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Parenting styles and emerging adult drug use in Cebu, the Philippines
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More deaths of children have been reported in the media in and In virtually every case, police claimed they killed a drug seller or user during a raid after the suspect resisted arrest and fought back. The national Commission on Human Rights and domestic human rights groups believe many thousands more — estimated at more than 27, — have been killed by the police, agents of the police, or unidentified assailants. The overwhelming majority of these killings have not been properly investigated. According to the Philippine Department of Justice in January , just 76 deaths have led to investigations. Even then, only 33 resulted in court cases and 5 were pending before the Office of the Prosecutor, while the prosecutor dismissed half — 38 cases. At time of writing, only one case — the killing of year-old Kian delos Santos by three police officers in August , which happened to be captured on video — has resulted in a trial and conviction. Human Rights Watch also investigated the killings of adults in which police showed little to no regard for the safety and welfare of children, often conducting raids in the middle of the night while the entire family was at home. In many raids, children witnessed the killing of a parent, or were present while their parent was dragged away and shot. Many suffer psychological distress after witnessing the killing of a loved one. Some children have had to leave their homes and community, either going into hiding or relocating because they and their family members feared for their lives. At school and in their own communities, some experienced bullying because of the stigma of alleged drug use by a now deceased parent. A number of children have stopped going to school because they no longer had enough money for transportation, food, and school supplies. The loss of a parent who is the main breadwinner can plunge an already impoverished family into even more extreme poverty. Many children are left with no choice but to work, and some end up homeless and living in the streets, further exposing themselves to danger, violence, and criminal activity. The Philippine government, apart from its refusal to effectively and impartially investigate the killings and its policy of detaining children in conflict with the law, has done little to address the needs of children directly affected by the anti-drug campaign. Families have been wary about approaching the government for help because they consider the police and other government officials to be responsible for the loss they have suffered. This leaves the children and their families left with only programs supported by civic and nongovernmental groups, particularly those from the Roman Catholic Church and a few Protestant and ecumenical groups. In some communities where violence is frequent, parish priests and lay workers have been leading the effort to help by providing psycho-social mental health support, economic assistance, support for children to attend school, and help in finding and supporting livelihoods for affected families. But as the killings continue, such voluntary efforts have been overwhelmed and are insufficient to address the needs of affected children. Human Rights Watch believes governments should ensure respect for human rights in their policies and practices on the use, possession, production, and distribution of drugs. We oppose the criminalization of the personal use of drugs and the possession of drugs for personal use. To deter, prevent, and remedy the harmful use of drugs, governments should rely on non-penal regulatory and public health approaches that do not violate human rights. Human Rights Watch calls on the Philippine government to end its abusive anti-drug campaign and investigate and prosecute those responsible for killings and other human rights violations. The families of victims of unlawful killings by government officials and their agents should be promptly and fairly compensated for their loss. Government agencies should address the dire needs of children whose breadwinner has been killed, especially those living in impoverished communities across the Philippines where the killings typically take place, and ensure the government adopts measures to protect affected children from abuse. Several NGOs assisted in identifying cases and tracking down the families of victims. Human Rights Watch focused on incidents in which a child dependent was left behind and benefited from the assistance of community organizations working with children. When possible, Human Rights Watch conducted the interviews in a private and safe setting, without the presence of others. Several interviews with children were done in the presence of a parent or guardian. In five cases in which the interview subjects agreed in advance, the interviews were conducted in front of a Human Rights Watch video crew. Interviews were conducted mainly in Tagalog but also in Visayan and English. The interviewees were not compensated but Human Rights Watch paid travel and food expenses when, for security reasons, we interviewed them some distance from their homes. Except in cases already well publicized, the names of