Buying weed Coban

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Buying weed Coban

PPE for the cannabis industry is important for keeping workers safe in this fast-growing industry. Find out how cannabis PPE can protect workers. Several states in the US have begun to legalize recreational or medical cannabis. Greater legalization has led to increased production, making it more critical than ever for cannabis growers, processors, and dispensaries to take proper precautions to avoid potential injuries. There is no federal guidance on safety and PPE for cannabis growers or dispensaries, but there is guidance on how to handle the hazards of cannabis production and processing. Despite a lack of federal regulation, OSHA has the jurisdiction to inspect cannabis agricultural, retail, and processing operations. In addition, they will cite companies for workplace violations, so now is the time to prepare your cannabis business for an OSHA inspection. Cannabis-related businesses have lost millions of dollars due to OSHA violations. Some of the most common citations relate to PPE for cannabis. To safeguard your business from citations and keep workers safe, your cannabis cultivation and processing business should assess potential workplace hazards, and then train employees in the proper use of PPE. PPE for cannabis will help protect them from chemical, biological, and physical hazards on the job. When workers encounter chemical compounds used in the production of cannabis, they can experience respiratory irritation, skin rashes, or chemical burns. Cannabis growers and processing workers may cross paths with chemical hazards like:. Mold is the most significant biological danger in cannabis production because the plants must be exposed to a certain level of humidity. These high humidity levels can encourage the growth of mold, which often causes allergic reactions or respiratory issues. In addition, concentrated cannabis resin can prompt allergic reactions like itchy skin or swollen eyes. Extracting and processing plant matter often requires flammable substances alongside heavy equipment, high pressures, and potentially hazardous cleaning chemicals. Physical hazards of cannabis production can include:. Stauffer Glove and Safety is a 5th-generation family-owned business that has grown from humble beginnings in into the largest safety and PPE business in the US. We have deep relationships with suppliers formed over several decades of service in the safety industry. Rest assured that when you choose Stauffer for your cannabis PPE needs, you are putting your trust in the hands of a company whose number one priority is your safety. Below are some of the most common PPE for cannabis production that we offer, but you can also view all of our cannabis PPE products here. Since most cannabis is slated for human consumption, choosing the right disposable glove PPE for cannabis production is important. Which gloves should be used for working in cannabis and to handle resin? Disposable gloves protect employees' hands from cleaning chemicals, allergic reactions, and THC while also protecting the cannabis from potential contamination. Choose a disposable glove with a maximum AQL of 2. Engineering controls should be implemented to ensure proper ventilation, thus reducing the risk of exposure to CO, CO2, and NOx. During normal operations, respiratory PPE for cannabis growers like an N95 Disposable Respirator can help minimize exposures to mold, dust, pesticides, cleaning agents, or other chemicals being used onsite. Workers in the cannabis production industry must protect their face and eyes from THC, pesticides, and other chemicals outlined above. Flying debris may create projectile hazards from the harvesting and processing of cannabis. Employers should consider the hazards related specifically to their work site and determine if eye and face PPE for cannabis growers like safety eyewear, a full face shield, or some combination is necessary. Like all PPE for cannabis growers, the best protective clothing for growers is as comfortable as it is safe. High-quality protective clothing that offers comfort on top of safety is more likely to be used regularly. In addition, protective clothing protects the plants themselves. Since most cannabis produced is slated for human consumption, the utmost care must be taken to avoid contamination. Protective clothing for cannabis growers ensures that human workers do not contaminate the plants with their bodily fluids, skin flaking, hair shedding, fingernail dirt, and other bodily debris. Shop Clothing for Cannabis Growers. Compressors, moving equipment, conveyors, and chippers are all examples of equipment that may emit significant noise during cannabis production. Employers must also provide training and ensure initial proper fit of hearing PPE for cannabis. Ansell is a leader in the Cannabis PPE industry. They have curated styles that are tested and approved, as well as certified for protection against THC. Ansell provides select THC- approved styles that offer higher quality medical grade protection. Chemical Hazards When workers encounter chemical compounds used in the production of cannabis, they can experience respiratory irritation, skin rashes, or chemical burns. Physical Hazards Extracting and processing plant matter often requires flammable substances alongside heavy equipment, high pressures, and potentially hazardous cleaning chemicals. Physical hazards of cannabis production can include: Farming or processing equipment that can injure workers Malfunction or misuse of pressurized processing equipment Exposure to flammable chemicals that may not wash off immediately Cleaning chemicals can cause skin and respiratory irritation Workers can be exposed to harsh outdoor conditions. Disposable Gloves Since most cannabis is slated for human consumption, choosing the right disposable glove PPE for cannabis production is important. Medical Grade Ansell provides select THC- approved styles that offer higher quality medical grade protection.

