Cannabinoid

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Search encyclopedia, statistics and forums: Currently, there are three general types of cannabinoids: Before the s, it was often speculated that cannabinoids produced their effects through nonspecific interaction with cell membranes, instead of interacting with specific receptors. The discovery of the first cannabinoid receptors in the s helped to resolve this debate. These receptors are common in animals, and have been been found in mammals , birds , fish , and reptiles. There are currently two known types of cannabinoid receptors, called CB1 and CB2. CB1 receptors are found primarily in the brain , specifically in the basal ganglia and in the limbic system , including the hippocampus. They are also found in the cerebellum and in both male and female reproductive systems. CB1 receptors are essentially absent in the medulla oblongata , the part of the brain that is responsible for respiratory and cardiovascular functions. Thus, there is not a risk of respiratory or cardiovascular failure as there is with many other drugs. CB1 receptors appear to be responsible for the euphoric and anticonvulsive effects of cannabis. CB2 receptors are almost exclusively found in the immune system , with the greatest density in the spleen. CB2 receptors appear to be responsible for the anti-inflammatory and possible other therapeutic effects of cannabis. In addition, minor variations in each receptor have been identified. There is some indication that other receptors exist, but none have been confirmed. Cannabinoids bind reversibly and stereo-selectively to the cannabinoid receptors. The affinity of an individual cannabinoid to each receptor determines the effect of that cannabinoid. Cannabinoids that bind more selectively to certain receptors are more desirable for medical usage. Herbal cannabinoids sometimes called classical cannabinoids are nearly insoluble in water but soluble in lipids , alcohols , and other non-polar organic solvents. All herbal cannabinoids are derived from their respective 2- carboxylic acids 2-COOH by decarboxylation ; that is, catalyzed by heat, light, or alkaline conditions. Herbal cannabinoids occur naturally only in the cannabis plant, and are concentrated in a viscous resin that is produced in glandular structures known as trichomes. In addition to cannabinoids, the resin is rich in terpenes , which are largely responsible for the odor of the cannabis plant. There are over sixty known herbal cannabinoids. Other common ones are listed below:. THC is the primary psychoactive component of the plant. Medically, it appears to mediate pain and to be neuroprotective. Its effects are perceived to be more cerebral. It may decrease the rate of THC clearance from the body, perhaps by interfering with the metabolism of THC in the liver. Medically, it appears to relieve convulsion, inflammation, anxiety, and nausea. It is perceived to have more effect on the body. It is only mildly psychoactive, and is perceived to be sedative or stupefying. These compounds may be in different forms depending on the position of the double bond in the alicyclic carbon ring. There is potential for confusion because there are different numbering systems used to describe the position of this double bond. The dibenzopyran numbering system is most widely used today. Under the alternate terpene numbering system, these same compounds are called deltaTHC and deltaTHC, respectively. Most herbal cannabinoid compounds are 21 carbon compounds. However, some do not follow this rule, primarily because of variation in the length of the side chain attached to the aromatic ring. In the most common homologue, the pentyl chain is replaced with a propyl 3 carbon chain. It appears that shorter chains increase the intensity and decrease the duration of the activity of the chemicals. The structure of THC was first determined in Due to molecular similarity and ease of synthetic conversion, it was originally believed that CBD was a natural precursor to THC. Cannabinoid production starts when an enzyme causes geranyl-pyrophosphate and olivetolic acid to combine and form CBG. Cannabis plants can exhibit wide variation in the quantity and type of cannabinoids they produce. Selective breeding has been used to control the genetics of plants and modify the cannabinoid profile. For example, strains of hemp, which are used as fiber, are bred such that they are low in psychoactive chemicals like THC. Strains used in medicine are often bred for high CBD content, and strains used for recreational purposes are usually bred for high THC content, or for a specific chemical balance. Liquid chromatography LC techniques are also possible, although these are often only semi-quantitative or qualitative. There have been systematic attempts to monitor the cannabinoid profile of cannabis over time, but their accuracy is impeded by the illegal status of the plant in many countries. Cannabinoids can be administered by smoking, vaporizing, oral ingestion, transdermal patch, intravenous injection, sublingual absorption, or rectal suppository. Once in the body, most cannabinoids are metabolized in the liver , although some is stored in fat. Some cannabis metabolites can be detected in the body after several weeks. Cannabinoids can be separated from the plant by extraction with organic solvents. Hydrocarbona and alcohols are often used as solvents. However, these solvents are flammable and many are toxic. Supercritical solvent extraction with carbon dioxide is an alternative technique. Although this process requires high pressures, there is minimal risk of fire or toxicity, solvent removal is simple and efficient, and extract quality can be well-controlled. Once extracted, cannabinoid blends can be separated into individual components using wiped film vacuum distillation or other distillation techniques. However, to produce high purity cannabinoids, chemical synthesis or semisynthesis is generally required. Endocannabinoids are naturally produced in the bodies of animals. After cannabinoid receptors were first discovered in the s, scientists began searching for natural compounds that activate these receptors. In the early s, the first such compound was identified as arachidonyl ethanolamine and named anandamide , a name derived from the Sanskrit word for bliss and amide. Anandamide is a polyunsaturated fatty acid with pharmacology similar to THC, although its chemical structure is different. Anandamide bonds primarily to the CB1 receptor, and is found in a wide range of animals. It is about half as potent as THC. Another endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonyl glycerol, binds to both the CB1 and CB2 receptors, and is more abundant and less active than anandamide. Little is known about two other discovered endocannabinoids, palmitoyl ethanolamide and oleamide. Synthetic cannabinoids are produced in the laboratory by chemical synthesis and do not occur naturally. Historically, this synthesis was often based on the structure of herbal cannabinoids and a large number of analogs have been produced and tested, especially in a group led by Roger Adams as early as and later in a group led by Raphael Mechoulam. Newer compounds are no longer related to natural cannabinoids or were based on the structure of the endogenous cannabinoids. Synthetic cannabinoids are particularly useful in experiments to determine the relationship between the structure and activity of cannabinoid compounds, by making systematic, incremental modifications of cannabinoid molecule. Herbal and endogenous cannabinoids are cannabinoid receptor agonists , which means that they activate the cannabinoid receptor. Research has also been conducted on antagonist that prevent the activation of the receptor. The CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant SRA is an anorectic compound that is in development as an anti- obesity drug. Want to know more? Search encyclopedia, statistics and forums:. Share your thoughts, questions and commentary here. The bookmobile capital of America is Kentucky. People who viewed 'Cannabinoid' also viewed:. In addition to cannabinoids , the resin is rich in terpenes , which are largely responsible for the odor of the cannabis plant. Historically, laboratory synthesis of cannabinoids were often based on the structure of herbal cannabinoids and a large number of analogs have been produced and tested, especially in a group led by Roger Adams as early as and later in a group led by Raphael Mechoulam. Please enter the 5-letter protection code. All other elements are c copyright NationMaster. Usage implies agreement with terms , , m.

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Cannabinoid

Каннабиноиды

Cannabinoid: Wikis

Cannabinoids

Cannabinoid

Cannabinoid: Wikis

Cannabinoids

Cannabinoids

Каннабиноиды

Cannabinoid: Wikis

Cannabinoid: Wikis

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