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Cannabis is a genus of plant that contains three varieties: Cannabis indica , Cannabis sativa , and Cannabis ruderalis. It is a flowering herb with a long, rich history of medicinal, recreational, nutritional, and industrial use throughout the world. With some countries, including Canada, having legalized cannabis, there has been a recent surge of worldwide attention on the plant. There is increasing interest in seeing the plant legalized for medicinal and recreational purposes in other countries and increasing excitement about the possibility of research on the medicinal uses and safety of cannabis, which legalization would make more accessible. The cannabis plant originated in central Asia, where people first discovered it at least 12, years ago, during the early days of agriculture. Initially, they would use cannabis by eating the nutritious seeds and creating rope and textiles from the hemp stalks. However, the first written record of medical cannabis use in China was nearly 5, years ago. Over the years, cannabis use spread across the continent and then the world, and many peoples continued to use it to treat a variety of ailments. Ancient Egyptians used cannabis to treat hemorrhoids and ease childbirth. Evidence from India shows documents dating back thousands of years praising its ability to decrease anxiety and increase happiness. There is evidence in many parts of the world of medicinal use of cannabis, but even more evidence of industrial use, with importance placed on hemp textiles. Throughout the 19 th century, it was a popular remedy in the United States. Consumers could purchase cannabis tinctures and other preparations from pharmacies, and use these products to treat a range of ailments. These included gastrointestinal diseases, mental illnesses, nausea, headaches, insomnia, asthma, epilepsy, menstrual cramps, and many other symptoms, diseases, and disorders. However, by the 20 th century, cannabis began to fall out of favour in North America. In , Canada was one of the first countries to add cannabis to its list of prohibited drugs, leading to a year prohibition on cannabis, ending upon legalization in October Throughout the mid th century, researchers found and isolated a variety of cannabinoids, allowing them to understand more about the function of cannabis. Subsequent research on this receptor led to the discovery of anandamide, a neurotransmitter that activated some of the same receptors as cannabis. In , researchers discovered another receptor in the endocannabinoid system, as well as more of these unique neurotransmitters. In , Canada introduced the Medical Marijuana Access Regulations, allowing individuals with certain diseases to access government-issued cannabis if their physician recommended it and they met established criteria. In and , two separate bills were introduced by the federal government with the goal of decriminalizing small amounts of cannabis, but neither of these succeeded. While public opinion of cannabis has gone through many shifts, in recent years, public interest in Canada has continued to grow. Now, with legalization of cannabis in Canada as of , we hope to see more research, dialogue, and deeper understanding of how cannabis works in humans. Cannabis is composed of many different substances, and more than of these are what we call cannabinoids. These, possibly along with other compounds known as terpenes, are responsible for the effects of cannabis. Cannabinoids most likely work by interacting with a complex system in the body called the endocannabinoid system ECS. Our bodies naturally produce a family of neurotransmitters called endocannabinoids, which interact with receptors located in the brain, muscles, fat, and digestive tract. These receptors are called cannabinoid receptor type 1 CB 1 and cannabinoid receptor type 2 CB 2. Scientists only recently found evidence of the ECS when they discovered CB 1 in , so research is still ongoing into exactly how it functions. However, most data find that it helps our bodies regulate pain, mood, appetite, gastrointestinal motility, memory, emotions, stress response, immune function, and more. When a person ingests the plant-based cannabinoids in cannabis, which are similar molecular shapes to endocannabinoids, they fit into the CB 1 and CB 2 receptors and trigger reactions that result in either very high or very low levels of specific neurotransmitters, which the cells of the nervous system, as well as other systems in the body, use to communicate with each other. The ECS is very important when it comes to medicinal cannabis, because changes in how the ECS functions might have an important relationship to the pathology of chronic conditions and could be tied to the efficacy of cannabinoids. The two most important cannabinoids, and the two that typically compose the majority of cannabinoids in cannabis, are deltatetrahydrocannabinol THC and cannabidiol