PPE for Cannabis Growers & Dispensaries

Buying weed Coban

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Box, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Nigella sativa N. It is very popular in various traditional systems of medicine like Unani and Tibb, Ayurveda and Siddha. Seeds and oil have a long history of folklore usage in various systems of medicines and food. The seeds of N. In Islamic literature, it is considered as one of the greatest forms of healing medicine. It has been recommended for using on regular basis in Tibb-e-Nabwi Prophetic Medicine. It has been widely used as antihypertensive, liver tonics, diuretics, digestive, anti-diarrheal, appetite stimulant, analgesics, anti-bacterial and in skin disorders. Extensive studies on N. Due to its miraculous power of healing, N. This is also revealed that most of the therapeutic properties of this plant are due to the presence of thymoquinone which is major bioactive component of the essential oil. The present review is an effort to provide a detailed survey of the literature on scientific researches of pharmacognostical characteristics, chemical composition and pharmacological activities of the seeds of this plant. Medicinal plants have been used for curing diseases for many centuries in different indigenous systems of medicine as well as folk medicines. Moreover, medicinal plants are also used in the preparation of herbal medicines as they are considered to be safe as compared to modern allopathic medicines. Many researchers are focusing on medicinal plants since only a few plant species have been thoroughly investigated for their medicinal properties, potential, mechanism of action, safety evaluation and toxicological studies. Among various medicinal plants, Nigella sativa N. And it is an important drug in the Indian traditional system of medicine like Unani and Ayurveda \[2\] , \[9\]. Among Muslims, it is considered as one of the greatest forms of healing medicine available due to it was mentioned that black seed is the remedy for all diseases except death in one of the Prophetic hadith. It is also recommended for use on regular basis in Tibb-e-Nabwi Prophetic Medicine \[3\]. It is also used as liver tonic, digestive, anti-diarrheal, appetite stimulant, emmenagogue, to increase milk production in nursing mothers to fight parasitic infections, and to support immune system \[4\] — \[9\]. Most of the therapeutic properties of this plant are due to the presence of thymoquinone TQ which is a major active chemical component of the essential oil. Black seeds are also used in food like flavoring additive in the breads and pickles because it has very low level of toxicity \[10\]. The flowers are delicate, and usually colored white, yellow, pink, pale blue or pale purple, with petals. The fruit is a large and inflated capsule composed of united follicles, each containing numerous seeds \[9\] , \[11\]. Macroscopically, seeds are small dicotyledonous, trigonus, angular, regulose-tubercular, Microscopically, transverse section of seed shows single layered epidermis consisting of elliptical, thick walled cells, covered externally by a papillose cuticle and filled with dark brown contents. Epidermis is followed by layers of thick walled tangentially elongated parenchymatous cells, followed by a reddish brown pigmented layer composed of thick walled, rectangular elongated cells. Inner to the pigment layer, is present a layer composed of thick walled rectangular elongated or nearly columnar, elongated cells. Endosperm consists of thin walled, rectangular or polygonal cells mostly filled with oil globules. The powder microscopy of seed powder shows brownish black, parencymatous cells and oil globules \[1\] , \[11\]. Many active compounds have been isolated, identified and reported so far in different varieties of black seeds. Black seeds also contain some other compounds in trace amounts. Seeds contain two different types of alkaloids; i. Moreover, N. Some other compounds e. Most of the pharmacological properties of N. On storage, TQ yields dithymoquinone and higher oligocondensation products. The seeds are also containing good amount of various vitamins and minerals like Cu, P, Zn and Fe etc. The seeds contain carotene which is converted by the liver to vitamin A. Root and shoot are reported to contain vanillic acid \[12\] , \[14\]. Black seeds and their oil have a long history of folklore usage in Indian and Arabian civilization as food and medicine \[11\] , \[23\]. The seeds have been traditionally used in Southeast Asian and the Middle East countries for the treatment of several diseases and ailments including asthma, bronchitis, rheumatism and related inflammatory diseases. A tincture prepared from the seeds is useful in indigestion, loss of appetite, diarrhoea, dropsy, amenorrhoea and dysmenorrhoea and in the treatment of worms and skin eruptions. Externally the oil is used as an antiseptic and local anesthetic. Roasted black seeds are given internally to stop the vomiting \[2\] , \[11\] , \[23\] , \[24\]. The extensive researches using modern scientific techniques were carried out by various researchers on N. A number of pharmacological actions of N. The antibacterial effect of ground black seeds was studied in a modified paper disc diffusion method. The inhibition obtained was higher with N. The positive inhibition may be attributed to the two important