Cali Carter Black

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Cali Carter Black
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Cali Carter was born on February 23, 1990 and is 32 years old now.
Birthday : February 23, 1990 How Old - Age : 32
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Cali Carter is an American adult movie star who was born on February 23, 1990.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Elaine Shannon (1991-07-01). "New Kings of Coke". Times Magazine.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Felia Allum & Renate Siebert (2003). Organized Crime and the Challenge to Democracy . Routledge. pp. 98, 99, 100, 103.

^ Jump up to: a b Juan E. Méndez (1992). Political Murder and Reform in Colombia: The Violence Continues . Americas Watch Committee (U.S.). pp. 76, 82, 83.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Enid Mumford (1999). Dangerous Decisions: Problem Solving in Tomorrow's World . Springer. pp. 81, 83, 84, 85.

^ Rahman, Ray (August 31, 2017). "Narcos season 3: Pedro Pascal previews battle against 'Cocaine Inc.' " . EW .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Ron Chepesiuk (2003). The Bullet or the Bribe: Taking Down Colombia's Cali Drug Cartel . Praeger Publishers. pp. 23–26, 32, 64, 68, 118.

^ "DEA – Publications – Major Traffickers and Their Organizations" . DEA (republished).

^ Jump up to: a b c Richard Peter Treadwell Davenport-Hines (2004). The Pursuit of Oblivion: a Global History of Narcotics . W. W. Norton & Company. p. 435.

^ James P. Gray (2001). Why Our Drug Laws Have Failed and What We Can Do About It: A Judicial Indictment of the War on Drugs . Temple University Press. p. 85 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d "Расследование. Колумбийский кокаин в "общаке" Путина" [Investigation. Colombian cocaine in Putin's common fund]. CRiME (crime-ua.com) (in Russian). 2 November 2015 . Retrieved 18 August 2021 .

^ “The Cali Cartel: The New Kings of Cocaine Drug Intelligence Report.” 1994. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/152436NCJRS.pdf.

^ Jump up to: a b Krzysztof Dydynski (2003). Lonely Planet: Colombia . Lonely Planet Publications. p. 18.

^ Meldon, Jerry (March 17, 1997). "CIA & Cocaine: Agency Assets Cross the Line" . Consortium News . Archived from the original on February 2, 1999 . Retrieved September 9, 2021 . Image of article from "archive org". {{ cite news }} : External link in |quote= ( help )

^ Weiner, Tim (November 23, 1996). "Venezuelan General Indicted in C.I.A. Scheme" . New York Times . Retrieved September 9, 2021 .

^ CHUA-EOAN, HOWARD G.; SHANNON, ELAINE (November 29, 1993). "Confidence Games" . Time . Archived from the original on April 29, 2012 . Retrieved September 9, 2021 .

^ Mayorca, Javier (January 28, 2015). "Mitos y realidades sobre el Cartel de los soles en Venezuela" [Myths and realities about the Cartel of the suns in Venezuela]. Runrunes (runrun.es) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on November 26, 2018 . Retrieved September 9, 2021 .

^ Chepesiuk, Ron (2017-09-08). "US author tells of European connection to cartel featured in hit series Narcos" . The Irish News . Retrieved 2021-11-09 .

^ Chepesiuk, Ron (2017). Narcos Inc: The Rise and Fall of the Cali Cartel . Maverick House. ISBN 978-1908518583 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d John Moody, Pablo Rodriguez Orejuela & Tom Quinn (1991-07-01). "A Day with the Chess Player". Time .

^ Jump up to: a b Kevin Fedarko (1995-07-17). "Outwitting Cali's Professor Moriarty" . Time . Archived from the original on September 30, 2007.

^ Varese, Frederico (11 October 2001). Russian Mafia: Private Protection in a New Market Economy . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0198297369 .

^ Jump up to: a b c "Colombia takes charge of pharmacy chain linked to Cali cartel" . USA Today. 2004-09-17.

^ "Pablo Escobar fue dejando a su paso un rasario de muerte y terror" . El Tiempo (in Spanish). June 20, 1991 . Retrieved August 28, 2017 .

