Buying snow Kielce

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Buying snow Kielce

The accommodation must also take into account Jewish doctors, dentists, pharmacists and midwives. The Council of Jewish Elders will submit a report about the localization of these people to the poviat staroste. All Jewish shops on the above mentioned streets outside the Jewish district must be closed, with the exception of the Jewish companies that are under the management of the trust government. The Jews are entitled to take the shop equipment and to open new shops in the Jewish district. The men of the order service are to be distinguishable and their task is to maintain peace and order in the Jewish district and not allow the Jews to leave the district without written permission. However, the supervision of Jewish districts by the German and Polish police is also possible. Dreschel, the announcements by the mayor of Kielce, M. All Jews domiciled in Kielce must live in the Jewish district. Permanent absence of the Jews from the residential district is forbidden. The Poles living in the Jewish district must move out till Thursday, April 3, New flats shall be given by the Municipal Accommodation Office. Non-Jews who have not left their flats by that time shall be displaced by force and shall not be allowed to take any equipment or any goods to their new flats. The Jews living outside the Jewish district must move to the Jewish quarter till Saturday, April 5, It is permitted to take equipment, personal belongings and legally purchased goods. The Jews who have not moved to the Jewish quarter shall be displaced from Kielce by force and they shall not be allowed to take any equipment or goods, etc. Commercial rooms, workshops and other Jewish companies outside the Jewish district must be also moved unless they are under the management of the trustees. The companies under the management of the trustees are exempted from this obligation. Non-Jews are forbidden to give shelter to Jews. Not obeying this rule shall be punished by confiscation of flats. The residential district created by the strength of this decree is to be regarded as an open residential district as the access of non-Jews is, as a rule, not forbidden. The Jews are allowed to leave the Jewish district in commercial purposes as long as they have a permit with a photograph issued by my office. Applications for permits are to be tendered to my Office through the mediation of the Council of Jewish Elders with stating the motivation and attaching 2 photographs. The Jews employed in non-Jewish companies outside the Jewish district shall receive permits for group march out from their district to the place of work. The Council of Jewish Elders in Kielce should supervise the proper arrangement of the Jewish district, maintain order and control sanitary and social facilities. It is responsible for orderly carrying out all necessary ordinances. Not obeying this decree and other ordinances as well as executive decisions passed subsequently to this decree shall be severely punished and the property of the offenders shall be confiscated. That area was called the great ghetto. The small ghetto comprised St. Wojciecha Square inclusive. Wojciecha Street , 4 buildings on St. An analysis of the decree shows that the occupation authorities feared passive resistance of both the Jews and the Poles, who were also evicted. There must have been some reasons for threatening the Poles who helped Jews. On April 1, two announcements were hung on walls in Kielce. The assembly points have been fixed at: 1. Square near the St. Cross Church on the courtyard of priests Salesians , 6. Okrzei Street. The fare will be paid by people who this decree applies to. Apart from people also the equipment of flats, shops and workshops were to be moved. All that was left was lost. Similar problems had the Poles leaving the area intended for the Jewish population. This is how J. Through the window we could see that it was still deep night. Three or four men came in, civilians; they were speaking Polish. They noted the number of rooms and people. They left. My mom told me to write down the addresses of people whose flats were of similar size. The following day she took the addresses and left. We started packing. The embankment of the railway constituted the northern border of the ghetto. I remember the move very well. It was difficult for two horse carts to pass without the chaotically loaded furniture catching on each other. Our table lost one leg in this way. I picked it up from dirty water of gutter before it was squeezed by iron wheels. I remember that nobody shouted, nobody was angry, nobody hurled abuse. Everybody was filled with dread. We were paralyzed by the fear of the future. We were gripped with fear. What will happen now? Why are they separating the Jews from us? Are they going to kill us? Or them? Nobody knew the truth, everybody felt something cruel looming, heading towards us and everybody was silent. Everything was happening in terrifying silence. When we were leaving our flat on Piorkowska Street the Jewess asked my mother if she could leave big linoleum on the floor and if we could clean it not with water but with white paste, like parquet floor. It was a normal care of a good, neat housewife who still held hope that she would return but never could tread