children, parents, and guardians in this report have been changed to protect their privacy and prevent possible retaliation. Since taking office on June 30, , President Rodrigo Duterte has consistently delivered on his campaign promise to kill drug users and dealers. Research by Human Rights Watch and others has found many of these killings were perpetrated by law enforcement personnel in civilian clothes or members of so-called death squads working with the police or local government officials. While the daily number of killings has declined somewhat since the carnage of the first year of the campaign in , killings still occur on a frequent basis. However, more recently, the violence has expanded to adjacent provinces such as Laguna, Cavite, and Bulacan. President Duterte has sanctioned \[10\] and encouraged \[11\] the killings. In speech after speech, Duterte has ordered the police to kill drug suspects, and even to plant evidence during raids. Police have not only failed to investigate these deaths in an independent and impartial manner, but in some instances have actively frustrated other efforts to gather information on the killings. The administration itself has resisted calls for accountability. Domestic civil society organizations and human rights defenders have likewise been targeted with threats by President Duterte, police, and other public officials. The administration has also targeted the political opposition. When she was chairperson of the CHR from to , de Lima was the first — and so far the only — public official who investigated Duterte for the death squad killings in Davao City, where Duterte was mayor for more than two decades. Other political opposition figures, such as Senator Antonio Trillanes IV, also face various retaliatory legal cases as a result of their critical stance against the administration. In July , the government ramped up its campaign against critics of the violence, accusing members of the political opposition, human rights advocates, and Catholic bishops and priests of incitement to sedition, among other charges. The government has developed no specific programs to address these issues. On the evening of August 16, , officers from the PNP dragged a teenage boy through the dark, filthy alleys of an impoverished community in Caloocan City, one of the cities that comprise Metro Manila. His body was found moments later, slumped in a corner next to a pigsty. According to witnesses, the boy had pleaded to his assailants — one of whom held him by the neck—to stop hurting him because he had a school exam the next day. The police maintained that delos Santos was killed in a firefight, that he was the first to fire at the police and was shot dead in the ensuing shootout. More than a year later, on November 29, , a Caloocan court found three police officers — Arnel Oares, Jeremias Pereda, and Jerwin Cruz — guilty of murder and sentenced them to a maximum of 40 years in prison without eligibility for parole. A number of the children killed had been targeted during drug raids like Kian delos Santos, but most have died simply because they were in the wrong place at the wrong time: they lived in the mainly impoverished communities police have typically raided in their anti-drug operations. On the afternoon of January 27, , Ronjhay Furio, an 8-year-old in Grade 3, was out in the street in Santa Ana, a Manila district to buy isaw, his favorite barbecued chicken snack, according to his relatives. One gunman fired a. The apparent target, councilor Roberto Cudal, 52, and another man were wounded; one bullet fatally struck Ronjhay in the abdomen across the street. Human rights advocates helping the family of Ronjhay believe that this shooting was linked to the anti-drug campaign. A relative spoke about how he was very gentle and kind to his parents and other siblings. He had already displayed a sense of responsibility around the house. After helping an uncle fix their jeepney mini-bus that day, he had become hungry and so fatefully decided to cross the street to buy some barbecued food. The effects on them have been profound. Jennifer M. Shots rang out immediately, and seconds later, Jennifer saw her father dead on the floor. Why my papa? Of all the people outside, why did they pick my father? I was angry at the policemen because my father was begging for mercy, but they didn't listen to him. That's why I was so angry. How else to talk about it? What goes through your mind when you remember what happened? It's like your mind is in disarray. The children of Renato A. Robert A. Robert said his younger brother John A. Robert said of his brother:. Karla A. I saw everything, how my papa was shot. Children who did not directly witness the deaths of their parents also suffered. Unidentified assailants had wrapped his head had in packaging tape and stabbed him 19 times before dumping his body on an overpass in Tondo, an impoverished district in Manila. He started behaving extremely aggressively and using foul words. Putang ina mo! One time, she said, he threatened to kill a friend and wrap him with packaging tape. The six young children of Julian R. The children of Hamed U. The children, according to their grandfather Abdul U. Social workers and experts consulted by Human Rights Watch believe the violence many of these children have experienced has created