Upcoming Event. October 23 Wednesday, am - am EDT. The death of Sinwar and a moment of opportunity. Czin, Ryan Hass October 18,

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