on her favorite carpet in red flowery patterns. Wallischowa's shop and the furniture of a Jewish attorney K. These goods were returned to the families of the murdered owners after the military operations stopped. Thanks to Mr X I not only managed to survive but also some other people who I shared my food with. Entering and leaving the isolated contagious area is forbidden. Permits and certificates are invalid. On the confined contagious area during the time of isolation the Jewish order service is under the Schutzpolizei Commander of the city of Kielce. Not complying with the decree shall be punished every time in accordance with the provisions of the law, according to the strictest rules, irrespective of a person. The conclusion is that the ordinance aimed at a complete isolation of the Jewish district from the rest of the city. The Jewish district was enclosed partly with a fence and partly with barbed wire. No entrance. Some offices of the Judenrat were moved from Orla to Okrzei Street, just like the seat of the order service. Not obeying this order will be punished according to the binding law. They occupied also Jewish flats, of course the best ones, in other places of the city. They should submit a filled in and signed form. Some people thought that the action aimed at separating the Jews from the Poles, which would automatically limit help given to the Jews, it would particularly impede getting food. According to others the ghetto gave a sense of security, the more that for some time the Germans were not allowed to enter that district. Because at the beginning the Jews cared for peace and order by themselves, some people joked that now it would be like in Tel Aviv. The only good thing was that we didn't see the Germans and weren't taken to labor. After 6 weeks the Poles started bringing food and we got into contact with the Arian part. The Jews who were coming from work used to bring food and other things. This is how it all started. She gave them food many times. The ghetto was fenced and the Germans were watching there. It was too dangerous. The situation was similar on other streets. Also private doctors' and attorneys' practices were liquidated. From Hipoteczna Street the family of doctor M. Pelc and the family of barber-surgeon S. Harkawi and dental technician Salomon Salomonowicz. Some factories couldn't be moved and therefore their owners had to give up the production. All kinds of social institutions had also to be moved. The old people's house and the orphanage on Poniatowskiego Street had to leave. The old people's house was moved to 24 Piotrkowska Street and the orphanage with children to Piotrkowkska, on the corner of 30 Okrzei Street. The Judenrat had also to be informed, on pains of liquidation of a company, about the current address of the workshop or the shop. For the purposes of the ghetto a post office was opened on its territory at 19 Radomska Street. One could phone all cities in Poland. It was possible to send parcels up to 2 kg on condition that one had a certificate of sanitary control. After the creation of the Jewish district the Department of Work undertook a great action of verifying addresses, preparing to potential German orders concerning the employment because the obligation to work was still valid for the Jews. The people were still looking for flats and rooms for their shops and workshops when the Judenrat was burdened with another serious problem connected with providing lodgings and food for about people. On April 12, a transport of Jews from Vienna reached Kielce. They were brought in solid Pullman cars with quite a lot of cash, clothes, food and medicine. They represented rich bourgeoisie and the intelligentsia. They were producers, merchants, musicians, doctors financiers for generations fully assimilated in their countries. They didn't speak Yiddish at all, which was widely spoken by the Polish Jews. They spoke mainly German or Czech, many of them knew French and English. The customs, clothes and behavior of the Kielce Jews evoked their surprise and reluctance. It soon turned out that they couldn't understand each other with the local people. The majority of them were unbelievers and tried to keep away from the representatives of Orthodox Judaism and Hassidism. They soon created their own compatriots' society and kept together. They were sure that they would return to Austria or Bohemia because on transporting them to the GG the Germans told them to buy return tickets. At the beginning the occupier treated this transport in a different way from the local Jews. Those who had money could freely look for a flat in the ghetto. The poorer were put up in the former school Bejs Jakow on Aleksandra Street. They weren't forced to work in local factories unless somebody wanted to do the work voluntarily. The Germans didn't impede their correspondence with families scattered around the world. It proved to be more difficult than contact with Austria or Bohemia. After several weeks the majority of the Jews transported to Kielce were moved to smaller towns, which even worsened the shock, especially among old, sick people. The death rate among them was enormous. There were several trains and they were all destined to Lublin and Majdanek. In her numerous letters to family living in different European countries she made interesting remarks about