Caligula 1979 Orgy
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Caligula 1979 Orgy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
1979 erotic historical drama film by Tinto Brass
Tinto Brass
Malcolm McDowell
Bob Guccione (all uncredited) [1]
Nino Baragli
The Production [2]
Russell Lloyd (uncredited)
Produzioni Atlas Consorziate (P.A.C.) (Italy) [5]
Analysis Film Releasing Corporation (United States) [6]
August 14, 1979 ( 1979-08-14 ) (Italy) [7]
February 1, 1980 ( 1980-02-01 ) (United States) [8]
Malcolm McDowell as Caligula
Teresa Ann Savoy as Drusilla
Guido Mannari as Macro
Patrick Allen as Macro (English dub voice) (uncredited) [3]
John Gielgud as Nerva
Peter O'Toole as Tiberius
Giancarlo Badessi as Claudius
Bruno Brive as Gemellus
Adriana Asti as Ennia
Leopoldo Trieste as Charicles
Paolo Bonacelli as Cassius Chaerea
Joss Ackland as Cassius Chaerea (English dub voice) (uncredited)
John Steiner as Longinus
Mirella D'Angelo as Livilla
Helen Mirren as Caesonia
Richard Parets as Mnester
Paula Mitchell as Subura Singer
Osiride Pevarello as Giant
Donato Placido as Proculus
Anneka Di Lorenzo as Messalina
Lori Wagner as Agrippina
Valerie Rae Clark as Imperial Brothel Worker
Susanne Saxon as Imperial Brothel Worker
Jane Hargrave as Imperial Brothel Worker
Carolyn Patsis as Imperial Brothel Worker
Bonnie Dee Wilson as Imperial Brothel Worker
Davide as Caligula's horse (uncredited)
^ William Hawes (2008). Caligula and the Fight for Artistic Freedom: The Making, Marketing and Impact of the Bob Guccione Film . McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-5240-8 .
^ The film's titles credit both Baragli and "The Production", a credit possibly referring to Bob Guccione and his production assistants, with editing.
^ Jump up to: a b c William Hawes (2008). Caligula and the Fight for Artistic Freedom: The Making, Marketing and Impact of the Bob Guccione Film . McFarland. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-7864-5240-8 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kristopher Spencer (2008). Film and Television Scores, 1950–1979: A Critical Survey by Genre . McFarland. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-7864-5228-6 .
^ Annuario del cinema italiano & audiovisivi (in Italian), Centro di studi di cultura, promozione e difusione del cinema, p. 59, OCLC 34869836
^ Anthony Slide (2014). The New Historical Dictionary of the American Film Industry . Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-135-92554-3 .
^ William Hawes (2008). Caligula and the Fight for Artistic Freedom: The Making, Marketing and Impact of the Bob Guccione Film . McFarland. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-7864-5240-8 .
^ Jump up to: a b William Hawes (2008). Caligula and the Fight for Artistic Freedom: The Making, Marketing and Impact of the Bob Guccione Film . McFarland. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-7864-5240-8 .
^ Jump up to: a b John Heidenry (2002). What Wild Ecstasy . Simon and Schuster. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-7432-4184-7 .
^ Jump up to: a b c " Caligula box office at the-numbers.com" . the-numbers.com.
^ What Culture#14 : Caligula
^ "Film Censorship: Caligula (1979)" . Refused-Classification.com . Retrieved June 9, 2012 .
^ Jump up to: a b Hawes, William (2008). Caligula and the Fight for Artistic Freedom: The Making, Marketing and Impact of the Bob Guccione Film . McFarland. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7864-5240-8 .
^ Stephen Prince (1980–1989). A New Pot of Gold: Hollywood Under the Electronic Rainbow . p. 350.
^ Jump up to: a b Spencer, David (January–February 2010). "IAMTW's Grand Master Scribe Award, The Faust , Goes to the Genre's Most Prolific Practitioner" (PDF) . Tied-In: The Newsletter of the International Association of Media Tie-in Writers . Calabasas, California: International Association of Media Tie-in Writers. 4 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved August 26, 2015 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Tuschinski, Alexander (July 26, 2018), Mission: Caligula , retrieved July 27, 2018
^ "Caligula MMXX - announcement on website for 2020 re-release" . Retrieved January 5, 2020 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Ernest Volkman (May 1980). "Bob Guccione Caligula Interview from Penthouse May 1980" . Penthouse : 112–118, 146–115. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014 . Retrieved June 9, 2012 .
^ Constantine Santas; James M. Wilson; Maria Colavito; Djoymi Baker (2014). The Encyclopedia of Epic Films . Scarecrow Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-8108-8248-5 .
^ Jump up to: a b c "New York Magazine" . Newyorkmetro.com . New York Media, LLC: 85. March 26, 1979. ISSN 0028-7369 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h John Heidenry (2002). What Wild Ecstasy . Simon and Schuster. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-7432-4184-7 .