CBD. THC is also the primary source of the negative psychological effects associated with cannabis use, such as irritability, anxiousness, and paranoia. CBD can help reduce convulsions, nausea, and inflammation. It might also lessen some of the negative symptoms associated with THC, especially anxiety and paranoia. When we develop cannabis to grow tall and strong with thick fibrous stalks that are low in THC we typically refer to it as hemp. People mostly use hemp seeds for food and its fibres for industrial purposes, such as for creating textiles and building materials, or for extracting CBD for medicine. When we breed it to have lush leaves and flowers that are high in cannabinoids, we use the flower buds for medicinal or recreational purposes. Some people refer to cannabis used this way as marijuana. Typically, Cannabis ruderalis is very low in cannabinoids, and only used for hemp. Plant breeders have created innumerable strains of cannabis, each of which has a different combination of cannabinoids, with variable potency results. The list of conditions that cannabis is purported to treat or cure is very long, and continues to grow, but the research is still lacking in many areas. This is largely due to cannabis being both stigmatized and illegal in most parts of the world for the past century, so research might increase as legalization becomes more commonplace. It is also difficult for researchers to conduct double-blind studies for most cannabis products because subjects might be able to determine whether they are on the active therapy or placebo. However, current research indicates that some conditions may be clinically improved by cannabis use. These include inflammatory bowel disease , multiple sclerosis, neuropathic pain , nausea and vomiting caused by cancer or chemotherapy, pediatric seizure disorders, and a wide variety of other illnesses. Here, we will focus on gastrointestinal symptoms and conditions that might be ameliorated by cannabis. Some research suggests that the ECS might play a role in gut health. In addition, research shows that levels of anandamide, an endocannabinoid, are much lower in the inflamed gut mucosa of those with IBD than in healthy gut tissue. Early research on the effects of cannabis on IBD is quite promising, but we still have far to go before we can definitively say that cannabis is an effective treatment for IBD. For example, before using cannabis, each individual took some sort of prescription medication to treat their disease. When using cannabis, nine individuals were able to cease all prescription medication use. They also reported a drop in daily bowel movements from eight to five per person, as well as a slight decrease in the number of surgeries required. However, the changes in more objective measurements such as surgery and prescription medication records point to the possibility that cannabis was quite beneficial for these individuals. It should be noted that individual responses can vary. You should discuss your specific situation with your physician and pharmacist prior to stopping any medication you take for a chronic condition. After this time, all the patients had smoked the full 50 g, and they saw improvements in their health. The subjects experienced significant improvement in pain, health perception, depression, social functioning, and ability to work. They also had an average weight gain of 4. These researchers support the idea that the benefits were the result of cannabinoids having anti-inflammatory, anti-motility, and analgesic effects. With only 13 participants, this study is too small to come to generalizations about most people, but it does show that cannabis might be effective for some individuals with IBD. However, the fact that the subjects knew they were taking the therapy may also have had an impact on their perception of improvement. It might be limited only to pain relief and increased appetite, but it might also help by reducing inflammation. We need more research on the topic before we can know for sure how cannabis affects IBD. While most research on cannabis and the gastrointestinal tract focuses on IBD, it might be helpful for individuals with other digestive illnesses. For instance, it seems to universally be effective at reducing abdominal pain. It can be especially useful for individuals taking opioid medications for abdominal pain, as research shows that cannabis helps patients cut down on or eliminate their need for opioids and provides a treatment with fewer side effects. Cannabis also helps individuals who have a difficult time eating enough by increasing appetite and it can help reduce diarrhea and nausea. There is quite a bit of evidence for many of these symptoms, so if you think cannabis might be useful for you, please consult your healthcare team to discuss the benefits and risks associated with its use. While cannabis seems to provide many benefits, it does have its drawbacks and side effects. Short-term