what was happening in Kielce. In August she died in gas chamber in Treblinka but her letters survived and were thoroughly collected by her family and printed. Educated in Switzerland, speaking several foreign languages, she was an acute observer of life. She had been to Paris, London and Moscow. After the Wehrmaht had occupied Vienna she moved to Prague, where she had her family. From there she was transported to Kielce. She lived in hope that she would return to live on the Danube. Relatively soon she managed to get into contact with her family, who helped her significantly sending money and parcels. Her letters value more than the memories because she wrote down the events in the ghetto when they were still fresh. Being not from Kielce she could see some phenomena more clearly than the Jews living there for ages. Of course, the censorship was a significant impediment therefore she used many metaphors. Not being able to write about the death she was writing about passing time, etc. Her letters broke some stereotypes about the ghetto. The Jewish district wasn't so isolated to prevent the Kielce Jews from knowing what was happening in the world. It took the letters days to get from Switzerland to Kielce, although it was war. It didn't take the parcels much longer. The Germans didn't limit their number. There were months when Zeisler received parcels with such rarities as oranges, figs, currants and sweets. Beside food she was also receiving books. It evoked great interest among the youth who often expressed their opinions there. Generally, in mid there were about Jews in the Jewish district in Kielce, including about from Austria, Germany and Bohemia. This is how M. I had some fears about the Jewish police already when it was created and my fears proved to be justified. I remember the following event: The Gestapo organized a round-up of Jews and a woman hid diamond earrings in her shoe. The Gestapo policeman couldn't find anything and went out to the neighbor; only a Jewish policeman stayed. The woman thought that she didn't have to be afraid of him and pushed the shoe further under the bed. He noticed it and called the Gestapo who found the earrings. She was sent to Auschwitz and her family soon received a certificate of her death. The Jewish police obeyed all orders of the Gestapo. Officially people were given gram of bread every second day. The help was scarce. There was a Jewish Committee of Mutual Aid but its activity was too weak. There was also court of conciliation which dealt with disputes concerning flats and money. Special measures were taken when a member of the Judenrat or a policeman was offended. The accused person was taken to the side then and battered in the darkness. The privileged position of the Judenrat and the Jewish police caused bitterness among the Jewish masses. Hunger, coldness and forced labor led the Jewish population to despair. Severe sorrows and constant waiting for the death causes indifference. There were no schools. Very few children were learning privately. There were some lectures and a few football matches. There were blackmailers and informers who swindled Jews out their money or told the Germans where goods were hidden. One was afraid of another. The golden thread of ethics and Jewish decency broke. Corruption started after doctor Pelc was removed and sent to Auschwitz. A certificate of his death was sent to Kielce. Newly appointed Lewi was a native of Kielce Jew and tried to fully please the Germans. There was still no religious life. The prayers were taking place in private houses. The religion had little influence on the masses and didn't protect them from extermination. The war with Russia and America even worsened our situation. They started beating communist Jews for who in their view should be wiped out. Usually after 9 p. People gathered for prayers or visited one another to relieve stress after a day of humiliation. Serious worries, constant waiting for the death caused indifference. Only as late as in February there was some information about artistic performances, though, prepared by amateurs. People were becoming listless. The main aim of most activities was getting food and fuel in winter, sometimes also medicine. Bread was the most important topic of every day, in the course of time even more important than human life. And here are remarks about the Kielce ghetto in letters of G. Zeisler from June to December We haven't still received parcels form the Protectorate. Usually our discussions enter around food and high prices, etc. From time to time we touch upon a really interesting subject or Mrs. The prices are still growing, I receive only a half of the parcels sent by friends and to make the matters worse, I'm still worrying how to get an allowance of solid fuel. If only I stood a chance of getting a job. But unfortunately, it's rather impossible for a woman. One of my friends tried to dig potatoes one day. Although she is a very diligent worker and younger than I she had to give up. She was exhausted in the evening and destroyed her last clothes and shoes. The world looks very gloomy. At the beginning I used to take their part because they are very unhappy, just like us. But the longer I am here the less I understand them. Only the children are charming in spite of that all. It caused constant problems with accommodation