a mental health challenge for the Philippines. Father Michael Sandaga, the priest of the Ina ng Lupang Pangako parish in Payatas who helped run the program, said 35 children ages 5 or older were enrolled in the program, which meets two Saturdays each month:. Some of the children, he said, tended to isolate themselves, refusing to interact with other children. Several days after her father was killed during a police raid in December , Jennifer M. The news report identified the girl, 12 at the time, and showed her face. The TV report, however, meant trouble for Jennifer. She told Human Rights Watch:. Jennifer told her mother, Malou M. Then finally, the month after the killing, Jennifer decided to drop out of school. Malou was disappointed but recognized that her daughter was going through a rough time. She recalled:. One of the siblings of Jasper F. He dropped out of school as a result. Maila F. Lee-Ann L. Although her children managed to continue schooling in the same school, it had not been easy, she said. Father Sandaga said he encountered many cases of bullying that forced children to drop out of school. He was killed because he was an addict. No one goes to the wake because there was a stigma on the family. Usually, wakes here would go on for more a week, sometimes two weeks, but not anymore because nobody comes. This bullying and stigmatization has had severe impacts on families, Father Sandaga said. Economic impacts of this loss include inability to pay for food, school supplies, and public transport to school. The new dire economic circumstances of the family have compelled some of the children to work to help make ends meet. Other children have had to leave the family to go live with relatives who could take better care of them. And some of the children have been forced by these new circumstances to stop going to school altogether. One evening in March , Jonathan L. Two gunmen on motorcycles and wearing balaclavas sidled up to him. One of them shot him point-blank, killing him on the spot. Jonathan left behind a wife and three children — two in high school, one in elementary school. Driving the jeepney had been his main source of income. His wife, Lee-Ann L. Even with the job, Lee-Ann had difficulty making ends meet. Although public education is free in the Philippines, students and pupils still need to pay expenses like transportation and class projects. Other families of victims had similar stories. Malou M. Some surviving parents manage to get assistance from NGOs who help victims while others seek help from their parishes. Even then, she said, the income was hardly adequate:. Jasper S. His father, Ben S. The death of Jasper, who worked at a computer store and was supporting his six nephews and nieces, left his family economically devastated. The family of Renato A. All three of his children — ages 13, 10, and 1 at the time of his killing — stopped going to school and, since their mother remarried, live in the streets of Mandaluyong, taking odd jobs, such as watching parked cars and teaching hip-hop dance in order to survive. On some days, they sleep in the homes of friends and cousins, but they mostly spend their nights at the back of a local supermarket, sleeping on mats of cardboard and hammocks tied underneath a storage building. To support his siblings, Robert tried to work as a garbage collector but found the job too taxing on his health. Now 19, he teaches hip-hop dance to teenagers in Mandaluyong City but is barely able to support the needs of his siblings. Melanie M. To support her mother, who sells peanuts and washes clothes for a living, Melanie also started selling boiled peanuts in the streets of General Santos, often well into the evening. The five young children of Antonio S. Their mother, Anita S. Sixto M. Since Sixto was killed in , Democrito has had trouble acquiring the medicines because he lacks the money to purchase them. Since Ambrosia herself does not have a regular income, she was forced to ask one of her relatives to adopt one of the children. The separation involved sending the child to live in a province outside of Manila. For a wife and mother like Filomena D. He was shot dead in the presence of his children by the police during a raid on June 27, Filomena said:. These difficulties suffered by families of victims are a reality that supporters like Father Danilo Pilario have had to grapple with since the killings began. The center not only supports the children of victims but also provides livelihood to mothers and relatives of victims, many of whom work as tailors at the center just across the street from the parish church in the community. The mostly women workers make bags and other household items such as potholders that they sell. The income is inadequate, but earning money is not the only mission of the center, which also provides psycho-social services to children affected by the violence. Other parishes in many parts of Metro Manila have similar projects. Her father, Benigno M. The police claimed Benigno was a drug dealer and resisted arrest. Jennifer has a different version. She said about seven men in civilian clothes barged into their small home that day, looking for Benigno. The men ordered everybody out. But Jennifer clung to her father, hugging him as he sat on the sofa, and held up his work ID for the