active ingredients of N. Different crude extracts of N. These isolates showed multiple resistances against antibiotics, specially the gram negative ones. Crude extracts of N. The most effective extracts were the crude alkaloid and water extracts. Gram negative isolates were affected more than the gram positive ones \[26\]. Antibacterial activity of N. All tested strains of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to ethanolic extract of N. It was showed that N. The antibacterial activity of TQ and its biofilm inhibition potencies were investigated on 11 human pathogenic bacteria. TQ prevented cell adhesion to glassslides surface \[29\]. Methanolic extracts of N. Aqueous extracts showed no antifungal activity. An intravenous inoculum of Candida albicans produced colonies of the organism in the liver, spleen and kidneys. Treatment of mice with the plant extract 24 h after the inoculation caused a considerable inhibitory effect on the growth of the organism in all organs studied. Khan et al. A 5-fold decrease in Candida in kidneys, 8-fold in liver and fold in spleen was observed in the groups of animals post-treated with the plant extract. These findings were also confirmed by Histopathological examination of the respective organs \[30\]. Antidermatophyte activity of ether extract of N. The MICs of the ether extract of N. These results denote the potentiality of N. The antiyeast activity of the black cumin seed quinines, dithymoquinone, thymohydroquinone, and TQ were evaluated in vitro with a broth microdilution method against six dairy spoilage yeast species. It was found that Antifungal effects of the quinones were compared with those of preservatives commonly used in milk products calcium propionate, natamycin, and potassium sorbate at two pH levels 4. The Ns-D1 and Ns-D2 defensins displayed strong divergent antifungal activity towards a number of phytopathogenic fungi \[33\]. When the NSO was given alone, it reduced the number of S. Infection of mice with S. These results suggest that NSO may play a role against the alterations caused by S. Results of in vitro testing of N. Disturbing of such enzymes of adult worms using N. The antioxidant and anti-schistosomal activities of the garlic extract AGE and NSO on normal and Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice was investigated. Result showed that, protection with AGE and NSO prevented most of the hematological and biochemical changes and markedly improved the antioxidant capacity of schistosomiasis mice compared to the infected-untreated ones. These results suggested that AGE and NSO may be promising agents to complement schistosomiasis specific treatment \[36\]. The antioxidant and antiarthritic activity of TQ in Wistar rat by collagen induced arthritis was evaluated. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antibacterial activities of the shoots, roots and seeds methanol extracts from N. The three organs exhibited strong antioxidant activity using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity method and a cell-based assay \[38\]. TQ has been shown to suppress the Fe-NTA-induced oxidative stress, hyperproliferative response and renal carcinogenesis in Wistar rats \[39\]. It was suggested that dietary supplementation of black seeds powder inhibits the oxidative stress caused by oxidized corn oil in rats \[40\]. The black seed oil and TQ by intraperitonial injection were found to shown protective effects on lipid peroxidation process during ischemia-reperfusion injury IRI in rat hippocampus \[42\]. Treating broiler chicks with black seed for 6 weeks prevented the liver from oxidative stress by increasing the activities of enzymes such as myeloperoxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, CAT, adenosine deaminase, myeloperoxidaseand bydecreasing hepatic lipid peroxidation \[43\]. The crude methanolic extract of black cumin seed cake was found to shown with significant antioxidant properties under in vitro systems \[44\]. The modulatory effect of TQ on erythrocyte lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during 1,2-dimethylhydrazine- DMH- induced colon carcinogenesis after initiation in male Wistar rats was investigated and The TQ pre-treatment restored the increased level of malondialdehyde and conjugated diene levels, and an augmentation of enzyme activities like CAT, glutathione peroxidase, and SOD activities due to exposure to DMH. TQ was a useful compound preventing DMH-induced erythrocyte damages \[45\]. For evaluation of glucose metabolism, fasting blood glucose, insulin, insulin sensitivity, HOMA, C-peptide, and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity were determined. The combination of 3 compounds significantly increased the level of insulin and C-peptide. The effects of N. Electron microscopy was used to identify any subcellular changes. Treatment of rats with N. Ultrastructurally, TQ ameliorated most of the toxic effects of streptozotocine STZ , including segregated nucleoli, heterochromatin aggregates indicating DNA damage , and mitochondrial vacuolization and fragmentation. The aqueous extract of N. The N. The biochemical and ultrastructural findings suggest that N. The protective effects of the volatile oil of N. The protective effect of N. It is evident that N. The antihyperglycemic potential of TQ on the activities of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin STZ -nicotinamide NA -induced diabetic rats was evaluated. The levels of insulin, Hb increased with significant decrease in glucose and HbA 1C levels. The altered activities of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes were restored to near normal. In a clinical study, the adjuvant effect of N. The Effect of N. The in vivo antidiabetic activity of N. Plasma lipid profile, insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels were assessed. ACC phosphorylation and Glut4 protein content were determined in liver and skeletal muscle. NSE animals showed a progressive normalization of glycaemia. It was also demonstrate that in vivo treatment with NSE exerts an insulin-sensitizing action by enhancing ACC phosphorylation, a major component of the insulin-independent AMPK signaling pathway, and by enhancing muscle Glut4 content \[54\]. In vitro study of TQ to determine whether or not TQ can increase survival and sustain the expression of the homing receptor CD62L in antigen-specific T cells. This is concluded that TQ has a beneficial effect in conditioning T cells in vitro for adoptive T-cell therapy against cancer and infectious disease \[55\]. The cytotoxic effects of different N. The study showed N. The antitumor and anti-angiogenic effects of TQ on osteosarcoma in vitro and in vivo were investigated. Results showed that TQ induced a higher percentage of growth inhibition and apoptosis in the human osteosarcoma cell line SaOS-2 compared to that of control, and TQ significantly blocked human umbilical vein endothelial cell tube formation in a dose-dependent manner. It was concluded that TQ effectively inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. The cytotoxicity of TQ in human cervical squamous carcinoma cells SiHa was investigated. TQ was found to be more cytotoxic towards SiHa cells compared to cisplatin. Cell cycle analysis performed by flowcytometer showed a significant increase in the accumulation of TQ-treated cells at sub-G1 phase, indicating induction of apoptosis by the compound. TQ was more potent than cisplatin in elimination of SiHa cells via apoptosis with down-regulation of Bcl-2 protein \[58\]. TQ was found to increase sub-G1 accumulation and annexin-V positive staining, indicating apoptotic induction. In addition, TQ activated caspases 8, 9 and 7 in a dose-dependent manner. It was also revealed in a study of the assessment of the chemo-preventive potential of crude oils in N. The treatment also significantly decreased the incidences and multiplicities of tumors in the lungs and in different parts of the alimentary canal, particularly the esophagus and fore stomach. It was shown that N. The potential immuno-modulatory effects of N. The study demonstrated that the aqueous extract of N. It was also evident that the aqueous extract of N. The results indicated that treatment with TQ down regulated MUC4 expression through the proteasomal pathway and induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells by the activation of c-Jun NH 2 -terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. The decrease in MUC4 expression correlated with an increase in apoptosis, decreased motility, and decreased migration of pancreatic cancer cells. Therefore, it was concluded that TQ has potential for the development of novel therapies against pancreatic cancer \[62\]. TQ alone was found to possess a weak anticancer constituent of black seeds oil. Derivatives with a short four-atom spacer between quinone and cyclic monoterpene moieties were more anti-proliferative than analogues with longer spacers. Compound 3a was also not a substrate for the P-gp and BCRP drug transporters of the resistant cancer cells. The caryophyllyl and germacryl conjugates 3e and 3f specifically inhibited the growth of the resistant MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells. Conjugation of TQ with the triterpene betulinic acid via the OH group as in 3g led to a loss in activity, while conjugation via the carboxylic acid afforded compound 4 with nanomolar IC 50 72 h activity against HL cells. All anticancer-active derivatives of TQ 1 induced apoptosis associated with DNA laddering, a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and a slight increase in reactive oxygen species \[63\]. It was revealed that unsaturated side chains conferred greater activities than equally long saturated chains. The conjugates are likely to operate by mechanisms different from that of TQ. For instance, 3 e induced distinct caspase-independent apoptosis in HL and A2 cells concomitant with a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and a subsequent rise in the levels of reactive oxygen species \[64\]. The administration of N. TQ suppressed the migration and invasion of Panc-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, metastatic model simulating human pancreatic cancer was established by orthotropic implantation of histologically intact pancreatic tumor tissue into the pancreatic wall of nude mice. And administration of TQ significantly reduced tumor metastasis compared to untreated control. TQ exerts anti-metastatic activity on pancreatic cancer both in vitro and in vivo , which may be related to down-regulation of NF-kappa B and its regulated molecules such as MMP-9 protein. Consequently, these results provide important insights into TQ as an anti-metastatic agent for the treatment of