and food prices increase. Some people were looking for a job. They didn't get any money and were taken to the ghetto for night. He distinguished himself in brutal treating the workers, especially Jews. The information about the working conditions was falsified on purpose. They provide full board and daily remuneration or piece-work. Transport to the place of work and return for Sunday by company cars. The Council of Jewish Elders in Kielce provides the volunteers with 1 kg of bread weekly. The registration will be done by Department V at 4 Orla Street in office hours. For 12 hours people employed in the so called werk C were scooping hot trotyl with buckets and pouring it into the missiles. The vapors of picric acid were destructive. At every table there were several controllers with whips who supervised fast work. It would be possible to sit while cleaning the grenades but so as to torture them more the Jews weren't allowed to use chairs, the number of which was sufficient in the hall. The legs were heavy and swollen hands couldn't keep up with the killing pace of work. Any rest was out of question, a product was passed on from hands to hands and they were hurried to carry out the norm. In June the Jewish society was struck by another event. Doctor M. Pelc was arrested for conspiratorial activity, among other thing for falsifying Arian documents and organizing escapes of Jews from the town. The day after the arrest of M. Pelc the Gestapo detained doctor Gerszon Harkkawi, who during the defense war in had been a doctor of the 3. In secret, my father was kept for three weeks in prison and then sent to Auschwitz, just like Pelc. Two days before the transport I saw doctor Pelc accompanied by two SS-men in the city, he was all in blood. After three weeks they received a telegramme from Auschwitz that my father and doctor Pelc died of pleurisy. They both had always enjoyed good health. Pelc came to the camp with Radom transport on July 30, together with doctor M. Ill M. Pelc was laid on the floor and an SS-man put his foot on his throat crushing it. I think that both men were drunk and behaved in a very noisy manner. Both Jewesses went to the. The Nazis wanted to force them into the cart and take them in indecent purposes. The women opposed. Suddenly Lewi hit Geruf Mayer in the face. Both Nazis began beating the Jewesses, kicking them with their shoes; the women fell on the ground. He went with her to the flat where her husband was praying. There was frost and snow outside. The streets we were going along smelled awfully because of the gutters, into which in those times all sewages were poured. We were passing terribly ragged people who were with serious faces moping about like shadows. From the distance we could ear hysterical screaming of a battered man and the bark of police dogs. Only after an hour of wandering around did an old Jewess show us a secret exit. When we got out of that hell, we had sweat on our foreheads. Celer wrote about E. One night he dragged them from their houses, ordered to go outside on the street and shot them with his people. Under the accusation of a communist activity the Gestapo shot in their flat Abram, Estera and Szloma Gryszpan on November 13, After a short investigation they were all sent to extermination camps. Between May and December 68 Jews were punished with fines of 25 to zloty for smuggling food to the ghetto. When it turned out to be not effective enough 4 policemen were shot because it was proved that they turned a blind eye to smuggling. After that event the Jewish police became exceptionally vigilant. However, the hunger forced people to risk contacts with the Poles. It can be proved by the fact that the authorities warned people from standing in groups near the gates and fences of the ghetto. Trade associations tried to improve the situation. The craftsmen opened a soup-kitchen for the poorest and at the end of June they were giving already about soups. The workers followed them and also decided to start their own soup-kitchen. In July , because the number of people who needed help increased due to the policy of the occupier aiming at starving the Jews to death, the Jewish Mutual Aid opened another soup-kitchen at 10 Cicha Street. The right to use the kitchen number 3 have in the first place those people who haven't profited so far form the Social Care. People receiving dry products from the Social Care can exchange them for prepared meals. Those were small companies employing people working mainly for the needs of the Jewish inhabitants. The Germans and the Judenrat were using that. Full board, flat and piece-work or daily remuneration provided. Volunteers will be given additionally by the Council of Jewish Elders 1 kg of bread per person a week. Volunteers will be given by the Council of Jewish Elders in Kielce 1 kg of bread weekly. On the other hand these advertisements mean that the Jewish society was conscious that the offered work was the worst, heaviest and the most dangerous one. Otherwise, there would have been more volunteers than places. At the end of other restrictions were introduced for the Jewish population. In the same way shall be punished people who give shelter to Jews. Inciters and assistants are liable to the same punishment as the perpetrator; any attempt shall be punished in the same way as a carried out deed. In