Ceaikovski

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Ceaikovski
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Tchaikovsky" redirects here. For other uses, see Tchaikovsky (disambiguation) .
In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming conventions , the patronymic is Ilyich and the family name is Tchaikovsky .
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, c. 1888 by Émile Reutlinger [ de ]
Tchaikovsky's birthplace in Votkinsk, now a museum
The Tchaikovsky family in 1848. Left to right: Pyotr, Alexandra Andreyevna (mother), Alexandra (sister), Zinaida, Nikolai, Ippolit, Ilya Petrovich (father)
Allegro non-troppo e molto maestoso – Allegro con spirito from Tchaikovsky's First Piano Concerto
The finale of Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto, considered one of the most technically difficult works for the violin.
From Twelve Pieces for piano , Op. 40, No. 9, a digital recording by Kevin MacLeod
Performed by the Skidmore College Orchestra, courtesy of Musopen
Performed by the Skidmore College Orchestra. Courtesy of Musopen
"Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" from The Nutcracker makes extensive use of the then newly invented and very rare celesta


^ Often anglicized as Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky ; also standardized by the Library of Congress . His names are also transliterated as Piotr or Petr ; Ilitsch or Il'ich ; and Tschaikowski , Tschaikowsky , Chajkovskij , or Chaikovsky . He used to sign his name/was known as P. Tschaïkowsky / Pierre Tschaïkowsky in French (as in his afore-reproduced signature), and Peter Tschaikowsky in German, spellings also displayed on several of his scores' title pages in their first printed editions alongside or in place of his native name. The modern transliterations of Russian produce the following results for 'Пётр Ильич Чайковский' — ISO 9: Pëtr Ilʹič Čajkovskij, ALA-LC: Pëtr Ilʹich Chaĭkovskiĭ, BGN/PCGN: Pëtr Il’ich Chaykovskiy. [1]

^ Петръ Ильичъ Чайковскій in Russian pre-revolutionary script.

^ Russia was still using old style dates in the 19th century, rendering his lifespan as 25 April 1840 – 25 October 1893. Some sources in the article report dates as old style rather than new style.

^ Tchaikovsky had four brothers (Nikolai, Ippolit, Anatoly and Modest), a sister (Alexandra) and a half-sister (Zinaida) from his father's first marriage (Holden, 6, 13; Warrack, Tchaikovsky , 18). Anatoly would later have a prominent legal career, while Modest became a dramatist, librettist , and translator (Poznansky, Eyes , 2).

^ Her death affected him so much that he could not inform Fanny Dürbach until two years later (Brown, The Early Years , 47; Holde, 23; Warrack, 29). More than 25 years after his loss, Tchaikovsky wrote to his patroness, Nadezhda von Meck, "Every moment of that appalling day is as vivid to me as though it were yesterday" (As quoted in Holden, 23.)

^ Tchaikovsky ascribed Rubinstein's coolness to a difference in musical temperaments. Rubinstein could have been jealous professionally of Tchaikovsky's greater impact as a composer. Homophobia might have been another factor (Poznansky, Eyes , 29).

^ An exception to Rubinstein's antipathy was the Serenade for Strings , which he declared "Tchaikovsky's best piece" when he heard it in rehearsal. "At last this St. Petersburg pundit, who had growled with such consistent disapproval at Tchaikovsky's successive compositions, had found a work by his former pupil which he could endorse", according to Tchaikovsky biographer David Brown (Brown, The Years of Wandering , 121).

^ His critique led Tchaikovsky to consider rescoring Schumann's symphonies, a project he never realized (Wiley, Tchaikovsky , 79).

^ Rubinstein had actually been operating under the assumption that Tchaikovsky might leave from the onset of the composer's marital crisis and was prepared for it (Wiley, Tchaikovsky , 189–190). However, his meddling in the Tchaikovsky–von Meck relationship might have contributed to the composer's actual departure. Rubinstein's actions, which soured his relations with both Tchaikovsky and von Meck, included imploring von Meck in person to end Tchaikovsky's subsidy for the composer's own good (Brown, The Crisis Years , 250; Wiley, Tchaikovsky , 188–189). Rubinstein's actions, in turn, had been spurred by Tchaikovsky's withdrawal from the Russian delegation for the 1878 Paris World's Fair , a position for which Rubinstein had lobbied on the composer's behalf (Brown, The Crisis Years , 249–250; Wiley, Tchaikovsky , 180, 188–189). Rubinstein had been scheduled to conduct four concerts there; the first featured Tchaikovsky's First Piano Concerto (Wiley, Tchaikovsky , 190).

