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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 24 October 2022 .
  2 eligible Non-Member States ( Cook Islands , Niue )
  Antarctica (Assertion of territorial claims suspended under the Antarctic Treaty System )

^ Afghanistan: The United Nations currently recognizes the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan as the government of Afghanistan instead of the de facto ruling government, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan .

^ Benin: Name was changed from Dahomey on 2 December 1975.

^ Plurinational State of Bolivia: Name was changed from "Bolivia" on 9 April 2009.

^ Burkina Faso: Name was changed from Upper Volta on 6 August 1984.

^ Cabo Verde: Previously referred to as Cape Verde. On 24 October 2013, Cabo Verde requested that its name no longer be translated into different languages. [17]

^ Cambodia: Name was changed to the Khmer Republic on 7 October 1970, and back to Cambodia on 30 April 1975. Name was changed again to Democratic Kampuchea on 6 April 1976, and back to Cambodia on 3 February 1990.

^ Cameroon: Previously referred to as Cameroun (before merging with Southern Cameroons in 1961). By a letter of 4 January 1974, the Secretary-General was informed that Cameroon had changed its name to the United Republic of Cameroon. Name was changed back to Cameroon on 4 February 1984.

^ Central African Republic: By a letter of 20 December 1976, the Central African Republic advised that it had changed its name to the Central African Empire . Name was changed back to the Central African Republic on 20 September 1979.

^ Congo: Previously referred to as the People's Republic of the Congo . Name was changed to Congo on 15 November 1971.

^ Côte d'Ivoire: Until 31 December 1985 referred to as Ivory Coast.

^ Czechia: Name was changed from the Czech Republic on 17 May 2016.

^ Name was changed from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to Zaire on 27 October 1971, and back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 16 May 1997.

^ Jump up to: a b c The member states of the Realm of Denmark , Realm of New Zealand and Kingdom of the Netherlands represent their metropolitan countries as well as their other constituent countries: Faroe Islands and Greenland (Denmark); Aruba , Curaçao and Sint Maarten (Netherlands); Niue and Cook Islands (New Zealand). [18] [19] [ failed verification ] Niue and the Cook Islands have full treaty-making capabilities and have the option of seeking membership.

^ Eswatini: Name was changed from Swaziland on 19 April 2018.

^ Withdrew from the UN on 20 January 1965. It rejoined on 28 September 1966.

^ Islamic Republic of Iran: Previously referred to as Iran. By a communication of 4 November 1982, Iran informed the Secretary-General that it should be referred to by its complete name of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

^ Kazakhstan: Spelling was changed from Kazakstan on 20 June 1997.

^ Lao People's Democratic Republic: Name was changed from Laos on 2 December 1975.

^ Libya: Formerly recognised as the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 after originally being admitted as Libya. By notes verbales of 1 and 21 April 1977, the Libyan Arab Republic advised that it had changed its name to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya . On 16 September 2011, the UN General Assembly awarded the UN seat to the National Transitional Council , thereby restoring the original name of Libya.

^ Maldives: Name was changed from "Maldive Islands" on 14 April 1969.

^ Myanmar: Name was changed from Burma on 17 June 1989.

^ North Macedonia: Name was changed from The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia on 11 February 2019.

^ Republic of Moldova: Referred to as "Moldova" from 6 October 2006 to 10 September 2008.

^ Saint Kitts and Nevis: Referred to as "Saint Christopher and Nevis" until 28 December 1986.

^ Samoa: The country was formerly named "Western Samoa" until 4 July 1997, but nevertheless always referred to as just "Samoa".

^ South Africa: Referred to as the " Union of South Africa " until 13 May 1961.

^ Sri Lanka: Name was changed from " Ceylon " on 29 August 1972.

^ Suriname: Name was changed from "Surinam" on 23 January 1978.

^ Türkiye: Name was changed from "Turkey" on 31 May 2022.

^ United Republic of Tanzania: Name was changed from "United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar" on 2 November 1964.

^ Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela: Previously referred to as "Venezuela" until 17 November 2004.

^ Specific items include: United Nations General Assembly Session 48 Agenda item A/48/191 1993-08-09. United Nations General Assembly Session 49 Agenda item A/49/144 1994-07-19. United Nations General Assembly Session 50 Agenda item A/50/145 1995-07-19. United Nations General Assembly Session 51 Agenda item A/51/142 1996-07-18. United Nations General Assembly Session 52 Agenda item A/52/143 1997-07-16. United Nations General Assembly Session 53 Agenda item A/53/145 1998-07-08. United Nations General Assembly Session 54 Agenda item A/54/194 1999-08-12. United Nations General Assembly Session 55 Agenda item A/55/227 2000-08-04. United Nations General Assembly Session 56 Agenda item A/56/193 2001-08-08. United Nations General Assembly Session 57 Agenda item A/57/191 2002-08-20. United Nations General Assembly Session 58 Agenda item A/58/197 2003-08-05. United Nations General Assembly Session 59 Agenda item A/59/194 2004-08-10. United Nations General Assembly Session 60 Agenda item A/60/192 2005-08-11. United Nations General Assembly Session 61 Agenda item A/61/194 2006-08-11.