minor offences severe imprisonment or prison will be adjudged. The verdicts are given by Special Courts. Any leaving the ghetto could be done only on the base of a permit given by the poviat staroste or the municipal staroste. In the same way will be punished those who give them shelter. Therefore it was decided to keep order in the occupied area of Kielce. Having finished that task the Department started ordering the streets and doing, with a lot of effort, building works necessary in the newly created district in order to make possible foot and wheel traffic between different parts of the district. The Social Insurance was reactivated, which had now its seat at 17a Okrzei Street. Doctor J. Lewinson was appointed head doctor. The office hours were from to and from to People coming for consultation had to show an identity card of the Insurance and a certificate from the place of work. It didn't apply to the youth under It wasn't very difficult to find a doctor in the ghetto. There were doctors, barber-surgeons, dentists, dental technicians. It someone had money it was easy to have all kinds of examination. It was much worse with medicine which had to be smuggled from the Polish side. The Judenrat hoped that in the course of time it would manage to create Jewish education. Therefore they were registering the youth and keeping lists of teachers. Unfortunately, the talks with the Germans didn't bring any results. The only official courses were nurses' courses. There were no restrictions in this matte because those people were to protect the district from epidemics of contagious diseases, which the Germans were afraid of. The only thing that could be done was self-education. After closing the ghetto it was more difficult because Jewish bookshops were destroyed. From the letters of G. Zeisler we know that the Kielce residents asked the Vienna residents for help, for sending children's books to the ghetto. On 26 of this month I received a parcel with books for children, which caused great joy among my friends. It worked in the workshops at 2 Warszawska Street. People who had the so called Arian documents participated in secret courses covering the programme of high school, which allowed them to take part in secret university courses. In this way Icek Mincberg and Maria Machtynger studied medicine. On a common meeting it was decided that the Kielce Jewish hospital would admit ill Jews from towns and villages near Kielce and in return the Judenrats over there promised to provide for food. Because it was quite difficult, in practice people were directed to the Kielce hospital only during epidemics of contagious diseases. The first satisfaction of the Jewish society, which cost them dearly, though, came in December , when in Russian frost and snow ended the German dream about Blitzkrieg. They were to be sent to the front. Not handing over the fur coats would be punished with death. The Kielce Judenrat ordered to send the coats to its seat, from where they were transported to stores organized in the bishop's palace. When talking about another German action, this time a spectacular one must be mentioned. That action aimed at ridiculing the Jews and constituted a sensation on the country's scale. In June names of 58 streets were changed in Kielce. Some new names were related to the year-old tradition of the Reich and weren't allowed to be translated into Polish. Letters and parcels with old addresses were sent back. The children were collecting bread and other articles and coming back through cracks in the fence. Caught by the Germans they were tortured by them, kicked and battered over the whole body including the face and the food was seized from them. I saw children beaten with barrels of the guns and kicked in the face. She stood lurking next to a sack filled with bread. She was surprised seeing me and asked me to carry the sack to the other side of the street, which I didn't feel like doing at all. But on the other side there were people waiting behind the barbed wire fence with stretched out arms. I couldn't stand the expression of their eyes and hastily started giving bread to the arms. A moment later I heard the steps of gendarmes patrolling the street. In the ghetto they worked in tailor, shoemaker and carpenter's workshops. In one house lived 2 or 3 Jewish families. In one room lived even 10 people. The Poles were bringing them food in secret. There was hunger and epidemics. There were many cases of death of hunger. On the pretext of controlling illegal trade the Germans stole the most valuable things. According to the testimony of Kazimierz Misiek, a Schutzpolizei functionary Mathias Rumpel was selling stolen jewelery and valuables on a mass scale. For many of them the winter of was tragic. Because there were more and more people in need the chairman of the Judenrat, at the same time the president of the Jewish Caring Committee, H. Lewi, appealed to the Jewish society for help and support to the action of collecting clothes. Every cold and thirsty poor Jew can get a mug of hot coffee and warm his or her hands by the fire. The points are located in different places of the Jewish Residential Area and it is needless to say how popular they are. Crowds of people gather around these primitive stoves to drink something hot. The Council of Jewish Elders in Kielce plans to use portable