human pancreatic cancer \[66\]. The chemo-sensitizing effect of TQ and 5-fluorouracil 5-FU on gastric cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo is reported by Lei et al. Pre-treatment with TQ significantly increased the apoptotic effects induced by 5-FU in gastric cancer cell lines in vitro. TQ also enhanced the 5-FU-induced killing of gastric cancer cells by mediating the down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein bcl-2, the up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic protein bax, and the activation of both caspase-3 and caspase And further, the combined treatment of TQ with 5-FU represents a significantly more effective antitumor agent than either agent alone in a xeno-graft tumor mouse model. The mix glial cells, inflamed by lipopolysaccharide, were subjected to anti-inflammatory studies in the presence of various amounts of TQ and the alcoholic extracts. Results confirmed that TQ content of the callus of leaf was 12 times higher than that measured in the seeds extract. Studies on the inflamed rat mix glial cells revealed significant reduction in the nitric oxide production in the presence of 0. Osteoporosis has been linked to oxidative stress and inflammation. The studies on the anti-osteoporotic effects of N. It was revealed that N. Both NS and TQ have shown potential as anti-osteoporotic agent \[69\]. Inflammation has been identified as a significant factor in the development of solid tumour malignancies. Studies show that TQ, induced apoptosis and inhibited proliferation in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma PDA cells. The effect of TQ on the expression of different pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. At 24 h, Tq almost completely abolished the expression of these cytokines. HDAC inhibitors have been shown to ameliorate inflammation-associated cancer. TQ as a novel inhibitor of proinflammatory pathways provides a promising strategy that combines anti-inflammatory and proapoptotic modes of action \[70\]. This finding suggests that TQ has an anti-inflammatory effect during the allergic response in the lung through the inhibition of PGD 2 synthesis and Th2-driven immune response \[71\]. The seeds hexane fraction of the methanol extract showed significant anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting nitric oxide release with an IC 50 value of 6. A clinical trial study was conducted as prospective and double blind with descriptive analytic to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of N. The sample included 66 patients case and placebo with allergic rhinitis exposed to N. Individual characteristics, including age and sex, and characteristics of the disease, including nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy nose, and sneezing attacks, were evaluated for a period of 30 d The results show that N. The anti-allergic effects of N. The potential immunomodulatory effects of N. Results demonstrated that the aqueous extract of N. In addition, the aqueous extract of N. Finally, experimental evidence indicates that the aqueous extract of N. It was anticipated that N. Treatment intraperitoneal injection with five doses of methanolic extract for Black seed was found to enhance the total white blood cells count \[up to 1. These results confirmed the immunomodulatory activity of black seed, and may have therapeutical implications in prophylactic treatment of opportunistic infections and as supportive treatment in oncogenic cases \[75\]. The immunomodulating and cytotoxic properties of volatile oil of N. Long-Evans rats were challenged with a specific antigen typhoid TH and treated with N. These results indicated that the N. Chronic administration of oxytetracycline OXT incorporated at a level of 0. Coadministration of black seed at a level of 2. The addition of black seed to feed of pigeons could act as an immunoprotective agent when chronic administrations of antibiotics are considered \[4\]. The effect of TQ was tested on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis EAE animal model that mimic human multiple sclerosis. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein subcutaneously was used to induce chronic relapsing EAE. Daily oral administration of N. Potential immunomodulation effect of the extract of N. The effect of the extract of N. Treatment of sensitized animals with the extract of N. These results confirm a preventive effect of N. To determine the possible alleviating effect of N. All 4 treatments significantly decreased clinical scores of OVA-induced diarrhea. It was demonstrated that N. The acute at 4 and 18 h effects of diesel exhaust particles DEP on cardiopulmonary parameters in mice and the protective effect of TQ were investigated. At 18 h but not 4 h after giving DEP, there was lung inflammation and loss of lung function. At both 4 and 18 h, DEP caused systemic inflammation characterized by leucocytosis, increased IL-6 concentrations and reduced systolic blood pressure. SOD activity was decreased only at 18 h. DEP reduced platelet numbers and aggravated in vivo thrombosis in pial arterioles. In vitro , addition of DEP 0. TQ also prevented the decrease in platelet numbers and the prothrombotic events but not platelet aggregation in vitro \[79\]. The mechanism of gastroprotective effect of TQ was assessed. Thirty minutes later, pyloric ligation was carried out and followed