^ Celebration of this anniversary did not take place as Alexander II was assassinated in March 1881.

^ The piece also fulfilled a long-standing request by von Meck for such a work, to be performed by her then-house pianist, Claude Debussy (Brown, New Grove vol. 18, p. 620).

^ Its only other production had been by students from the Conservatory.

^ As proof of Wagner's influence, Botstein cites a letter from Tchaikovsky to Taneyev, in which the composer "readily admits the influence of the Nibelungen on Francesca da Rimini ". This letter is quoted in Brown, The Crisis Years , 108.

^ While it is sometimes thought these two ballets also influenced Tchaikovsky's work on Swan Lake , he had already composed that work before learning of them (Brown, The Crisis Years , 77).

^ Vsevolozhsky originally intended the libretto for a now-unknown composer named Nikolai Klenovsky, not Tchaikovsky (Maes, 152).

^ The composer's original has since been published but most cellists still perform Fitzenhagen's version (Campbell, 77).

^ Tchaikovsky's work with Julius Reisinger on Swan Lake was evidently also successful, since it left him with no qualms about working with Petipa, but very little is written about it (Maes, 146).




^ "Russian – BGN/PCGN transliteration system" . transliteration.com . Retrieved 2 December 2020 .

^ "Tchaikovsky" . Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary .

^ John, Arit (24 August 2013). "Sorry, Russia, but Tchaikovsky Was Definitely Gay" . The Atlantic . Retrieved 30 October 2021 .

^ According to longtime New York Times music critic Harold C. Schonberg .

^ Holden, 4.

^ "Tchaikovsky: A Life" . tchaikovsky-research.net .

^ "Pyotr Tchaikovsky, a Ukrainian by creative spirit" . The Day . Kyiv.

^ Kearney, Leslie (2014). Tchaikovsky and His World . Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-6488-1 .

^ Brown, The Early Years , 19

^ Poznansky, Eyes , 1

^ Poznansky, Eyes , 1; Holden, 5.

^ Jump up to: a b Wiley, Tchaikovsky , 6.

^ Holden, 31.

^ "Aleksandra Davydova" . en.tchaikovsky-research.net .

^ Jump up to: a b Holden, 43.

^ Holden, 202.

^ Brown, The Early Years , 22; Holden, 7.

^ Holden, 7.

^ Brown, The Early Years , 27; Holden, 6–8.

^ Poznansky, Quest , 5.

^ Brown, The Early Years , 25–26; Wiley, Tchaikovsky , 7.

^ Brown, The Early Years , 31; Wiley, Tchaikovsky , 8.

^ Maes, 33.

^ Wiley, Tchaikovsky , 8.

^ Holden, 14; Warrack, Tchaikovsky , 26.

^ Holden, 20.

^ Holden, 15; Poznansky, Quest , 11–12.

^ Holden, 23.

^ Holden, 23–24, 26; Poznansky, Quest , 32–37; Warrack, Tchaikovsky , 30.

^ Holden, 24; Poznansky, Quest , 26

^ As quoted in Holden, 25.

^ Brown, The Early Years , 43.

^ Holden, 24–25; Warrack, Tchaikovsky , 31.

^ Poznansky, Eyes , 17.

^ Holden, 25; Warrack, Tchaikovsky , 31.

^ Brown, Man and Music , 14.

^ Maes, 31.

^ Maes, 35.

^ Volkov, 71.

^ Maes, 35; Warrack, Tchaikovsky , 36.

^ Brown, The Early Years , 60.

^ Brown, Man and Music , 20; Holden, 38–39; Warrack, Tchaikovsky , 36–38.

^ Jump up to: a b Taruskin, Grove Opera , 4:663–664.

^ Figes, xxxii; Volkov, 111–112.

^ Hosking, 347.

^ Poznansky, Eyes , 47–48; Rubinstein, 110.

^ Brown, The Early Years , 76; Wiley, Tchaikovsky , 35.

^ Brown, The Early Years , 100–101.

^ Brown, New Grove vol. 18, p. 608.

^ Brown, The Early Years , 82–83.

^ Holden, 83; Warrack, Tchaikovsky , 61.

^ Wiley, Tchaikovsky , 87.

^ Wiley, Tchaikovsky , 79.

^ As quoted in Wiley, Tchaikovsky , 95.

^ Wiley, Tchaikovsky , 77.

^ Figes, 178–181

^ Maes, 8–9; Wiley, Tchaikovsky , 27.