field kitchens instead of the improvised stoves, which will allow an increase in the amount of coffee. The price of the stamps varied between 10 grosz and 1 zloty. Each patron could choose 4 people to help them, who were to control the beat and give immediate help. At the same time richer families were reprimanded that it was their duty to support the poor. They were even threatened with sanctions, such as forced payments. The Judenrat allocated zloty or winter help and organized a collection of money. The threats didn't bring, however, any results even when the number of the Jewish order service was demonstratively increased by 30 men. The Jews were obliged to pay the following taxes: personal, special, local, compensatory, hospital and of winter help. Most of them fell into arrears with the payments. The Germans didn't pay the Jewish workers for their work preferring to remunerate them with a bowl of water-like soup. The majority of people had already sold everything they could. They didn't pay for their flats, then, and didn't have enough money for fuel. However, the Judenrat kept trying to force the Jews to give their last money. The whole amount for the rent and water must be paid within March this year. Not complying with these requirements shall be punished with executive measures, such as seizure of movables. Two officials of the Department of Building and Agriculture were ordered to carry out the registration. In March a detailed registration was made of people employed in factories outside the ghetto. After this action all craftsmen domiciled in the Jewish district were registered. The following professions had to report for registration: brewers, maltsters, millers, weavers, tanners, soap producers, saddlers, printers, stenotypists, dental technicians, glass-blowers, painters, glass-cleaners, pattern-makers. Many people were killed on the spot and the rest were sent to Auschwitz. Very few Jews were officers, unless they were doctors, so many doctors were killed at that time. The following people died then: Schatz, Schmeterling; Marek Rozenberg died as a communist, dentist Hescheles, who wasn't from Kielce, was sent to Auschwitz. I don't remember exactly who else died, but I'm sure that a lot of people. My cousin who was a reserve officer but not a doctor was also arrested. After the latter one no other serious action was carried out in Kielce till the displacement. Rozenberg was shot by M. Rumpel himself. Also L. They took, as they always did during such actions, a few Jewish policemen who guided them to the given address. When they came to take my dad I was sure that it was a mistake and that they would take him to the headquarters to interrogate him and that he would be released. He was such a quiet man. They didn't take much trouble with my father. They didn't even send him to Auschwitz. Thy shot my daddy downstairs in the courtyard. He was Strumw indicates that in the ghetto people were murdered not for an anty-German activity but just because they were Jews. Also Sz. Afterwards he got to Auschwitz. In memories of surviving Jews striking is the fact that those who survived have a lot of reservations about the behavior of the Jewish order service, which had been in good graces of the Germans till the liquidation of the Jewish district. The ceremony was opened by the speech and report for the previous year held by commandant Bruno Schindler. After his speech president Lewi rose to speak wishing the Order Service good results at work. Next, by the order of the day 15 members of the Order Service were promoted. The number of members was increased from 85 to The official part was followed by artistic performances of amateurs, mainly from the Order Service. The whole ceremony was impressive thanks to good organization of Herman, Kopel and Albirt. At the end superintendent Schindler arranged a collection of money for the President H. Lewi orphanage. Indeed, some statements of its members as well as the orders it gave indicate that the Council agreed with all German orders. The charges who do not report to work at the call of the Department V of Work will be deprived of the right to use the Social Welfare, irrespective of eventual bringing them to work. I couldn't break the language barrier. Not mentioning the fact that I've lost 1,5 kg again. Work combined with malnutrition leads to fast passing of time. Our horizon is shrinking every day. The atmosphere of fear, insecurity of coming days and depression was killing even the local people, after all more immune to life difficulties. On February 27 took place the funeral of Etla Zagajska, the wife of H. When the Jews learnt about his death an hour of mourn was proclaimed and the work was suspended in Jewish workshops. Rapoport held a speech for the 1st time in public as well as the chairman of the Judenrat H. A few days afterwards the son of the dead rabbi was elected his successor, who also lived in the ghetto with his family. His activity was always characterized by honesty and energy of spirit. He was the head of all institutions in the city and was particularly active in creating religious education. In thanks to his help started the building of a new school, the end of which he didn't live to see. In the deceased the Jewish society is losing an honest and irreplaceable man. Peace to his memory. As a merchant he