Relations of the United Nations with its member states
The United Nations member states are the 193 sovereign states that are members of the United Nations (UN) and have equal representation in the UN General Assembly . [1] The UN is the world's largest intergovernmental organization .


The criteria for admission of new members to the UN are set out in Chapter II , Article 4 of the UN Charter : [2]

A recommendation for admission from the Security Council requires affirmative votes from at least nine of the council's fifteen members, with none of the five permanent members using their veto power . The Security Council's recommendation must then be approved in the General Assembly by a two-thirds majority vote. [3]

In principle, only sovereign states can become UN members, [ citation needed ] and currently, all UN members are sovereign states. Although five members were not sovereign when they joined the UN, they all subsequently became fully independent between 1946 and 1991. Because a state can only be admitted to membership in the UN by the approval of the Security Council and the General Assembly, a number of states that are considered sovereign according to the Montevideo Convention are not members of the UN. This is because the UN does not consider them to possess sovereignty , mainly due to the lack of international recognition or due to opposition from one of the permanent members.

In addition to the member states, the UN also invites non-member states to become observers at the UN General Assembly , [4] allowing them to participate and speak in General Assembly meetings, but not vote. Observers are generally intergovernmental organizations and international organizations and entities whose statehood or sovereignty is not precisely defined.

The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, after ratification of the United Nations Charter by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (the Republic of China , France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States ) and a majority of the other signatories. [5] A total of 51 original members (or founding members) joined that year; 50 of them signed the Charter at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco on 26 June 1945, while Poland , which was not represented at the conference, signed it on 15 October 1945. [6] [7]

Among the original members, 49 are either still UN members or had their memberships in the UN continued by a successor state (see table below) ; for example, the membership of the Soviet Union was continued by the Russian Federation after its dissolution (see the section Former members: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ) . The other two original members, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia (i.e., the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), had been dissolved and their memberships in the UN not continued from 1992 by any one successor state (see the sections Former members: Czechoslovakia and Former members: Yugoslavia ) . [7]

A number of the original members were not sovereign when they joined the UN, and only gained full independence later: [8]

The current members and their dates of admission are listed below with their official designations used by the United Nations. [10] [11]

The alphabetical order by the member states' official designations is used to determine the seating arrangement of the General Assembly sessions, where a draw is held each year to select a member state as the starting point. [12] Some member states use their full official names in their official designations and thus are sorted out of order from their common names: the Democratic People's Republic of Korea , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of Korea , the Republic of Moldova , and the United Republic of Tanzania . [7] [13] [14]

The member states can be sorted by their official designations and dates of admission by clicking on the buttons in the header of the columns. See related sections on former members by clicking on the links in the column "See also".

The Republic of China (ROC) joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945, and as set out by the United Nations Charter , Chapter V , Article 23, became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . [20] In 1949, as a result of the Chinese Civil War , the Kuomintang -led ROC government lost effective control of mainland China and relocated to the island of Taiwan , and the Communist Party -led government of the People's Republic of China (PRC), declared on 1 October 1949, took control of mainland China. The UN was notified on 18 November 1949 of the formation of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China ; however, the Government of the Republic of China continued to represent China at the UN, despite the small size of the ROC's jurisdiction of Taiwan and a number of smaller islands compared to the PRC's jurisdiction of mainland China. As both governments claimed to be the sole legitimate representative of China, proposals to effect a change in the representation of China in the UN were discussed but rejected for the next two decades, as the ROC was still recognized as the sole legitimate representative of China by a majority of UN members. [ citation needed ] Both sides rejected compromise proposals to allow both states to participate in the UN, based on the One-China policy . [21]

By the 1970s, a shift had occurred in international diplomatic circles and the PRC had gained the upper hand in international diplomatic relations and recognition count. On 25 October 1971, the 21st time the United Nations General Assembly debated on the PRC's admission into the UN, [22] United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was adopted, by which it recognized that "the representatives of the Government of the People's Republic of China are the only lawful representatives of China to the United Nations and that the People's Republic of China is one of the five permanent members of the Security Council," and decided "to restore all its rights to the People's Republic of China and to recognize the representatives of its Government as the only legitimate representatives of China to the United Nations, and to expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek from the place which they unlawfully occupy at the United Nations and in all the organizations related to it." [23] This effectively transferred the seat of China in the UN, including its permanent seat on the Security Council, from the ROC to the PRC, and expelled the ROC from the UN.