^ Лурье, Олег (Lurie, Oleg) (27 December 1999). "Список Туровера" [Turover List]. Novaya Gazeta (in Russian). Alt URL

^ Lurye, Oleg (27 December 1999). "Turover List" . Novaya Gazeta . Retrieved 13 April 2021 – via Russialist.org .

^ Yablokova, Oksana (29 December 1999). "Skuratov: 'Turover List' Is Real" . The Moscow Times . Archived from the original on 23 February 2021 . Retrieved 23 February 2021 .

^ Кириленко, Анастасия (Kirilenko, Anastasia) (21 January 2016). "Путин и мафия. За что убили Александра Литвиненко" [Putin and the mafia. Why Alexander Litvinenko was killed]. The Insider (in Russian) . Retrieved 13 April 2021 .

^ Кириленко, Анастасия (Kirilenko, Anastasia) (10 September 2018). "Токсичная информация. О чем Литвиненко рассказал бы испанскому правосудию, если бы не был отравлен" [Toxic information. What Litvinenko would have told Spanish justice if he had not been poisoned]. The Insider (in Russian) . Retrieved 13 April 2021 .

^ Jump up to: a b Litvinenko, Alexander Схема связей преступного мира, нарисованная Литвиненко (Litvinenko's diagram of the connections of the underworld) Archived from the original on 23 January 2016.

^ José Grinda González. "REGULACIÓN NACIONAL E INTERNACIONAL DEL CRIMEN ORGANIZADO. EXPERIENCIA DE LA FISCALÍA ANTICORRUPCIÓN" (PDF) . Fiscales de la Fiscalía contra la Corrupción y la Criminalidad Organizada (in Spanish). p. 8. Archived from José Grinda González. the original (PDF) on 9 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 April 2021 . {{ cite web }} : Check |url= value ( help )

^ Иванидзе, Владимир (Ivanidze, Vladimir) (August 2000). "Неразборчивые связи северной столицы" [The indecipherable connections of the northern capital]. «Совершенно секретно» (Sovsekretno) (in Russian). Archived from the original on 4 October 2007 . Retrieved 10 February 2020 .

^ Belton, Catherine (19 May 2003). "Putin's Name Surfaces in German Probe" . The Moscow Times . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 13 February 2020 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d Belton, Catherine (7 October 2003). "New Book Poses Question of Putin's Links with Underworld" . The St. Petersburg Times . St. Petersburg, Russia. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 10 February 2020 .

^ Jump up to: a b Иванидзе, Владимир (Ivanidze, Vladimir); Кириленко, Анастасия (Kirilenko, Anastasia) (7 September 2012). "Кооператив "Озеро" как кузница кадров" [Cooperative "Lake" as a forge of personnel]. Радио Свобода (Radio Svoboda) (in Russian). Archived from the original on 5 October 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2021 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Кириленко, Анастасия (Kirilenko, Anastasia) (1 October 2015). "Мафия на госзаказе - 2. Что связывает Кремль с измайловской группировкой" [Mafia on state order - 2. What connects the Kremlin with the Izmailovo group]. The Insider . Archived from the original on 4 November 2015 . Retrieved 20 December 2020 .

^ Belton, Catherine (23 June 2020). Putin's People: How the KGB Took Back Russia and Then Took On the West . Farrar, Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978-0374238711 . p. 99, see note 65.

^ Roth, Jürgen (1 January 2004). Die Gangster aus dem Osten [ Gangsters in the East ] (in German). Europa Verlag. ISBN 978-3203815268 .

^ Jump up to: a b J.V. Koshiw (12–13 October 2007). "Kuchma's 'Parallel Cabinet' – The center of President Kuchma's authoritarian rule based on the Melnychenko recordings" (PDF) . Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link )

^ The Jewish Laundry of Drug Money

^ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ОРГАНИЗОВАННОЙ ПРЕСТУПНОСТИ

^ Мы не придумывали "русскую мафию". Это она вынудила нас действовать... Интервью Моше Мизрахи, генерала полиции в отставке, бывшего начальника отдела полиции по расследованию международных преступлений (ЯХБАЛ)

^ Григорий Лернер: жизнь и тюрьма: Одиссея самого известного афериста 90-х годов

^ Авторитет в "Системе"

^ Кириленко, Анастасия (Kirilenko, Anastasia) (21 January 2016). "Путин и мафия. За что убили Александра Литвиненко" [Putin and mafia. Why Alexander Litvinenko was killed]. The Insider (in Russian). Archived from the original on 23 January 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2020 .