consequently with ischemia for another 30 min, abided by reperfusion for min. TQ, especially the high dose level, corrected the altered parameters in a comparable manner to that of the reference drug used, omeprazole. In addition, when the low doses were combined they add to each other to reach the effect of the high dose of either drug. Besides the antioxidant property, TQ has novel gastroprotective mechanisms via inhibiting proton pump, acid secretion and neutrophil infiltration, while enhancing mucin secretion, and nitric oxide production \[80\]. The anti-ulcer potential of N. Anti-secretory studies were undertaken in a separate group of rats. Gastric wall mucus contents and non-protein sulfhydryl concentration were estimated, and gastric tissue was examined histopathologically. An aqueous suspension of black seeds significantly prevented gastric ulcer formation induced by necrotizing agents. It also significantly ameliorated the ulcer severity and basal gastric acid secretion in pylorus-ligated Shay rats. Moreover, the suspension significantly replenished the ethanol-induced depleted gastric wall mucus content levels and gastric mucosal non-protein sulfhydryl concentration. The anti-ulcer effect was further confirmed histopathologically. The anti-ulcer effect of N. These biochemical changes were accompanied by an increase in the formation of gastric lesions, which was reduced by either treatment. This indicates that both NSO and TQ possess gastroprotective effect against gastric lesions which may be related to the conservation of the gastric mucosal redox state \[82\]. TQ was found to protect gastric mucosa against the ulcerating effect of alcohol and mitigated most of the biochemical adverse effects induced by alcohol in gastric mucosa, but the effect of TQ was found to be a lesser than black seed whole. Both N. NEC was induced by enteral formula feeding, exposure to hypoxia-hyperoxia and cold stress. A study was designed to determine whether treatment with TQ prevents and ameliorates colonic inflammation in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease. In addition, biochemical analyses were conducted. The treatment of mice with TQ prevented and significantly reduced the appearance of diarrhea and body weight loss. These results were associated with amelioration of colitis-related damage, as measured by macroscopic and microscopic colitis scores. In addition, there was a significant reduction in colonic myeloperoxidase activity and malondialdehyde levels and an increase in glutathione levels. These findings suggest that TQ could serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease \[85\]. It is reported that N. Biochemical parameters like the serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase lactate dehydrogenase levels and total antioxidant capacity TAC , CAT, total oxidative status TOS , oxidative stress index OSI and MPO were determined in hepatic tissue in rats with hepatic ischemia. Results suggested that N. The effect of TQ pretreatment was examined in post-nuclear supernatant prepared from liver of Swiss albino mice under in vitro conditions. These results strengthen the hypothesis that TQ exerts modulatory influence on the antioxidant defense system on being subjected to toxic insult \[87\]. The nephro-protective effect of vitamin C and N. Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and antioxidant activity were measured as indicators of nephrotoxicity for all the groups of rabbits. It was revealed that vitamin C and N. When these two antioxidants were given as combination, they proved to have synergistic nephroprotective effect \[88\]. Recenty, it was observed that there is an inherent lack in regulation of renal organic anion and cation transporters in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. The effect of TQ on alterations in the renal expression of organic anion transporters and organic cation transporters, as well as multidrug resistance-associated proteins in rats treated with cisplatin was reported. Cisplatin-induced MDA and 8-isoprostane increase was found to be markedly reduced in rats treated with TQ. This is concluded that TQ synergizes with its nephroprotective effect against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in rats \[89\]. The protective effects of N. Serum urea and creatinine levels were also determined. Kidney tissue histopathology was also evaluated. Results revealed the protective effect of N. GM induced nephrotoxicity has been shown to involve the generation of oxygen free radicals. Nephrotoxicity was evaluated histopathologically and by measuring concentrations of urea, creatinine and total antioxidant status TAS in plasma and reduced GSH and TAS in kidney cortex. The effect of oral treatment of N. Treatments of rats with N. The results suggest that N. TQ supplementation prevents the development of GM-induced acute renal toxicity in rats. TQ was found to prevent the degenerative changes in kidney tissues against GM induced nephrotoxicity. The protective effects of NSO in the prevention of chronic cyclosporine A CsA -induced nephrotoxicity in rats were investigated. NSO significantly improved the functional and histological parameters and attenuated the oxidative stress induced by CsA. NSO protects kidney tissue against oxygen free radicals, preventing renaldysfunction and morphological abnormalities associated with