side effects those that only affect you while the cannabinoids are in your body at higher levels can include short-term memory impairment, diminished motor skills, decreased reaction times, fatigue, anxiety, panic, increased heart rate, increased or decreased blood pressure, and dry mouth. These effects can make activities such as driving and operating large machinery dangerous, so avoid cannabis before any activity that requires quick thinking and sharp reflexes. Long-term side effects those that affect you after consistent cannabis use can include depression, anxiety, and dependence on or addiction to cannabis products. If you typically consume cannabis by smoking it, other long-term effects, including chronic cough, bronchitis, and lung infections, can also occur. You can avoid these effects by choosing other methods of administration, such as vaporization, ingestible oils, oral sprays, and capsules. In some cases, long-term cannabis use can cause a disorder called cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. Its symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and colicky abdominal pain that you can relieve temporarily by taking hot showers, or permanently by ceasing all cannabis use. Abrupt discontinuation of cannabis may cause withdrawal effects and the best method of stopping cannabis should be discussed with your healthcare team. In addition, there are certain individuals who should avoid cannabis products, whether recreational or medicinal. Individuals with a personal or familial history of mental illness should also try to avoid cannabis, as it might exacerbate certain mental health syndromes. However, in children with severe seizure disorders epilepsy , a neurologist or other neuro-specialist might recommend cannabis products that are high in CBD to reduce seizure frequency and severity. This is usually only done in cases where the epilepsy is so severe that getting the seizures under control is more important than any potential risks from cannabis and other pharmacological treatment options have been tried or considered. Cannabis can also interfere with your ability to make sound decisions and judgements, so it is important to avoid risky behaviour to prevent accidents. One other thing to be aware of is the interaction potential between cannabis and other medications, which can lead to increased or decreased blood-levels of various medications. Make sure to speak with your physician, pharmacist, or nurse practitioner if you are taking other medications along with cannabis. Overall, medical cannabis is generally safe. It has virtually no overdose potential, so it does not lead to overdose death, but it is important to be aware of the potential side effects and complications, which might lead to fatal accidents in individuals who behave recklessly while using cannabis. Going forward, with legal recreational cannabis in play, it is important to ensure that individuals who require medical cannabis still have ready access to it through their healthcare teams. This should include consultations on dosing and strain type with a physician, pharmacist, or nurse practitioner trained in medical cannabis. Individuals who require cannabis as a treatment for their disease or disorder should not have to guess at what to buy from a recreational dispensary. If you wish to try using medical cannabis, speak with your healthcare practitioner. You can get a medical authorization document from healthcare professionals, which you can use to purchase cannabis through licenced medical sellers rather than recreational sellers. While some physicians are wary about prescribing cannabis, many are comfortable doing so. When using medical cannabis, always follow the advice and recommendations of your healthcare team and make sure cannabis use aligns with the other prescription treatments you are taking. According to some research, men and women use and experience cannabis quite differently. Men are generally more likely to use and be dependent on cannabis, 15 and they are more likely to report positive effects such as improved memory and increased musicality. In addition, women are more likely to use cannabis medicinally in order to treat irritable bowel syndrome, migraines, anxiety, loss of appetite, and nausea. Cannabis was the first product to be traded online. Bhang is a drink that people in India have consumed in some variation for thousands of years, often during a Hindu spring festival called Holi. Making bhang involves taking leaves and buds from the cannabis plant, grinding them up, and combining them with milk, sugar, nuts, spices, and rose water, cooking until combined, straining, and then chilling it to serve as a cold beverage. Historically, canvas was made from sturdy hemp fibres. In what is now China, archeologists uncovered the grave site of a man who died 2, years previously, and was buried along with 28 ounces of cannabis. While rare, some individuals are allergic to