Cancer Spreading

Cancer Spreading

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использует защитную технологию, которая является устаревшей и уязвимой для атаки. Злоумышленник может легко выявить информацию, которая, как вы думали, находится в безопасности.

Video of Metastasis: How Cancer Spreads

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Cancer can sometimes be found in several parts of the body. Most of the time, these are not separate types of cancer. Rather, cancer has developed in one organ and spread to other areas. When cancer spreads, it’s called metastasis.
In metastasis, cancer cells break away from where they first formed, travel through the blood or lymph system, and form new tumors in other parts of the body. Cancer can spread to almost anywhere in the body. But it commonly moves into your bones, liver, or lungs.
When these new tumors form, they are made of the same kind of cancer cells as the original tumor. For example, lung cancer cells that are found in the brain don’t look like brain cells. This disease would be called metastatic lung cancer, not brain cancer.
Cancer cells can be sent to the lab for tests to identify the origin of the cells. Knowing the type of cancer and whether it has spread helps the health care team suggest a treatment plan. The goal of treatment is to stop or slow the growth of cancer or to relieve symptoms.
A new animated video, Metastasis: How Cancer Spreads, shows how cancer cells can break off from the primary tumor in one organ, travel through a blood vessel, and invade another organ to form a new tumor. Watch the video and learn more about how cancer spreads at www.cancer.gov/types/metastatic-cancer .
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If cancer spreads to a the liver, or a different area of the body, it is known by several different terms: stage 4 cancer, advanced cancer, or metastatic cancer. When cancer does spread to the liver or other parts of the body, it is still named after the original cancer and treatment is also based on where the cancer began. For example, if colorectal cancer spreads to the liver, it is still colorectal cancer (not liver cancer), and the doctor will recommend treatments that have been shown to help treat advanced colorectal cancer. Likewise, pancreatic cancer that has spread to the liver is still pancreatic cancer, not liver cancer, and is treated as advanced pancreatic cancer.
The origin of the cancer often helps determine where it will spread. Most cancer cells that break free from the original tumor are carried in the blood or lymph until they get trapped in the next “downstream” organ or set of lymph nodes. Once the cells travel to this area, they can start new tumors.
The following provides a description of where certain cancers are most likely to spread, though it can spread other places as well.
Bladder cancer tends to stay in the same area (the pelvis) and grow into nearby tissues such as the pelvic wall. It can also spread to the lungs, liver, and bone.
Breast cancer most commonly spreads to the bones, but also can spread to the liver , lungs, and brain. As the cancer progresses, it may affect any organ. It can also spread to the skin of the chest (near where the cancer started).
Cervical tends to grow near where it started, into the vagina and uterus and then other parts of the pelvis, such as the rectum and bladder. It can also grow into the bones and nerves of the spine, and spread to the liver, lungs, and bones.
The most common sites for colorectal cancer to spread are the liver and lungs. Colorectal cancer may also spread to nearly any other organ, including the bones and brain. It can also spread within in the pelvis, where the cancer started.
Esophageal cancer mostly grows near where it started (in the chest and belly). As it progresses, it may grow into nearby organs like the liver and lungs.
Gastric, or stomach cancer, tends to spread to nearby tissues and stay within the abdomen (belly). It may also spread to the liver or distant lymph nodes. Spread to the lungs, bones, and brain is less common.
Liver cancer doesn’t often spread outside the liver. It tends to grow throughout the liver as it becomes advanced. If it does spread, it’s most often to the lungs or bones.
Lung cancer can spread to almost any organ of the body, but most often it will spread to the adrenal glands, liver , bones, or brain. It can also spread to the other lung.
Melanoma can spread anywhere in the body. It first tends to go to lymph nodes near where it started, but then can spread to the brain, lungs, liver , and bones. It can also spread to other areas of skin.
Ovarian cancer most often spreads to the lining of the abdomen (belly) and pelvis (this lining is called the peritoneum), the omentum (a layer of connective tissue that drapes the abdominal cavity like an apron), and organs in the pelvis and belly. It can cause a build-up of fluid and swelling in the abdomen. It can also spread to the outer lining of the lungs and cause fluid to build up there. As it becomes more advanced, it may spread to the lung and liver , or, rarely, to the brain or skin.
Pancreatic cancer mainly stays in the abdomen (belly). It tends to grow into nearby tissues and may spread to the liver or other nearby organs. It can also spread to the lungs.
Advanced prostate cancer most often goes to the bones. Much less often, it will spread to other organs, including the lungs and liver .
Renal cell cancer, or kidney cancer, can grow where it started and invade nearby tissues. It can grow from the kidney into the large vein that drains the blood from the kidney (the renal vein). From there it can grow into a large vein that empties into the heart (the inferior vena cava). It can also grow from the kidney into the adrenal gland, which sits on top of the kidney. When it spreads, the lungs and bones are the most common sites, and occasionally the liver .
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An Overview of Cancer Spreading During Chemotherapy

