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LaTeX symbols have either names (denoted by backslash) or special characters. They are organized into seven classes based on their role in a mathematical expression. This is not a comprehensive list. Refer to the external references at the end of this article for more information.
Letters are rendered in italic font; numbers are upright / roman. \ imath and \ jmath make "dotless" i and j, which are useful in conjunction with hats and accents .
Lower case Greek letters are rendered in italic font; upper case Greek letters are rendered in upright/Roman.
\ Gamma
\ Delta
\ Lambda
\ Phi
\ Pi
\ Psi
\ Sigma
\ Theta
\ alpha
\ beta
\ gamma
\ delta
\ epsilon
\ zeta
\ eta
\ theta
\ iota
\ kappa
\ lambda
\ mu
\ nu
\ xi
\ pi
\ rho
\ sigma
\ tau
\ upsilon
\ phi
\ chi
\ psi
\ omega
\ digamma
\ varepsilon
\ varkappa
\ varphi
\ varpi
\ varrho
\ varsigma
\ vartheta
\ aleph
\ beth
\ daleth
\ gimel
\ complement
\ ell
\ eth
\ hbar
\ hslash
\ mho
\ partial
\ wp
The following characters don't have any spacing associated with them. That is, they are simple symbols, in class 0.
\ #
\ angle
\ backprime
\ bigstar
\ blacklozenge
\ blacksquare
\ blacktriangle
\ blacktriangledown
\ bot
\ clubsuit
\ diagdown
\ diagup
\ diamondsuit
\ emptyset
\ exists
\ flat
\ forall
\ heartsuit
\ infty
\ lozenge
\ measuredangle
\ nabla
\ natural
\ neg or \ lnot
\ nexists
\ prime
\ S
\ sharp
\ spadesuit
\ sphericalangle
\ square
\ surd
\ top
\ triangle
\ triangledown
\ varnothing
There is also a command \& which is not supported by Wikia's LaTeX parser.
Symbols that go above, below, or in the corners of other symbols.
Note 1: dotless i and j (symbols \imath and \jmath ) can be used to leave room for whatever hat you want them to wear.
Note 2: \sideset takes two required parameters, left side and right side, and must be followed by a sum class math operator that normally takes subscripts and superscripts below and above the symbol.
\ overleftarrow{xxx}
\ overrightarrow{xxx}
\ overleftrightarrow{xxx}
\ xleftarrow[under]{over}
\ xrightarrow[under]{over}
The following commands are not supported by the Wikia's LaTeX parser:
Bold face: \ boldsymbol and \mathbf make bold face symbols, and \ pmb makes very bold face symbols. However, \mathbf cannot be applied to Greek symbols, for instance. The AMS "short guide" (see references) contains a cryptic comment, "generally speaking, it is ill-advised to apply \boldsymbol to more than one symbol at a time." Best not to discover why!
\boldsymbol{\pi} \mathbf{A}_{\boldsymbol{0} }
The \pmb command is not supported by the Wikia's LaTeX parser.
Simple symbols (class 0) are rendered without any space between them. Operators (class 1) are rendered with spaces. Spacing symbols change the amount of spacing, either by adding more space or taking spaces away. Space is measured in math units , or mu. 18mu equals 1em.
NOTE: commands \thinspace , \medspace , \thickspace , \negthinspace , \negmedspace , \negthickspace , \mspace , and \: are not impemented here at wikia.org!
Spaces of exactly the size of some rendered text can be obtained using the \ phantom , command, and its cousins, \ hphantom and \ vphantom . They are not implemented here at wikia.org!
These prefix operators accumulate the things they're prefixed to. "Extensible" means they have variable size to accommodate their operands, and their limits can appear below and above the operator.
\ int
\ oint
\ bigcap
\ bigcup
\ bigodot
\ bigoplus
\ bigotimes
\ bigsqcup
The \smallint command is not supported by the Wikia's LaTeX parser.
If your favorite operator, say, "foo", isn't listed, then you won't be able to use \foo(x) in your LaTeX equation. But don't fret. You can get the same result with \ operatorname {foo}(x). If your made-up operator needs displayed limits, as in \lim or \max , then use \operatorname*{foo} , as in the example in the following table.