police to see. Benigno kept begging. If you want, you can just detain me. Because of my poor children, they are seven. What happens to them, who will take care of them? One of her siblings caught her, breaking her fall onto the dirty concrete floor. The men ordered everyone but Benigno to leave the house; on her way out, Jennifer saw her father continue to beg for his life. Moments later, when Jennifer and all the others were in the small alley outside the house, three gunshots rang out. When the medics came, Jennifer strained to look inside and saw blood all over the floor, her father now lying face up beside the couch. She said her father did not have a gun, that she never saw one in their home. Police say they shot him because he fought back. Witnessing what happened to her father was traumatic enough for Jennifer and her family. But the consequence of his death only added to their suffering. Benigno worked in a junk shop in another district of Manila and was the family breadwinner. He was only home the day he was killed because it was the birthday of another daughter. They rely mainly on the generosity of their grandmother, who agreed to take care of them. She became withdrawn, not just because of the bullying but also because she just wanted to keep her head down. Every now and then, the family takes a minute to pray at the image of the Holy Family tacked above the couch. There are days when Jennifer just sits all day on the couch that was punctured by one of the bullets that took her father from her. She hugs the couch, smelling the frayed and faded seat cover, imagining the man who had sat in it, remembering the father she once had. Why my Papa? Of all the people here, why did they pick my father? During these bouts of confusion and anger, Jennifer finds refuge in doodling and drawing scenes of her family, kittens, and sad girls on her notepad or on the plywood walls of her home. But she has never been able to finish her drawings. Kyle R. He jabbed his middle finger in the air, shouting as he jumped around, oblivious to the perplexed reactions of the people in the room. He picked up a skateboard and hit his mother, Zeny R. Zeny has not taken Kyle to a therapist because she cannot afford the expense. During a visit by Human Rights Watch in February , the latest nanny, a something man, displayed a remarkable calmness toward Kyle. Almost cheerfully, he bathed Kyle, changed his clothes, and helped him into his school uniform — even as Kyle grabbed a knife and chased him with it. The presence of strangers may have emboldened Kyle to behave more aggressively, but Zeny said this was not the first time. Sometime last year, Kyle was playing with friends when it suddenly turned ugly — he threatened to kill one of his playmates, telling him he would wrap him with packaging tape. He was found dead two days later, on the Delpan overpass not far from their home. Alvin's head was wrapped with packaging tape. Because he had been the breadwinner, Zeny was forced to look for a job. When she found one, she started spending less time with Kyle. And when she entered into a relationship with her current boyfriend, Kyle became even more aggressive and violent. She fears that Kyle would remain violent into adulthood. Sometimes when his kid was asleep, he would sneak out. So, when he comes home, I'm mad. Confrontations that Kyle would see. One time, Kyle confronted Zeny about her nagging. I was drinking every day. To this day. But moving on is a challenge seeing how Kyle seemed to grow more violent each day, Zeny said. Give me the knife! The four men wearing balaclavas arrived at the funeral wake on two motorcycles. Moments later, shots rang out, sparking panic among the crowd of mourners, who fled or dove for cover. His thenyear-old son, John A. The eldest son, year-old Robert A. The assailant walked up and shot her in the head in the evening of December 16, They behaved like they felt at home in the streets of Mandaluyong — and, in a way, they are. They were familiar faces to neighbors and shop owners, and even to policemen and neighborhood watchmen. As Karla and Robert walked around Mandaluyong that day looking for their brother John, chatting up friends and acquaintances, high-fiving jeepney drivers and street vendors, it was clear they seemed comfortable living in the bustle of the city. John and Robert were nowhere to be found; they had spent the night with their friends out in the streets. Their mother, Andrea A. Andrea told us her decision to remarry was mainly driven by her inability to support herself, and this seems to have bred resentment among her children. Since the killing, all three children have stopped going to school. They enrolled for a few months at one point, but eventually gave up because they were homeless. Robert found menial work with the municipal government as a trash collector but left it because he found it too taxing. These days, he earns money by teaching hip-hop to teenagers in Kalentong. But Robert is confident John can take care of himself, a view Andrea shares. Andrea wanted to take Karla with her to Taytay, a town north of Manila, where the girl could live with her and her new husband. The three siblings spend their days in Kalentong, their nights in the houses of friends and cousins, and their afternoons in the parking lot behind