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Verywell Health articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and healthcare professionals. These medical reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Learn more .

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How often does cancer spread during treatment?

What is the most common type of cancer to spread during chemo?

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How Small Cell Lung Cancer Is Treated

Is Chemotherapy Beneficial for Lung Cancer?

Does Stage 4 Cancer Mean That It Is Terminal?

Focusing on the Treatment of Liver Metastases

Hormone Therapy vs. Chemotherapy: What to Know

First-Line Treatment for Lung Cancer

How Is Stage 4 HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Treated?

What Treatments are Used for Prostate Cancer?

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Jennifer Welsh is a Connecticut-based science writer and editor with over ten years of experience under her belt. She’s previously worked and written for WIRED Science, The Scientist, Discover Magazine, LiveScience, and Business Insider.
Oliver Eng, MD, is a double board-certified surgeon and surgical oncologist and an Assistant Professor of Surgery at the University of Chicago.

If you or a loved one have been diagnosed with cancer and are going through, or will be starting, treatment, you may wonder if cancer can continue to spread during chemotherapy.

Although chemotherapy has long been one of the most effective cancer treatments, sometimes tumors can grow, and cancer can spread during treatment. It may mean that it is not effective at controlling the development of the tumor.

This article will detail how cancer can sometimes spread during chemotherapy and the signs that chemotherapy is not working.

In treating cancer, chemotherapy is the use of drugs that kill fast-growing cells. These are non-discriminatory killers—they kill any fast-growing cells in the body, not just cancer cells. 1

Traditional or standard chemotherapy treats cancer by interfering with cancer cells’ ability to grow and divide. The drugs do so by disrupting their cycle of cell division.

Cell division is when the cells make copies of their chromosomes and split into two. Many molecules, proteins, and genes work together to divide the cell into two, so there are many ways to disrupt this cycle.

In many cases, these drugs are applied to the entire body, called systemic treatment. Systemic chemotherapy can kill cancer cells that have already spread that doctors haven’t found yet. But it can also cause widespread side effects, affecting your digestive tract, immune system, hair, skin, and nails. 2

Doctors use chemotherapy to treat cancer in three ways:

Chemotherapy drugs can be administered either through a tube (IV) that delivers liquid medicine into the blood or in pill form.

Some types of cancer can be treated with chemotherapy in one specific area of the body. For example:

Doctors may give chemotherapy drugs in combination with other chemotherapies or different treatment types—like surgery or radiation. It can be given before, during, or after other treatments.

Different classes of chemotherapy drugs work to disrupt the cell cycle in various ways. Five major types of chemotherapy encompass the majority of common chemotherapy drugs. 1

A few other chemotherapy drugs act in different ways and don’t fall under these categories.

While chemotherapy is one of the oldest and most successful ways of treating cancer, it doesn’t always work. So, yes, cancer can spread during chemotherapy. Spreading could mean the tumor keeps growing, or that the original tumor shrinks, but cancer metastasizes, forming tumors in other areas of the body.