^ Jump up to: a b c "Will the Real Caligula Stand Up?" . Time (magazine) . January 3, 1977. Archived from the original on January 19, 2008 . Retrieved June 9, 2012 .
^ Jump up to: a b Michael Weldon (1996). The Psychotronic Video Guide To Film . St. Martin's Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-312-13149-4 .
^ Stanley E. Porter (2007). Dictionary of Biblical Criticism and Interpretation . Routledge. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-134-63556-6 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Stephen Prince (2002). A New Pot of Gold: Hollywood Under the Electronic Rainbow, 1980–1989 . University of California Press. pp. 350 . ISBN 978-0-520-23266-2 .
^ Jump up to: a b Constantine Santas; James M. Wilson; Maria Colavito; Djoymi Baker (2014). The Encyclopedia of Epic Films . Scarecrow Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-8108-8248-5 .
^ Brady, Frank (1990) Citizen Welles , London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 9780340513897. p. 563
^ Vidal, Gore (1989) "Remembering Orson Welles", New York Review of Books , June 1, 1989
^ "Stracult Movie - Therese Ann Savoy" , Video Rai TV (July 31, 2012)
^ Jump up to: a b William Hawes (2008). Caligula and the Fight for Artistic Freedom: The Making, Marketing and Impact of the Bob Guccione Film . McFarland. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-7864-5240-8 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Thomas Vinciguerra (September 6, 1999). "Porn Again" . nymag.com . Retrieved June 9, 2012 .
^ Jump up to: a b Jeffrey Richards (2008). Hollywood's Ancient Worlds . A&C Black. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-84725-007-0 .
^ Jump up to: a b c "New York Magazine" . Newyorkmetro.com . New York Media, LLC: 61. February 25, 1980. ISSN 0028-7369 .
^ "Analysis and reconstruction of Tinto Brass' intended version of Caligula (PDF, 15,2 MB, 106 pages)" (PDF) . Retrieved September 9, 2014 .
^ Deborah Cartmell, Ashley D. Polasek, A Companion to the Biopic , John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2019, p. 180
^ William Hawes (2008). Caligula and the Fight for Artistic Freedom: The Making, Marketing and Impact of the Bob Guccione Film . McFarland. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-7864-5240-8 .
^ Howard Hughes (April 30, 2011). Cinema Italiano: The Complete Guide from Classics to Cult . I.B.Tauris, 2011, p. 288. ISBN 9780857730442 .
^ Jump up to: a b Billboard . Nielsen Business Media, Inc. November 15, 1980. p. 8 . ISSN 0006-2510 .
^ Jerry Osborne (2002). Movie/TV Soundtracks and Original Cast Recordings Price and Reference Guide . Jerry Osborne Enterprises. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-932117-37-3 .
^ Jump up to: a b William Hawes (2008). Caligula and the Fight for Artistic Freedom: The Making, Marketing and Impact of the Bob Guccione Film . McFarland. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-7864-5240-8 .
^ Jump up to: a b c "Guccioni, Rossellini 'Caligula' Seized As 'Flagrantly Obscene' ". Variety . November 21, 1979. p. 3.
^ " 'Caligula' Big In Rome Debut, At $59,950; 'Manhattan' 44G, 2d". Variety . November 21, 1979. p. 43.
^ Jump up to: a b Stephen Vaughn (2006). Freedom and Entertainment: Rating the Movies in an Age of New Media . Cambridge University Press. p. 73 . ISBN 978-0-521-85258-6 .
^ Jump up to: a b Stephen Prince . A New Pot of Gold: Hollywood Under the Electronic Rainbow, 1980–1989 . p. 349.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Stephen Vaughn (2006). Freedom and Entertainment: Rating the Movies in an Age of New Media . Cambridge University Press. p. 74 . ISBN 978-0-521-85258-6 .
^ Lisa Shaw; Stephanie Dennison (2014). Brazilian National Cinema . Routledge. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-134-70210-7 .
^ Joyce L. Vedral (1990). Uncle John's Third Bathroom Reader . St. Martin's Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-312-04586-9 .
^ William Hawes (2008). Caligula and the Fight for Artistic Freedom: The Making, Marketing and Impact of the Bob Guccione Film . McFarland. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-7864-5240-8 .
^ David Welling (2010). Cinema Houston: From Nickelodeon to Megaplex . University of Texas Press. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-292-77398-1 .
^ Jump up to: a b Stephen Prince (2002). A New Pot of Gold: Hollywood Under the Electronic Rainbow, 1980–1989 . University of California Press. pp. 349 . ISBN 978-0-520-23266-2 .
^ Robert Cetti (2014). Offensive to a Reasonable Adult: Film Censorship and Classification in Australia . Robert Cettl. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-9872425-5-6 .