In addition to losing its seat in the UN, the UN Secretary-General concluded from the resolution that the General Assembly considered Taiwan to be a province of "China", which refers to the Greater China region. Consequently, the Secretary-General decided that it was not permitted for the ROC to become a party to treaties deposited with it. [24]

In 1993 the ROC began campaigning to rejoin the UN separately from the People's Republic of China. A number of options were considered, including seeking membership in the specialized agencies , applying for observer status , applying for full membership, or having resolution 2758 revoked to reclaim the seat of China in the UN. [25]

Every year from 1993 to 2006, UN member states submitted a memorandum to the UN Secretary-General requesting that the UN General Assembly consider allowing the ROC to resume participating in the United Nations. [26] [af] This approach was chosen, rather than a formal application for membership, because it could be enacted by the General Assembly, while a membership application would need Security Council approval, where the PRC held a veto. [25] Early proposals recommended admitting the ROC with parallel representation over China, along with the People's Republic of China, pending eventual reunification, citing examples of other divided countries which had become separate UN member states, such as East and West Germany and North and South Korea . Later proposals emphasized that the ROC was a separate state, over which the PRC had no effective sovereignty. These proposed resolutions referred to the ROC under a variety of names: "Republic of China in Taiwan" (1993–94), "Republic of China on Taiwan" (1995–97, 1999–2002), "Republic of China" (1998), "Republic of China (Taiwan)" (2003) and "Taiwan" (2004–06).

However, all fourteen attempts were unsuccessful as the General Assembly's General Committee declined to put the issue on the Assembly's agenda for debate, under strong opposition from the PRC. [27]

While all these proposals were vague, requesting the ROC be allowed to participate in UN activities without specifying any legal mechanism, in 2007 the ROC submitted a formal application under the name "Taiwan" for full membership in the UN. [28] However, the application was rejected by the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs citing General Assembly Resolution 2758, [29] without being forwarded to the Security Council. Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon stated that:

The position of the United Nations is that the People's Republic of China is representing the whole of China as the sole and legitimate representative Government of China. The decision until now about the wish of the people in Taiwan to join the United Nations has been decided on that basis. The resolution (General Assembly Resolution 2758) that you just mentioned is clearly mentioning that the Government of China is the sole and legitimate Government and the position of the United Nations is that Taiwan is part of China. [30]
Responding to the UN's rejection of its application, the ROC government has stated that Taiwan is not now nor has it ever been under the jurisdiction of the PRC, and that since General Assembly Resolution 2758 did not clarify the issue of Taiwan's representation in the UN, it does not prevent Taiwan's participation in the UN as an independent sovereign nation. [31] The ROC government also criticized Ban for asserting that Taiwan is part of China and returning the application without passing it to the Security Council or the General Assembly, [32] contrary to UN's standard procedure (Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council, Chapter X, Rule 59). [33] On the other hand, the PRC government, which has stated that Taiwan is part of China and firmly opposes the application of any Taiwan authorities to join the UN either as a member or an observer, praised that UN's decision "was made in accordance with the UN Charter and Resolution 2758 of the UN General Assembly, and showed the UN and its member states' universal adherence to the one-China principle ". [34] A group of UN member states put forward a draft resolution for that fall's UN General Assembly calling on the Security Council to consider the application. [28]

The following year two referendums in Taiwan on the government's attempts to regain participation at the UN did not pass due to low turnout. That fall the ROC took a new approach, with its allies submitting a resolution requesting that the "Republic of China (Taiwan)" be allowed to have "meaningful participation" in the UN specialized agencies . [35] Again the issue was not put on the Assembly's agenda. [27] In 2009, the ROC chose not to bring the issue of its participation in the UN up for debate at the General Assembly for the first time since it began the campaign in 1993. [36]

In May 2009, the Department of Health of the Republic of China was invited by the World Health Organization to attend the 62nd World Health Assembly as an observer under the name " Chinese Taipei ". This was the ROC's first participation in an event organized by a UN-affiliated agency since 1971, as a result of the improved cross-strait relations since Ma Ying-jeou became the President of the Republic of China a year before. [37]

The Republic of China is officially recognized by 13 UN member states and the Holy See . It maintains unofficial relations with around 100 nations, including the United States and Japan .

Czechoslovakia joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945. Upon the imminent dissolution of Czechoslovakia , in a letter dated 10 December 1992, its Permanent Representative informed the United Nations Secretary-General that the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic would cease to exist on 31 December 1992 and that the Czech Republic and Slovakia , as successor states, would apply for membership in the UN. Neither state sought sole successor state status. Both states were readmitted to the UN on 19 January 1993. [38]

Both the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) were admitted to the UN on 18 September 1973. Through the accession of the East German federal states to the Federal Republic of Germany , effective from 3 October 1990, the territory of the German Democratic Republic became part of the Federal Republic of Germany. In a letter to the general secretary, German Foreign Minister notified UN about this unification and stated that the Federal Republic of Germany would subsequently assume its membership under the name Germany . Consequently, the Federal Republic of Germany continued being a member of the UN while t
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