\ arccos
\ arcsin
\ arctan
\ arg
\ cos
\ cosh
\ cot
\ coth
\ csc
\ deg
\ det
\ dim
\ exp
\ gcd
\ hom
\ inf
\ injlim
\ ker
\ lg
\ lim
\ liminf
\ limsup
\ ln
\ log
\ max
\ min
\ Pr
\ projlim
\ sec
\ sin
\ sinh
\ sup
\ tan
\ tanh
\ varinjlim
\ varprojlim
\ varliminf
\ varlimsup
\ operatorname{foo}_0^1
The command \operatorname* is not supported by the wikia's LaTeX parser.
*
+
-
\ amalg
\ ast
\ barwedge
\ bigcirc
\ bigtriangledown
\ bigtriangleup
\ boxdot
\ boxminus
\ boxplus
\ boxtimes
\ bullet
\ cap
\ Cap or \ doublecap
\ cdot
\ centerdot
\ circ
\ circledast
\ circledcirc
\ circleddash
\ cup
\ Cup or \ doublecup
\ curlyvee
\ curlywedge
\ dagger
\ ddagger
\ diamond
\ div
\ divideontimes
\ dotplus
\ doublebarwedge
\ gtrdot
\ intercal
\ leftthreetimes
\ lessdot
\ ltimes
\ mp
\ odot
\ ominus
\ oplus
\ oslash
\ otimes
\ pm
\ rightthreetimes
\ rtimes
\ setminus
\ smallsetminus
\ sqcap
\ sqcup
\ star
\ times
\ triangleleft
\ triangleright
\ uplus
\ vee or \ lor
\ veebar
\ wedge or \ land
\ wr
<
=
>
\ approx
\ approxeq
\ asymp
\ backsim
\ backsimeq
\ bumpeq
\ Bumpeq
\ circeq
\ cong
\ curlyeqprec
\ curlyeqsucc
\ doteq
\ doteqdot or \ Doteq
\ eqcirc
\ eqsim
\ eqslantgtr
\ eqslantless
\ equiv
\ fallingdotseq
\ geq or \ ge
\ geqq
\ geqslant
\ gg
\ ggg or \ gggtr
\ gnapprox
\ gneq
\ gneqq
\ gnsim
\ gtrapprox
\ gtreqless
\ gtreqqless
\ gtrless
\ gtrsim
\ gvertneqq
\ leq or \ le
\ leqq
\ leqslant
\ lessapprox
\ lesseqgtr
\ lesseqqgtr
\ lessgtr
\ lesssim
\ ll
\ lll or \ llless
\ lnapprox
\ lneq
\ lneqq
\ lnsim
\ lvertneqq
\ ncong
\ neq or \ ne
\ ngeq
\ ngeqq
\ ngeqslant
\ ngtr
\ nleq
\ nleqq
\ nleqslant
\ nless
\ nprec
\ npreceq
\ nsim
\ nsucc
\ nsucceq
\ prec
\ precapprox
\ preccurlyeq
\ preceq
\ precnapprox
\ precneqq
\ precnsim
\ precsim
\ risingdotseq
\ sim
\ simeq
\ succ
\ succapprox
\ succcurlyeq
\ succeq
\ succnapprox
\ succneqq
\ succnsim
\ succsim
\ thickapprox
\ thicksim
\ triangleq
\ circlearrowleft
\ circlearrowright
\ curvearrowleft
\ curvearrowright
\ downdownarrows
\ downharpoonleft
\ downharpoonright
\ hookleftarrow
\ hookrightarrow
\ leftarrow or \ gets
\ Leftarrow
\ leftarrowtail
\ leftharpoondown
\ leftharpoonup
\ leftleftarrows
\ leftrightarrow
\ Leftrightarrow
\ leftrightarrows
\ leftrightharpoons
\ leftrightsquigarrow
\ Lleftarrow
\ longleftarrow
\ Longleftarrow
\ longleftrightarrow
\ Longleftrightarrow
\ longmapsto
\ longrightarrow
\ Longrightarrow or
\ implies
\ looparrowleft
\ looparrowright
\ Lsh
\ mapsto
\ multimap
\ nLeftarrow
\ nLeftrightarrow
\ nRightarrow
\ nearrow
\ nleftarrow
\ nleftrightarrow
\ nrightarrow
\ nwarrow
\ rightarrow or \ to
\ Rightarrow
\ rightarrowtail
\ rightharpoondown
\ rightharpoonup
\ rightleftarrows
\ rightleftharpoons
\ rightrightarrows
\ rightsquigarrow
\ Rrightarrow
\ Rsh
\ searrow
\ swarrow
\ twoheadleftarrow
\ twoheadrightarrow
\ upharpoonleft
\ upharpoonright or
\ restriction
\ upuparrows
\ backepsilon
\ because
\ between
\ blacktriangleleft
\ blacktriangleright
\ bowtie
\ dashv
\ frown
\ in
\ mid
\ models
\ ni or \ owns
\ nmid
\ notin
\ nparallel
\ nshortmid
\ nshortparallel
\ nsubseteq
\ nsubseteqq
\ nsupseteq
\ nsupseteqq
\ ntriangleleft
\ ntrianglelefteq
\ ntriangleright
\ ntrianglerighteq
\ nvdash
\ nVdash
\ nvDash
\ nVDash
\ parallel