^ Щекочихин, Юрий (Shchekochikhin, Yuri) (25 May 1998). "Брат Плащ и Кинжал-3. Может ли проиграть в казино $120 000 начальник одного из самых секретных управлений ФСБ? Депутатский запрос заместителя главного редактора "Новой газеты" Юрия Щекочихина" [Brother Cloak and Dagger-3. Can a boss of one of the most secret FSB departments lose $ 120,000 in a casino? Deputy request of the deputy chief editor of "Novaya Gazeta" Yuri Shchekochikhin]. Novaya Gazeta (in Russian). Archived from the original on 18 April 2001 . Retrieved 8 January 2021 – via Агентура (Agentura).

^ Кириленко, Анастасия (Kirilenko, Anastasia) (16 December 2013). "Путин на "личной службе" у князя Альбера" [Putin on "personal service" with Prince Albert]. Радио Свобода (Radio Svoboda) . Archived from the original on 9 October 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2020 .

^ Kirilenko, Anastasia (October 1, 2020). Ministry of Stranger Affairs. How the Foreign Ministry and special services help supply cocaine to Russia . The Insider (in Russian). Retrieved 20 December 2020.

^ Jump up to: a b Manuel Castells (2000). End of Millennium . Blackwell Publishing. p. 204 . ISBN 9780631221395 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kevin Jack Riley (1996). Snow Job?: The War Against International Cocaine Trafficking . Transaction Publishers. pp. 170, 178, 181.

^ Jump up to: a b Patrick L. Clawson & Rensselaer W. Lee (1998). The Andean Cocaine Industry . Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 58–61.

^ Dominic Streatfeild (2002). Cocaine: An Unauthorized Biography . Thomas Dunne Books. p. 360.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Rempel, William C. (February 24, 2007). "The man who took down Cali" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015-06-12 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Rempel, William C. (June 2011). "At the Devil's Table – Untold Story of Insider Who Brought Down the Cali Cartel" . At the Devil's Table.com . Retrieved 2015-06-12 .

^ Dirty Combat: Secret Wars and Serious Misadventures by David Tomkins.

^ Jump up to: a b Elizabeth Gleick (1995-06-19). "Kingpin Checkmate". Time .

^ Bowden 2001 , pp. 176–200, 208, 215, 229, 235.

^ William Avilés (2006). Global Capitalism, Democracy, and Civil-Military Relations in Colombia . SUNY Press. p. 115.

^ Jump up to: a b c "History of the US Customs Service Investigation into Colombia's Cali Drug Cartel and the Rodriguez-Orejuela Brothers" . United States Customs Service. Archived from the original on 2008-09-16 . Retrieved 2007-08-03 .

^ "Transcript of Press Conference Announcing Guilty Pleas by Cali Cartel" . United States Department of Justice. 2016-10-23.



Bowden, Mark (2001). Killing Pablo: The Hunt for the World's Greatest Outlaw . New York: Atlantic Monthly Press . ISBN 978-0802123787 .
Chepesiuk, R. (2005). Drug Lords: The Rise and Fall of the Cali Cartel . Milo Books.
Chepesiuk, R. The Bullet Or the Bribe: Taking Down Colombia's Cali Drug Cartel .
Rempel, W. (2011). At the Devil's Table: The Untold Story of the Insider Who Brought Down the Cali Cartel . Random House.

Organized crime groups in the Americas

Asian Boyz (Southeast Asian)
Bahala Na Gang (Filipino)
Born To Kill (Vietnamese)
Fullerton Boys (Korean)
Menace of Destruction (Hmong)
Satanas (Filipino)
Tiny Rascal Gang (primarily Cambodian)
Tokyo Boyz (Japanese)
Yakuza (Japanese)

Organized crime groups in New York City
The Cali Cartel ( Spanish : Cartel de Cali ) was a drug cartel based in southern Colombia , around the city of Cali and the Valle del Cauca Department . Its founders were the brothers Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela and Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela , and José Santacruz Londoño . They broke away from Pablo Escobar and his Medellín associates in the late 1980s, when Hélmer "Pacho" Herrera joined what became a four-man executive board that ran the cartel. [2]