distinguished himself with his active philanthropic help. No poor or needy could leave her house without help. Hirszman was the mother of a Judenrat member all its members participated in the funeral. In the penalty for leaving the ghetto illegally was death. They were executed in the prison area on Zamkowa Street. All that was left after him was a massacred piece of body. I saw with my own eyes the Germans shoot them. Blima Fryd and Maria Dajbog were shot on the spot. In spring the Gestapo policeman M. Rumpel shot two girls on the courtyard of the Schutzpolizei because he caught them going by railway without a permit. A German gendarme was on duty there. He took the boy's legs and killed him by hitting his head against the wall so heavily that the head burst. All we can do is to close our eyes and ears so as not to go mad. For Jewish children in the ghetto the Gestapo and murders were normal phenomena and normal life was beyond their comprehension. The kid was becoming wild playing with other children in the dirty and smelly streets of the Kielce ghetto. He didn't know at all what was music, games, sports stadium, swimming in summer and skiing in winter, walks among pine trees surrounding Kielce. He didn't know at all what school was. People were becoming less afraid of death but were much more frightened by the perspective of coldness, diseases and hunger. Particularly hard was the situation of people parted from their families, the old and the lonely. The letters of G. Zeisler written between March and August reflect that situation. I'm happy that my husband isn't here. It's easier to take care of yourself. Unfortunately, there was not much. The Jews from Vienna were glad when they received letters and especially parcels. Their arrival meant food, clothes and books. A part of that was sold. However, the majority of the Jews were deprived of that, even though they try to keep wide correspondence. It was the first music I could hear after ages. It was rather amateur but what a wonderful change was it for me. The first staves of the music after such a long time brought me to tears. The two events are prepared thoroughly with a lot of work and effort. In the concerts perform very talented artists, amateurs of our city, such as R. Mincowa and A. Szmulewicz and H. The proceeds of the concerts will go to the Winter Help. Zeisler wrote about that in her letter. Almost all members of the Grostals and Gringrases played various instruments very well. People were looking for oblivion in books. His opinions are indeed right. Not only I but also my friends liked them. Because the Great Synagogue in Kielce was devastated the Jews created illegal prayer house at 6 Okrzei Street where they used to meet in the evenings. They had to be very careful, though, because the occupier persecuted praying Jews. In the Circuit Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation in Kielce was doing several investigations against the former functionaries of the German police. Some testimonies concerned also the ghetto. Here are the most important ones. It was a common knowledge that the Schutzpolizei was responsible for the Jewish ghetto. They supervised the ghetto, entered the ghetto most often and murdered people there. The victims were driven from the cars to a wooden building the so called Jewish mangle on the Jewish cemetery. From there the Jews were taken in pairs, usually a man and a woman. They were told to strip naked and put their clothes on a pile in one place. Next the victims were escorted by four Germans: two behind and two on the sides to the verge of the hole. Then the Germans killed them with a series from automatic gun. Quite often the victims that fell into the hole were only injured. When all Jews had gone through their last way the Germans carrying out the execution covered the killed ones with a thin layer of sand and called the Jewish workers to fill up the hole. The frequency of executions on the Jewish cemetery decreased when a cemetery was created in the ghetto. This phenomenon intensified after the first defeats on the eastern front. Oh God, put an end to this shame! Among the intelligentsia this kind of propaganda caused disgust, we were aware of the fact that the Germans hated both the Jews and us. And hunger weakens physical and mental endurance. This decree was explained by the fact that the Polish population wasn't fulfilling the contingent but knowing the hypocrisy of German propaganda it was hard to believe. The youth protested against the passivity of the older generation. In the course of time people knew what Treblinka meant. The information came from different sources, also from the Germans. It was spread by railway men coming back from Radom. It was a shock for many people. The majority thought, though, that the situation would be different in Kielce. The Judenrat was maintaining these illusions convincing the Jews that they could prove with their effective work that the Germans needed them. Some, however, decided to risk an escape from the ghetto. It was unlikely that they could succeed. It was The Germans were ruling from the Pyrenees to Stalingrad and small partisans units couldn't accept greater numbers of refugees. However, an escape gave a chance of surviving whereas in the ghetto such possibility practically didn't exist. Table of Contents. Next Page ».