\ perp
\ pitchfork
\ propto
\ shortmid
\ shortparallel
\ smallfrown
\ smallsmile
\ smile
\ sqsubset
\ sqsubseteq
\ sqsupset
\ sqsupseteq
\ subset
\ Subset
\ subseteq
\ subseteqq
\ subsetneq
\ subsetneqq
\ supset
\ Supset
\ supseteq
\ supseteqq
\ supsetneq
\ supsetneqq
\ therefore
\ trianglelefteq
\ trianglerighteq
\ varpropto
\ varsubsetneq
\ varsubsetneqq
\ varsupsetneq
\ varsupsetneqq
\ vartriangle
\ vartriangleleft
\ vartriangleright
\ vdash
\ Vdash
\ vDash
\ Vvdash
( )
[ ]
\ lbrace \ rbrace
\ lVert \ rVert
\ langle \ rangle
\ lceil \ rceil
\ lfloor \ rfloor
The following commands are not supported by the Wikia's LaTeX parser:
\ vert or |
\ Vert or \ |
/
\ backslash
The following commands are not supported by the Wikia's LaTeX parser:
The following commands are not supported by the Wikia's LaTeX parser:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
\imath \ quad \jmath \quad \hat{\jmath}
\mathbf{A}_\mathbf{\infty} \mathbf{+} \mathbf{\pi} \mathbf{A}_\mathbf{0}
Blackboard bold (no lowercase) is used to represent standard sets of numbers, e.g. complex numbers, quaternions, natural numbers, octonians, rationals, reals, sedenions, integers.
Blackboard bold (no lowercase) is used to represent standard sets of numbers, e.g. complex numbers, quaternions, natural numbers, octonians, rationals, reals, sedenions, integers.
Calligraphic letters (no lowercase)
Calligraphic letters (no lowercase)
Simple symbols (class 0) have no spaces around them
Operators (class 1) have thin spaces around them
a \ : b \mspace{4mu} c \ medspace d
a \ ; b \mspace{5mu} c \ thickspace d
thicker 6mu space provided by backslash followed by blank
a \ qquad b \mspace{36mu} c \qquad d
a \ ! b \mspace{-3mu} c \ negthinspace d
negative thin -3mu space. See \ int for a suggested use.
a \ negmedspace b \mspace{-4mu} c \negmedspace d
a \ negthickspace b \mspace{-5mu} c \negthickspace d
space as wide and high as integral and three X’s
space as wide and high as integral and three X’s; height 0
space of width 0, as high as integral and three X’s
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"LATEX" redirects here. For the polymer, see Latex . For other uses, see Latex (disambiguation) .
Fall 2021 LaTeX release [1]
/ November 2021 ; 10 months ago ( November 2021 )
\documentclass { article } % Starts an article
\usepackage { amsmath } % Imports amsmath
\title { \LaTeX } % Title
\begin { document } % Begins a document
\maketitle
\LaTeX {} is a document preparation system for
the \TeX {} typesetting program. It offers
programmable desktop publishing features and
extensive facilities for automating most
aspects of typesetting and desktop publishing,
including numbering and cross-referencing,
tables and figures, page layout,
bibliographies, and much more. \LaTeX {} was
originally written in 1984 by Leslie Lamport
and has become the dominant method for using
\TeX ; few people write in plain \TeX {} anymore.
The current version is \LaTeXe .
% This is a comment, not shown in final output.
% The following shows typesetting power of LaTeX:
\begin { align }
E _ 0 & = mc ^ 2 \\
E & = \frac { mc ^ 2 }{ \sqrt { 1- \frac { v ^ 2 }{ c ^ 2 }}}
\end { align }
\end { document }
^ "The Fall 2021 LaTeX release is available" .