At the height of the Cali Cartel's reign from 1993-1995, they were cited as having control of over 80% of the world's cocaine market and were said to be directly responsible for the growth of the cocaine market in Europe, controlling 80% of the market there as well. [3] By the mid-1990s, the Cali Cartel's international drug trafficking empire was a $7 billion a year criminal enterprise. [4] [5]

The Cali Cartel was formed by the Rodriguez Orejuela brothers and Santacruz, all coming from what is described as a higher social background than most other traffickers of the time. [6] The recognition of this social background was displayed in the group's nickname as "Los Caballeros de Cali" ("Gentlemen of Cali"). [3] [4] [7] The group originally assembled as a ring of kidnappers known as "Las Chemas", which was led by Luis Fernando Tamayo García. Las Chemas were implicated in numerous kidnappings including those of two Swiss citizens: a diplomat, Herman Buff, and a student, Zack "Jazz Milis" Martin. The kidnappers reportedly received $700,000 in ransom , which is believed to have been used to fund their drug trafficking empire. [8]

The assembled group first involved itself in trafficking marijuana. Due to the product's low profit rate and large amounts required to traffic to cover resources, the fledgling group decided to shift their focus to a more lucrative drug, cocaine. [8] In the early 1970s, the cartel sent Hélmer Herrera to New York City to establish a distribution center, during a time when the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) viewed cocaine as less important than heroin . [8]

In the absence of a hardline policy from the DEA on cocaine, the trade flourished. The group developed and organized itself into multiple "cells" that appeared to operate independently yet reported to a celeno ("manager"). [3] The independent clandestine cell system is what set the Cali Cartel apart from the Medellín Cartel . The Cali Cartel operated as a tight group of independent criminal organizations, as opposed to the Medellíns' centralised structure under leader Pablo Escobar . [4] [10]

The Cali Cartel eventually became "The biggest, most powerful crime syndicate we've ever known", according to then DEA chief Thomas Constantine . [3] [11]

Juan Carlos Saavedra represented the Cali KGB Cartel in Spain. [12]

Each leader of the Cali Cartel had their own operation to run as they saw fit. There were 5 major Cali trafficking groups that were separate but also worked together when their interests aligned. This included, but was not limited to, transporting drugs to the United States and money laundering. According to a report by the DEA in 1994, the Rodriguez brothers, Miguel and Gilberto, were the most successful and powerful of the cartel's members. As such, they were also in charge of the Cali Cartel operations on a grand scale. Gilberto, known as the “Chess Player,” used his skills of strategy to plan long-term for the cartel while his younger brother handled day-to-day operations, micromanaging every detail. While certain groups were only handling certain aspects for the cartel, the Rodriguez brothers were involved in all aspects from production to transportation to wholesale distribution to money laundering. One of the more violent of the kingpins, Jose Santacruz-Londono had his talent in international cocaine transportation, creating a vast network for the cocaine to get from Colombia to its final destination, most often the United States. Specifically, he had a center of US operations in New York where the DEA seized two cocaine conversion laboratories in June 1992. Next, the Urdinola brothers were possibly the most violent of the group with some estimates saying that they murdered over 100 individuals in Colombia. They also distributed cocaine throughout the United States from Los Angeles to Miami to New York City. Also, the group expanded into trafficking Colombian heroin, a product that most of the groups stayed away from. Finally, Raul and Luis Grajales, cousins by marriage, were a careful duo who tried to portray themselves as legitimate. Their operation took them to Western Europe where they tried to establish new routes from Colombia. They used Eastern Europe and old Soviet countries to route the cocaine into Western Europe. [13] The five groups all coexisted under the name of the Cali Cartel.

The Cali Cartel would become known for its innovations in trafficking and production, by moving its refining operations out of Colombia to Peru and Bolivia , as well as for pioneering new trafficking routes through Panama . The Cartel also diversified into opium and was reported to have brought in a Japanese chemist to help its refining operation. [10] [14] Venezuelan General Ramon Guillen Davila ran the Venezuelan National Guard unit that was to interdict cocaine shipments and was the CIA's most trusted narcotics asset in Venezuela. He
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