chronic CsA administration \[94\]. Administration of N. Wienkotter et al. The trachea contractions induced by leukotriene-d 4 LT4 were inhibited by nigellone and by TQ. It was concluded that nigellone possesses an antispasmodic effect and an increase in mucociliary clearance but TQ do not have such effects. Therefore, it is suggested that nigellone but not TQ may be useful in treatment of different respiratory diseases \[97\]. The relaxant effects of four cumulative concentrations of n-hexane, dichloromethane, methanol and aqueous fractions of N. The results showed relaxant effect of most fractions from N. TR to methacholine, total white blood cell count of lung lavage, and differential white blood cell were done 14 d post exposure. The results showed a preventive effect of N. The possible beneficial effects of the seeds of N. Results showed that N. Data indicated a significant reduction in the activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase and a rise in surfactant protein D in lung tissue of different pulmonary aspiration models after N. It was concluded that N. The beneficial effects of NSO on rats with hyperoxia-induced lung injury were evaluated since oxygen-induced lung injury is believed to lead to the development of broncho-pulmonary dysplasia in premature infants. NSO significantly reduced the severity of lung damage due to hyperoxia \[\]. The prophylactic effect of boiled extract of N. Twenty-nine asthmatic adults were randomly divided into control group 14 patients and study group 15 patients , and they were studied for 3 months. Pulmonary function tests PFTs were also measured, and the drug regimen of the patients was evaluated at three different visits. However, in the control group, there were only small improvements in some parameters in just the second visit. The results of phase I study generally suggested a prophylactic effect of N. The anti-asthmatic bronchodilatory effect of the boiled extract of N. The onset of brochodilatory effect of extract was similar to that of theophylline beginning 30 min, and the effect of extract decline after min following administration similar to the effect of theophylline. The results of the this study showed that N. However, the effects of boiled extract of this plant on most measured PFTs were less than those of theophylline at concentrations used \[8\]. TQ treatment decreased TAC and prevented the increasein the myeloperoxidase activity. Light microscopy showed in mice that receiving methotrexate resulted in interstitial space dilatation, edema, severe disruption of the seminiferous epithelium and reduced diameter of the seminiferous tubules. Administration of TQ reversed histological changes of methotrexate significantly. It was suggested that TQ use may decrease the destructive effects of methotrexate on testicular tissue of patients using this agent \[\]. The aqueous and methanol extracts of defatted N. A long term administration of N. Repeated administration of N. The aqueous and methanol extracts of N. Open field and elevated plus maze models were selected for the evaluation of anxiolytic effect of drug. After four weeks of daily administration of drug, the rats exhibited an increase in open field activity. The drug also produced anti-anxiety effect in rats when tested in elevated plus maze. Brain and plasma levels of tryptophan also increased significantly following oral repeated administration of NSO. Therefore, it may be suggested that NSO is a useful choice for the treatment of anxiety \[\]. The role of GABAergic and nitriergic modulation in the antianxiety effect of TQ was investigated in mice under unstressed and stressed conditions. The effects of the above-mentioned drugs on plasma nitrite, a stable metabolite of nitric oxide and brain GABA content were also studied. Pre-treatment with methylene blue enhanced the antianxiety effect of TQ in both unstressed and stressed mice. In , Abdel-Zaher et al. Concomitantly, nitric oxide overproduction and increase in brain malondialdehyde level induced by repeated administration of tramadol to mice or by administration of naloxone to tramadol-dependent mice were inhibited by co-administration of the black seed oil. Also, the decrease in brain intracellular reduced glutathione level and glutathione peroxidase activity induced by both treatments was inhibited by co-administration of the oil. The increase in brain glutamate level induced by both treatments was not inhibited by concurrent administration of the oil. The inhibitory effect of N. Also, the inhibitory effect of the oil on naloxone-induced biochemical alterations in tramadol-dependent mice was enhanced by concurrent administration of dizocilpine. Similarly, concurrent i. On the other hand, these effects were antagonized by concurrent i. These results provide evidence that N. Neuroprotective effects of Aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of N. Locomotor activity and grip strength of animals were improved in both aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts pretreated rats. Infarct volume was also reduced in both extracts pretreated rats as compared with MCAO rats. An elevation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and a reduction in glutathione and antioxidant enzymes, viz. Pretreatment of N. The neuroprotective effects of both the extracts of N. The neuroprotective effects could be due to its