^ Garden, New Grove (2001) , 8:913.

^ Maes, 39.

^ Maes, 42.

^ Maes, 49.

^ Brown, Man and Music , 49.

^ Brown, The Early Years , 255.

^ Holden, 51–52.

^ Jump up to: a b c Wiley, New Grove (2001) , 25:147.

^ Steinberg, Concerto , 474–476; Wiley, New Grove (2001) , 25:161.

^ Wiley, New Grove (2001) , 25:153–154.

^ Jump up to: a b Taruskin, 665.

^ Holden, 75–76; Warrack, Tchaikovsky , 58–59.

^ Brown, Viking Opera Guide , 1086.

^ Maes, 171.

^ Wiley, Tchaikovsky , xvi.

^ Maes, 133–134; Wiley, Tchaikovsky , xvii.

^ Poznansky, Quest , 32 et passim.

^ Brown, The Early Years , 50.

^ Poznansky, as quoted in Holden, 394.

^ Poznansky, Eyes , 8, 24, 77, 82, 103–105, 165–168. Also see P. I. Chaikovskii. Al'manakh, vypusk 1 , (Moscow, 1995).

^ Walker, Shaun (18 September 2013). "Tchaikovsky was not gay, says Russian culture minister" . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 April 2018 .

^ Alberge, Dalya (2 June 2018). "Tchaikovsky and the secret gay loves censors tried to hide" . The Guardian .

^ Brown, The Early Years , 156–157; Warrack, Tchaikovsky , 53.

^ Brown, The Early Years , 156–158; Poznansky, Eyes , 88.

^ "Artôt, Désirée (1835–1907)" . Schubertiade music. Archived from the original on 24 June 2009 . Retrieved 21 February 2009 .

^ Brown, The Crisis Years , 137–147; Polayansky, Quest , 207–208, 219–220; Wiley, Tchaikovsky , 147–150.

^ Brown, The Crisis Years , 146–148; Poznansky, Quest , 234; Wiley, Tchaikovsky , 152.

^ Brown, The Crisis Years , 157; Poznansky, Quest , 234; Wiley, Tchaikovsky , 155.

^ Wiley, New Grove (2001), 25:147.

^ Warrack, Tchaikovsky , 120.

^ Holden, 159, 231–232.

^ Brown, Man and Music , 171–172.

^ Wiley, Tchaikovsky , 159, 170, 193.

^ Brown, The Crisis Years , 297.

^ Brown, Man and Music , 219.

^ Jump up to: a b Volkov, 126.

^ Volkov, 122–123.

^ Jump up to: a b As quoted in Brown, The Years of Wandering , 119.

^ Brown, Man and Music , 224.

^ Aaron Green, "Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture" , thoughtco.com, 25 March 2017

^ As quoted in Brown, The Years of Wandering , 151.

^ Brown, The Years of Wandering , 151–152.

^ Jump up to: a b Brown, New Grove vol. 18, p. 621; Holden, 233.

^ Jump up to: a b c Wiley, New Grove (2001) , 25:162.

^ Brown, Man and Music , 275.

^ Maes, 140; Taruskin, Grove Opera , 4:664.

^ Holden, 261; Warrack, Tchaikovsky , 197.

^ Holden, 266; Warrack, Tchaikovsky , 232.

^ Holden, 272–273.

^ Brown, The Final Years , 319–320.

^ Brown, The Final Years , 90–91.

^ Maes, 173

^ Brown, The Final Years , 92.

^ Poznansky, Quest , 564.

^ Rimsky-Korsakov, 308.

^ Poznansky, Quest , 548–549.

^ Warrack, Tchaikovsky , 264.

^ "Symphony No. 6" . tchaikovsky-research.net .

^ Brown, The Final Years , 487.

^ Brown, Man and Music , 430–432; Holden, 371; Warrack, Tchaikovsky , 269–270.

^ Brown, Man and Music , 431–435; Holden, 373–400.

^ Jump up to: a b Wiley, New Grove (2001) , 25:169.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Brown, New Grove vol. 18, p. 628.

^ Brown, New Grove vol. 18, p. 606.

^ Schonberg, 366.

^ Jump up to: a b Brown, The Final Years , 424.

^ Cooper, 26.

^ Cooper, 24.

^ Warrack, Symphonies , 8–9.

^ Brown, The Final Years , 422, 432–434.

^ Roberts, New Grove (1980) , 12:454.

^ As quoted in Polyansky, Eyes , 18.

^ Brown, New Grove vol. 18, p. 628; Final Years , 424.