^ "An introduction to LaTeX" . LaTeX project . Retrieved 18 April 2016 .
^ Jump up to: a b Lamport, Leslie (1986). LATEX : a document preparation system . Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. ISBN 020115790X . OCLC 12550262 .
^ "What are TeX, LaTeX and friends?" .
^ Jump up to: a b Alexia Gaudeul (June 2007). "Do Open Source Developers Respond to Competition?: The (La)TeX Case Study". Review of Network Economics . 6 (2). doi : 10.2202/1446-9022.1119 . S2CID 201097782 .
^ Markin, Pablo (1 November 2017). "LaTeX, Open Source Software, Facilitates the Adoption of Open Access by Authors, Repositories and Journals" . OpenScience . Retrieved 5 November 2017 .
^ "Multilingual typesetting on Overleaf using babel and fontspec" . Retrieved 2022-04-09 .
^ "Chinese" . www.overleaf.com . Retrieved 2020-12-30 .
^ Leslie Lamport (April 23, 2007). "The Writings of Leslie Lamport: LaTeX: A Document Preparation System" . Leslie Lamport's Home Page . Retrieved 2007-04-27 .
^ "LaTeX - A document preparation system" . www.latex-project.org . Retrieved 2019-07-20 .
^ Jump up to: a b Lamport, Leslie (23 August 2018). "My Writings" (PDF) . pp. 48–49 . Retrieved 5 September 2018 .
^ Jump up to: a b "The LaTeX3 Project" . www.latex-project.org . Retrieved 2018-12-26 .
^ The design of LaTeX owes something to earlier markup systems such as Scribe .
^ PDF output is common, but TeX can output other formats such as DVI ("Device independent" format). See below for more detail about outputs.
^ "Overleaf" .
^ "Seeveeze" .
^ "LaTeX Base" .
^ "Authorea" .
^ Donald E. Knuth, The TeXbook , Addison–Wesley, Boston, 1986, p. 1.
^ Lamport (1994), p 5
^ O'Connor, Edward. "TeX and LaTeX logo POSHlets" . Archived from the original on 2007-10-11 . Retrieved 2008-04-21 .
^ Taraborelli, Dario. "CSS-driven TeX logos" . Archived from the original on 2017-09-01 . Retrieved 2008-04-21 .
^ Walden, David (2005-07-15). "Travels in TeX Land: A Macro, Three Software Packages, and the Trouble with TeX" . The PracTeX Journal (3) . Retrieved 2008-04-21 .
^ "pdfTeX - TeX Users Group" . www.tug.org . Retrieved 2019-07-20 .
^ "XeTeX - TeX Users Group" . www.tug.org . Retrieved 2019-07-20 .
^ "Latex Instructions" . Elsevier . 2015-05-11 . Retrieved 2021-10-06 .
^ Website http://hevea.inria.fr/
^ According to LICENSE file in the source repository .
^ "CTAN: Package latex2html" . www.ctan.org .
^ "LaTeXML A LaTeX to XML/HTML/MathML Converter" . dlmf.nist.gov . Retrieved 2018-08-18 .
^ "Pandoc - About pandoc" . pandoc.org .
^ Knauff, Markus; Nejasmic, Jelica (December 19, 2019). "An Efficiency Comparison of Document Preparation Systems Used in Academic Research and Development" . PLOS ONE . 9 (12): e115069. doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0115069 . PMC 4272305 . PMID 25526083 .
^ Schubotz, Moritz; Wicke, Gabriel (2014). "Mathoid: Robust, Scalable, Fast and Accessible Math Rendering for Wikipedia". Intelligent Computer Mathematics - International Conference . CICM. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 8543. Springer. pp. 224–235. arXiv : 1404.6179 . doi : 10.1007/978-3-319-08434-3_17 . ISBN 978-3-319-08433-6 .
^ "KaTeX – The fastest math typesetting library for the web" . katex.org .
^ "The LaTeX project public license" . www.latex-project.org . Retrieved 2019-07-20 .
^ Scavo, Tom. "TeX, LaTeX, and AMS-LaTeX" . Archived from the original on 3 December 1998 . Retrieved 6 September 2018 .
^ Frank Mittelbach, Chris Rowley (January 12, 1999). "The LaTeX3 Project" (PDF)
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