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The stationary and Internet stores have a very wide range. This has not always been the case. S ki equipment availability patterns have changed over the years. The market has changed over the last 25 years in an extremely interesting way. The nineties, regardless of the economy sector are associated with the open air market and the exchange shopping. The same applies to the winter sports equipment. The unprecedented opportunity to buy the ski equipment abroad and bring to Poland caused that the stock market was packed with previously unavailable brands. At the same time small ski services which had been in business for years broadened their offer by selling new and second-hand models. The end of the s and the beginning of the s saw the large and world-wide stores of global brands open all over Poland. These also expanded their offer by selling winter equipment. Skiing business was in the middle of the revolution, with a complete geometry and skis construction change. The so-called carving skis triggered a massive movement to reach for new ski equipment. That was the driving force for the ski market development. Stock exchanges were in their renaissance again. Interestingly, this was the time when exchange and open market traditions in other industries were almost extinct. Poles also began to visit stationary ski shops and many sellers who had had their stands at the ski open-air markets decided to run parallel specialist stores. Customers started looking for better, more advanced equipment. The Internet revolutionized our communication and offerred a breakthrough in commerce, i. Stationary sales points have faced a new competitive channel - online sales. Many e-stores opened and went into business in parallel with the ski shops of regular nature. From now on it was easy to check the price of the competitors, find an opinion …. In a short time the role ski exchange role was marginalized, today these sales channels focus more on used equipment. The number and overall profitability of stationary ski shops also decreased. A few years before they were successful without any Internet competition. There are other large players in the market - these combine online and offline stores. The changes have taken place in recent years and have changed the stores and customers perception. Today, the customer enjoys a greater choice and thus can pay less for the equipment. You can check the opinion on a particular model on the Internet and compare its prices, any time, anywhere. It is no longer the seller that is the only source of knowledge regarding the equipment. Today the store is closer to skier. Stores should also be present on the slope. Quite of: Jacek Mieszczak, A stationary ski shop, an online store or a ski exchange? Where do Poles buy equipment? We collect cookies to improve the quality of browsing our website, display personalized content, and tailor advertisements so you won't see what doesn't interest you. Cookies also allow us to analyze traffic on our website, understand where our users come from, what they browse, and what they may be looking for. You have the option to adjust cookie settings and reject certain types. There is also the option to delete all already saved cookie files from your device. However, this may result in the loss of access to some features of our website. If you have any questions, please contact us. To learn more, visit our Privacy Policy. Without these cookie files, we cannot guarantee the provision of services on our website. They can be used, for example, to preserve language preferences or remember login data. For instance, they may monitor time spent on the site or visited subpages, aiding us in understanding how we can improve our website. It's worth noting that information collected by these cookies does not allow for the identification of specific users. If you delete or disable these cookie files, ads will still appear, but they may be less tailored to your interests. Homepage About Us News. Skiing in Poland is one of the most comm sports. About 3 million Poles are believed to visit the mountains every year. Business beginnings The nineties, regardless of the economy sector are associated with the open air market and the exchange shopping. Ski revolution The end of the s and the beginning of the s saw the large and world-wide stores of global brands open all over Poland. Internet and new possibilities The Internet revolutionized our communication and offerred a breakthrough in commerce, i. What does it look today? Accept all Accept only essential cookies Settings. Allow all Accept.

Buying snow Kielce