^ "Marjorie Lee Thoreson A/K/A Anneka Dilorenzo, Appellant-Respondent, V. Penthouse International, Ltd. And Robert C. Guccione, Respondents-Appellants" . law.cornell.edu . Retrieved January 19, 2011 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Caligula (1979)" . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 3, 2014 .
^ Jump up to: a b Roger Ebert (September 22, 1980). "Caligula" . Chicago Sun-Times . Retrieved June 9, 2012 .
^ "Siskel & Ebert org - Worst of 1980" . Archived from the original on January 8, 2018 . Retrieved February 1, 2015 .
^ Werba, Hank (November 21, 1979). "Film Reviews: Caligula". Variety . p. 24.
^ "100 Most Controversial Films of All Time" .
^ Jump up to: a b c d Jay Scott, The Globe and Mail , February 7, 1980.
^ Milne, Tom (1980). "Caligula". Monthly Film Bulletin . Vol. 47, no. 552. British Film Institute . p. 232. ISSN 0027-0407 .
^ Photoplay Magazine , Volume 38, 1987 (p.38)
^ "Caligula (1979)" . Time Out . Retrieved June 9, 2012 .
^ "Lowest:100 Really Bad Moments in 20th Century Entertainment". The Hamilton Spectator , July 24, 1999 (p. W17).
^ Joe Holleman, "Roman Warriors roam the big screen again". St. Louis Post-Dispatch May 5, 2000 (p. E1).
^ Keith Phipps
(April 23, 2002) Caligula . The AV Club. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
^ Grattarola, Franco; Napoli, Andrea (2014). Luce Rossa. La nascita e le prime fasi del cinema pornografico in Italia. Roma: Iacobelli Editore, pp. 278-280
^ Du carré blanc au film porno de Canal+, une brève histoire du sexe à la télévision , Le Parisien , 30 October 2021
^ la recherche du porno perdu , Libération , 14 october 2019
^ Linda Yablonsky (February 26, 2006). " 'Caligula' Gives a Toga Party (but No One's Really Invited)" . The New York Times . Retrieved June 9, 2012 .
^ "Leonardo DiCaprio channelled Caligula for Wolf of Wall Street" . WENN.com . December 18, 2013. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015.
^ Monica S. Cyrino (2013). Screening Love and Sex in the Ancient World . Palgrave Macmillan. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-137-29960-4 .
^ Martin M. Winkler (2009). Cinema and Classical Texts: Apollo's New Light . Cambridge University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-521-51860-4 .
^ AVN, Mark Kernes. "Penthouse Event Previews New Version of Classic Film 'Caligula' | AVN" . AVN . Retrieved March 12, 2018 .
^ "Film-Analyses / Caligula" . alexander-tuschinski.de . Retrieved March 12, 2018 .
^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine : MISSION CALIGULA Q&A at Hollywood Reel Independent Film Festival - February 26, 2018 , February 28, 2018 , retrieved March 12, 2018
^ "Caligula MMXX - announcement on website for 2020 re-release" . Retrieved January 5, 2020 .
Wikiquote has quotations related to Caligula (film) .
Caligula ( Italian : Caligola ) is a 1979 erotic historical drama film focusing on the rise and fall of the eponymous Roman Emperor Caligula . The film stars Malcolm McDowell in the title role, alongside Teresa Ann Savoy , Helen Mirren , Peter O'Toole , John Steiner and John Gielgud . Producer Bob Guccione , the founder of Penthouse magazine, intended to produce an erotic feature film narrative with high production values and name actors.
Gore Vidal originated the idea for a film about the controversial Roman emperor and produced a draft screenplay under the working title Gore Vidal's Caligula . The director, Tinto Brass , extensively altered Vidal's original screenplay, however, leading Vidal to disavow the film. The final screenplay focuses on the idea that "absolute power corrupts absolutely". The producers did not allow Brass to edit the film, and changed its tone and style significantly, adding graphic unsimulated sex scenes featuring Penthouse Pets as extras filmed in post-production by Guccione and Giancarlo Lui. Brass had refused to film those sequences, as both he and Vidal disagreed with their inclusion. The version of the film released in Italian cinemas in 1979 and in American cinemas the following year, disregarded Brass's intentions to present the film as a political satire , prompting him to disavow the film as well. [11]
Caligula ' s release was met with legal issues and controversies over its violent and sexual content; multiple cut versions were released worldwide, while its uncut form remains banned in several countries. [12] However, the film is considered to be a cult classic [13] with significant merit for its political content and historical portrayal. [14]
The script was later adapted into a novelisation written by William Johnston under the pseudonym William Howard. [15] In 2018, Penthouse announced that a new Director's Cut of the film was being edited by Alexander Tuschinski , with the approval of Brass's family. [16] No release date for that cut has been confirmed. In 2020, another version of the film was announced to be released in the fall of that year, edited by E. Elias Merhige to follow more closely Gore Vidal's original screenplay instead of Tinto Brass's or Bob Guccione's vision. [17]
Caligula is the young heir to the throne of his great uncle , the Emperor Tiberius . One morning, a blackbird flies into his room; Caligula considers this a bad omen. Shortly afterward, one of the heads of the Praetorian Guard , Naevius Sutorius Macro , tells Caligula that Tiberius demands his immediate presence at Capri , where the Emperor lives with his close friend Nerva , dim-witted relative Claudius , and Caligula's adopted son (Tiberius's grandson) Gemellus . Fearing assassination, Caligula is afraid to leave but his sister and lover Drusilla persuades him to go.