Advanced cancers, which have spread to other tissues and lymph nodes locally, or have metastasized to other organs, are among the hardest cancers to treat. Chemotherapy may not work to shrink or kill advanced and metastasized cancers.

In these cases, your cancer can keep growing and spreading during chemotherapy treatment. Sometimes, it may require changing the type of chemotherapy to see if it can work better instead. Other times, the goal of chemotherapy may be more palliative —to reduce symptoms from the tumors.

Some cancers spread during chemotherapy because they undergo changes that make them resistant to chemotherapy. These changes can be directly in response to the chemotherapy drugs, or they may have already existed within the tumors. Resistant cancer cells can then be the seeds of new growth of the primary tumor or of distant spread. 3

Chemotherapy also creates inflammation, and this results in blood vessels becoming more permeable. This can make it easier for the tumor cells to move into the blood or lymphatic vessels and spread. 3

The cells surrounding the tumor may respond to chemotherapy drugs by releasing chemicals that protect the tumor cells. The development of new blood vessels may also be promoted, and these make it easier for the tumor to grow and spread. 3

During chemotherapy treatment, your doctor will order regular scans and blood work to monitor your treatment progress.

Imaging is used in standardized testing called RECIST , which stands for "response evaluation criteria in solid tumors." 4 RECIST is used with solid tumors to assign scores to how the patient is responding to treatment. They take scans to monitor the tumor's size and spread to other parts of the body.

The doctors then classify the tumor's response to treatment as: 5

If your cancer isn’t responding to chemotherapy, talk to your doctor. You’ll want to consider the benefits and risks of the current chemotherapy treatment and discuss what other options may exist. 6

If the chemotherapy is helping your symptoms, that might be a good enough treatment goal. But if it’s causing more side effects than you’re comfortable with, you may want to consider stopping treatment.

There may be additional treatment options, including clinical trials, that might be a better fit for you. If you’ve tried three different treatment options, it may be time to think about stopping cancer treatment. Talk to your doctor about your options. 7

If your cancer is advanced or metastatic and doesn’t have a good prognosis, palliative care or changing your treatment approach to focus on your quality of life may be a better option than continuing chemotherapy or other treatments.

It is possible that cancer can spread while undergoing cancer treatments like chemotherapy. Doctors use regular scans and testing to determine how your chemotherapy treatment is working. If cancer continues to spread, they may recommend changes to the treatment plan.

Dealing with cancers that spread during chemotherapy or those that have become resistant to treatment can be a very difficult thing to deal with. Try not to bottle up your negative feelings—speak with your care team, family, and friends about your prognosis. Discuss your options with your doctor.

How likely cancer is to spread during treatment depends on the type of cancer and how advanced it is when discovered.
Advanced cancers of all kinds are the most likely to continue to spread during chemotherapy treatments. Nearly every cancer can metastasize.
Common types of metastatic cancer include breast cancer, lung cancer, brain cancer, and bone cancer. Luckily many of these cancers have effective treatment options.
American Cancer Society. How chemotherapy drugs work .
D'Alterio C, Scala S, Sozzi G, Roz L, Bertolini G. Paradoxical effects of chemotherapy on tumor relapse and metastasis promotion . Semin Cancer Bio l. 2020;60:351-361. doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.019
National Cancer Institute. Definition of RECIST .
Schwartz LH, Litière S, de Vries E, et al. RECIST 1.1-Update and clarification: from the RECIST Committee . Eur J Cancer . 2016;62:132-137. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2016.03.081
American Society for Clinical Oncology (Choosing Wisely). Care at the end of life for advanced cancer patients .

By Jennifer Welsh

Jennifer Welsh is a Connecticut-based science writer and editor with over ten years of experience under her belt. She’s previously worked and written for WIRED Science, The Scientist, Discover Magazine, LiveScience, and Business Insider.

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