^ Zajaczkowski, 25

^ Zhitomirsky, 102.

^ Brown, The Final Years , 426; Keller, 347.

^ Jump up to: a b Brown, The Final Years , 426.

^ Keller, 346–47.

^ Warrack, Symphonies , 11.

^ Brown, New Grove vol. 18, p. 628; Keller, 346–347; Maes, 161.

^ Volkov, 115

^ As quoted in Botstein, 101.

^ Jump up to: a b Botstein, 101.

^ Warrack, Symphonies , 9. Also see Brown, The Final Years , 422–423.

^ Benward & Saker, 111–112.

^ Brown, The Final Years , 423–424; Warrack, Symphonies , 9.

^ Jump up to: a b Maes, 161.

^ Brown, New Grove vol. 18, p. 628. Also see Bostrick, 105.

^ Cooper, 32.

^ Holoman, New Grove (2001) , 12:413.

^ Maes, 73; Taruskin, Grove Opera , 4:669.

^ Brown, New Grove vol. 18, p. 628; Hopkins, New Grove (1980) , 13:698.

^ Maes, 78.

^ As quoted in Taruskin, Stravinsky , 206.

^ Taruskin, Stravinsky , 206

^ Volkov, 124.

^ Brown, New Grove vol. 18, pp. 613, 615.

^ Brown, New Grove vol. 18, pp. 613, 620; Wiley, Tchaikovsky , 58.

^ Asafyev, 13–14.

^ Bostein, 103.

^ Fuller, New Grove (2001) , 24:681–662; Maes, 155.

^ Taruskin, Grove Opera , 4:664.

^ Brown, The Final Years , 189; Maes, 131, 138, 152.

^ Jump up to: a b Wiley, Tchaikovsky , 293–294.

^ Brown, The Early Years , 34, 97.

^ Brown, The Early Years , 39, 52; Brown, The Final Years , 187.

^ Wiley, New Grove (2001) , 25:149.

^ "Gioachino Rossini" . tchaikovsky-research.net .

^ "Giuseppe Verdi" . tchaikovsky-research.net .

^ "Vincenzo Bellini" . tchaikovsky-research.net .

^ "Carl Maria von Weber" . tchaikovsky-research.net .

^ Brown, The Early Years , 72.

^ Maes, 138.

^ Figes, 274; Maes, 139–141.

^ Maes, 137.

^ Maes, 146, 152.

^ Figes, 274; Maes, 78–79, 137.

^ Steinberg, Concerto , 486

^ Brown, The Crisis Years , 122.

^ Maes, 145–148.

^ Botstein, 99.

^ As quoted in Botstein, 100.

^ Hanslick, Eduard , Music Criticisms 1850–1900 , ed. and trans. Henry Pleasants (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1963). As quoted in Steinberg, Concerto , 487.

^ Boston Evening Transcript , 23 October 1892. As quoted in Steinberg, Symphony , 631

^ Brown, New Grove vol. 18, p. 628; Wiley, New Grove (2001) , 25:169.

^ Jump up to: a b Schonberg, 367.

^ Kozinn

^ Jump up to: a b c Druckenbrod

^ Wiley, New Grove (2001), 25:169.

^ Botstein, 100.

^ Brown, New Grove vol. 18, pp. 606–607, 628.

^ Steinberg, The Symphony , 611.

^ Wiley, New Grove (2001) , 25:144.

^ Holden, xxi; Wiley, New Grove (2001) , 25:144.

^ Maes, 73; Taruskin, Grove Opera , 4:663.

^ Maes, 73.

^ As quoted in Maes, 166.

^ Maes, 73; Taruskin, Grove Opera , 664.

^ Warrack, Tchaikovsky , 209.

^ Holden, xxi.

^ [1] website

^ As quoted in Poznansky, Eyes , 216.



Asafyev, Boris (1947). "The Great Russian Composer". Russian Symphony: Thoughts About Tchaikovsky . New York: Philosophical Library. OCLC 385806 .
Benward, Bruce; Saker, Marilyn (200). Music: In Theory and Practice, Vol. 1 (Seventh ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-294262-0 .
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Brown, David (1978). Tchaikovsky: The Early Years, 1840–1874 . New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-07535-9 .
— (1983). Tchaikovsky: The Crisis Years, 1874–1878 . New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-01707-6 .
— (1986). Tchaikovsky: The Years of Wandering, 1878–1885 . New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-02311-4 .
— (1991). Tchaikovsky: The Final Years, 1885–1893 . New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-03099-0 .
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