antioxidant, free radical scavenging, and anti-inflammatory properties \[\]. The animals were then treated with curcumin, NSO or valproate for 21 d. Results indicated the anticonvulsant and potent antioxidant effects of curcumin and NSO in reducing oxidative stress, excitability and the induction of seizures in epileptic animals and improving some of the adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs \[\]. The antiepileptic effects of aqueous extract, fixed oil, volatile oil of N. The potential of these constituents to induce minimal neurological deficit MND was also evaluated by using chimney test. All of the N. Volatile oil and its component p-cymene effectively suppressed convulsions induced by MES. The antiepileptic effect of curcumin and N. Epilepsy was induced by i. They were then treated with curcumin, NSO or valproate for 21 d. Pilocarpine induced a significant increase in hippocampal aspartate and a significant decrease in glycine and taurine levels. In the cortex, a significant increase in aspartate, glutamate, GABA, glycine, and taurine levels was obtained after pilocarpine injection. Treatment of pilocarpinized rats with curcumin and valproate ameliorated most of the changes in amino acid concentrations and reduced the histopathological abnormalities induced by pilocarpine, while N. Oral administration of Hexane extract of N. While column fractions and sub-fractions of Hexane extract of N. At contraceptive dose, the active hexane extract exhibited only mild uterotrophic activity comparable almost to 0. The ethanolic extract of N. The antioxytocic properties of N. The volatile oil of N. Many toxicological studies have been carried out on N. It has been shown that no toxic effects were reported when N. In a chronic toxicity study rats treated daily with an oral dose for 3 months caused no changes in key hepatic enzyme levels particularly aspartate-aminotransferase, alanine-aminotranferase, and gammaglutamyl-transferase. Moreover, the histopathological results also showed to be normal for the tissues of heart, liver, kidneys and pancreas LD 50 values of fixed oil of N. The low toxicity of N. In another study, the LD 50 of TQ was found to be Whereas, LD 50 in rats was found to be The LD 50 values presented here after intra-peritoneal injection and oral gavages are times and times greater than doses of TQ reported for its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-cancer effects. These observations revealed that TQ is a relatively safe compound, particularly when given orally to experimental animals \[10\] , \[\]. There is a possibility that N. In vitro studies have shown that N. Further, the effect of N. Nigella enhanced amoxicillin availability in both in vivo and in vitro studies \[\]. The use of herbal drugs as complementary medicine is prevalent and gaining world wide popularity. Many drugs are derived directly from plants; while the others are chemically modified natural products. The original research articles published so far have confirmed the pharmacological potential of N. Further investigations are required to study the mechanism of actions of N. Chemical modifications in the molecular structure of TQ, alpha-hederin and other constituents of N. Moreover, further researches should focus and explore the specific cellular and molecular targets of various constituents of N. This review article is dedicated to all those researchers who are interested in focussing their research on this miracle herb and hope, this review article would help them in investigating and conducting further preclinical and clinical studies on the use of N. This article contains wide spectrum researches and authors well done to collect and compile current research data. The article is well written which includes current researches from all over the world. The scientific data in this article will help the researchers to get updated information about N. A detailed literature survey on N. Many researchers focus on Nigella due to its miraculous power of healing. There are tremendous researches on N. One can found many research articles in different peer reviewed journals. This review article is a good attempt to compilation researches in the recent past. A review on therapeutic potential of N. This article is well organized and presented in scientific manner. Most importantly, this article included recent advances on the topic. It is highly recommended to publish this article since it explains various new discoveries on mechanism of action, therapeutic potential about this miracle herb and let the world community knows about the scientific facts of this medicinal plant. The current review on Nigella provide the detailed scientific information of this medicinal plant. Due to its miraculous power of healing N. Extensive research studies on N. Conflict of interest statement: We declare that we have no conflict of interest. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. Find articles by Aftab Ahmad. Find articles by Asif Husain. Find articles by Mohd Mujeeb. Find articles by Shah Alam Khan. Find articles by Abul Kalam Najmi. Find articles by Nasir Ali Siddique. Find articles by Zoheir A Damanhouri. Find articles by Firoz Anwar. P, India E-mail: kamalbareilly yahoo. Received Mar 8; Accepted Apr All rights reserved. Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

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