At Capri, Caligula finds that Tiberius has become depraved, showing signs of advanced venereal diseases , and embittered with Rome and politics. Tiberius enjoys swimming with naked youths and watching degrading sex shows that include deformed people and animals. Caligula observes with fascination and horror. Tensions rise when Tiberius tries to poison Caligula in front of Gemellus. Nerva commits suicide and Caligula tries to kill Tiberius but loses his nerve. Proving his loyalty to Caligula, Macro kills Tiberius instead with Gemellus as a witness.
After Tiberius' death and burial, Caligula is proclaimed the new Emperor, then proclaims Drusilla as his equal, to the apparent disgust of the Roman Senate . Drusilla, fearful of Macro's influence, persuades Caligula to get rid of him. Caligula sets up a mock trial in which Gemellus is intimidated into testifying that Macro murdered Tiberius, then has Macro's wife Ennia banished from Rome. After Macro is executed in a gruesome public game , Caligula appoints Tiberius' former adviser Longinus as his personal assistant while pronouncing the docile Senator Chaerea as the new head of the Praetorian Guard.
Drusilla tries to find Caligula a wife among the priestesses of the goddess Isis , the cult they secretly practice. Caligula wants to marry Drusilla, but she insists they cannot marry because she is his sister. Instead, Caligula marries Caesonia , a priestess and notorious courtesan , after she bears him an heir. Drusilla reluctantly supports their marriage. Meanwhile, despite Caligula's popularity with the masses, the Senate expresses disapproval for what initially seem to be light eccentricities. Darker aspects of Caligula's personality emerge when he rapes a bride and groom on their wedding day in a minor fit of jealousy and orders Gemellus's execution to provoke a reaction from Drusilla.
After discovering that Caesonia is pregnant, Caligula develops a severe fever. Drusilla nurses him back to health. Just as he fully recovers, Caesonia bears him a daughter, Julia Drusilla . During the celebration, Drusilla collapses with the same fever he had had. Soon afterward, Caligula receives another ill omen in the form of a blackbird. Despite his praying to Isis out of desperation, Drusilla dies from her fever. Initially unable to accept her death, Caligula has a nervous breakdown and rampages through the palace, destroying a statue of Isis while clutching Drusilla's body.
Now in a deep depression , Caligula walks the Roman streets disguised as a beggar; he causes a disturbance after watching an amateur performance mocking his relationship with Drusilla. After a brief stay in a city gaol, Caligula proclaims himself a god and becomes determined to destroy the senatorial class, which he has come to loathe. The new reign he leads becomes a series of humiliations against the foundations of Rome—senators' wives are forced to work in the service of the state as prostitutes, estates are confiscated, the old religion is desecrated and the army is made to embark on a mock invasion of Britain. Unable to further tolerate his actions, Longinus conspires with Chaerea to assassinate Caligula.
Caligula enters his bedroom where a nervous Caesonia awaits him. Another blackbird appears but only Caesonia is frightened of it. The next morning, after rehearsing an Egyptian play, Caligula and his family are attacked in a coup headed by Chaerea. Caesonia and Julia are murdered, and Chaerea stabs Caligula in the stomach. With his final breath, the Emperor defiantly whimpers "I live!" as Caligula and his family's bodies are thrown down the stadium's steps and their blood is washed off the marble floor. Claudius witnesses the entire ordeal and is horrified even after being proclaimed Emperor by the Praetorian Guard.
The men's magazine Penthouse had long been involved in film funding, helping invest in films made by other studios, including Chinatown , The Longest Yard and The Day of the Locust , but it had never produced a film on its own. [18] The magazine's founder Bob Guccione wanted to produce an explicit adult film within a feature film narrative that had high production values; he decided to produce a film about the rise and fall of the Roman emperor Caligula . [19] Development began under producer Franco Rossellini, the nephew of filmmaker Roberto Rossellini . [18] A screenplay was written by Lina Wertmüller , but Guccione rejected Wertmüller's script and paid Gore Vidal to write a new screenplay. [2
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