Marketplace mall. There, they hang hammocks between delivery vans, taking naps, waiting for their friends who also live in the streets, and spending hours just chatting, gossiping with delivery drivers, and horsing around. While life in Kalentong has not been easy, especially for Karla, the three have no plans to leave. Kristina D. They shared many things, among them that they worked at the same job at the same beer house and restaurant in General Santos City. But most importantly, they shared a responsibility for their respective children. Both were not married but had children in past relationships; Kristina had two children, aged eight and ten, while Diana has one, aged seven. All of them lived in one hut made of bamboo on the outskirts of a city in the southern Philippines, and the children were cared for by their mother, Carmen D. One night in August , two men arrived on a motorcycle, entered the restaurant where the sisters were working, sat down, and ordered beer. Not long after they took swigs of beer, one of the men drew a gun and aimed it at Diana, who was attending to another customer a few tables away. Kristina saw what was happening, lunged at the gunman, who fired four times and hit Kristina instead: twice in the chest, once in the knee and once in the arm. Kristina died on the spot; Diana survived but is now paralyzed from the waist down. The gunmen managed to escape on their motorcycle. Diana did not want to go into details of why she was targeted, but she said it might have something to do with a previous side gig she did providing information to the local police about drug dealing in the city. But she was not sure whether the police or the drug syndicates were behind the attack. When Human Rights Watch visited her on May 21, , Diana was inside their hut, the cheerful Hello Kitty posters that adorned the room doing nothing to dispel the sense of helplessness inside. Dangling beneath the bed made of bamboo and coconut wood was a bag of urine from a catheter, its tube snaking up to Diana as she sat on a four-inch thick foam slab. Carmen, her year-old mother, was the more emotional of the two as she narrated what had become of her grandchildren, all of whom were still in elementary school. Nobody could take proper care of them. But she despairs for her child, her nephew, and her niece the most. What will become of them now? A month after her father was killed, Melanie M. She sometimes is accompanied her mother in selling the snack but often she is on her own, navigating the wide streets and busy highways of the city, particularly near the plaza where the traffic is the busiest. Melanie stopped going to school after her father, Lorenzo M. Not only Melanie, but also her younger brother, Kenneth M. The youngest child, Richard M. Prior to dropping out, Melanie and Kenneth would go to school without lunch money and their teachers would take pity on them and feed them. But that arrangement did not last long and, soon after, both children stopped attending classes. Marilyn noted that other families in her community received the modest 4Ps, or conditional cash transfer program benefits, from the DSWD, but they did not. Inside the compound owned by Abdul U. His son, Hamed U. Police officers in camouflage uniforms without nameplates arrived at the house shortly before 2 a. They did not show an arrest or search warrant. Moments later, three shots rang out; two of the bullets hit Hamed while he was seated in the next room on a wooden bench. Abdul pointed to the bullet holes at the back of the bench as he narrated what happened. They are going to kill me! Hamed, a carpenter who police alleged was a drug dealer, left behind three children. Moner U. The fear was such that the family decided not to pursue a case against the police. But Abdul did do what he could. When his grandchildren started to complain that they could not bear looking at the room in the house where Hamed and his children used to stay, he had it demolished. International human rights law, to which the Philippines is party, places obligations on governments to protect children at risk. However, after that, Human Rights Watch received no further response. In the first place, is that a disease? Even if there were programs, government agencies would need to address the deep wariness — if not outright fear — that many families and children of victims feel about approaching the government for help. This report was researched and written by Carlos H. Conde, researcher in the Asia division. James Ross, legal and policy director, and Joseph Saunders, deputy program director, provided legal and program review, respectively. Production assistance was provided by Racqueal Legerwood, Asia coordinator; Travis Carr, Publications coordinator; and Fitzroy Hepkins, administrative manager. On page 17 of the report, the age of John A. Would you like to see a version of this page that loads faster by showing text only? Yes No, don't ask again. Play Video. Correction On page 17 of the report, the age of John A. Related Content May 27, News Release. May 27, News Release. Protecting Rights, Saving Lives Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people in close to countries worldwide, spotlighting abuses and bringing perpetrators to justice. Donate Now.
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