cannabis. Symptoms are similar to other allergies, and can include itchy and watery eyes, sneezing, runny nose, rashes, hives, wheezing, shortness of breath, and even anaphylaxis. Medical Cannabis Cannabis is a genus of plant that contains three varieties: Cannabis indica , Cannabis sativa , and Cannabis ruderalis. Cannabis Animation Video. Sorry, your browser doesn't support embedded videos. Cannabis Presentation Video. History of Cannabis. Cannabinoids and the Endocannabinoid System. One Plant, Many Uses When we develop cannabis to grow tall and strong with thick fibrous stalks that are low in THC we typically refer to it as hemp. Medicinal Uses of Cannabis. Cannabis and IBD. Cannabis and Other GI Symptoms. Negative Effects of Cannabis. What would be the best method of administration for my needs? Will cannabis interact with any of the medications I am currently taking? Do I have any insurance coverage options for medical cannabis? What side effects are likely, and what can I do to reduce this? Are there potential interactions between cannabis and my other illnesses? If I choose to use medical cannabis, what steps do I need to take to begin and continue therapy? Accessing Medical Cannabis. Did You Know? Stockwell GA. Indian Hemp Cannabis indica seu sativa. Scientific American. Supplement No. July 2, Accessed Alger BE. Getting high on the endocannabinoid system. Ahmed W et al. Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Corey-Bloom J et al. Smoked cannabis for spasticity in multiple sclerosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal. Ware MA et al. Smoked cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial. Ostadhadi S et al. Therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in counteracting chemotherapy-induced adverse effects: an exploratory review. Phytotherapy Research. Szaflarski JP et al. Cannabis, cannabidiol, and epilepsy—from receptors to clinical response. Epilepsy and Behavior. Naftali T et al. The Israel Medical Association Journal. Lahat A et al. Impact of cannabis treatment on the quality of life, weight and clinical disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease patients: a pilot prospective study. Keyhani S et al. Annals of Internal Medicine. Nielsen S et al. Borgelt LM et al. The pharmacologic and clinical effects of medical cannabis. Kim D et al. Inverse association of marijuana use with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among adults in the United States. PLoS One. Government of Canada. Health Effects of Cannabis. Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. August Canadian Drug Summary. Cuttler C et al. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. Russo EB et al. Phytochemical and genetic analyses of ancient cannabis from Central Asia. Journal of Experimental Botany. Jiang H et al. Economic Botany.

Medical Cannabis

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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Our objective is to assess the benefits and harms of cannabis for the treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis. Cannabis or marijuana is often promoted as a treatment for various illnesses including cancer and autoimmune disorders Hill It is a common recreational drug that alters sensory perception and elicits feelings of euphoria Tibirica Cannabis is known to affect pain and discomfort via psychotropic effects Tibirica However, cannabis also modulates the endocannabinoid system which acts on the nervous system and immune cell function Klein It is hypothesized that cannabis and its derivatives may work through this pathway to exert a therapeutic effect on ulcerative colitis Schicho ; Tibirica There is a higher prevalence of cannabis use among patients with IBD compared to the general population Weiss Cannabis may relieve symptoms of ulcerative colitis such as abdominal pain, reduced appetite, and diarrhea Lal ; Weiss Studies looking at UC in animal and laboratory models have found benefit in attenuating inflammation Borrelli i; Leinwand However, in humans, there is evidence that cannabis may be associated with harm and adverse effects such as dizziness and diarrhea Whiting This study posed important questions regarding whether cannabis and its derivatives can ameliorate symptoms of ulcerative colitis. For example, can cannabis objectively reduce inflammation in UC? If so, is this benefit clinically significant in the absence of psychotropic effects? UC is associated with significant morbidity and a decreased quality of life Lahat In Europe, the prevalence of ulcerative colitis ranges from Mortality in ulcerative colitis is highest during the initial years of disease activity Friedman Patients with UC may have a genetic predisposition to this disease and the pathophysiology of this condition is multifactorial Friedman The pathophysiology involves a dysregulated immune response towards commensal microbiota and dietary contents in the gastrointestinal tract Friedman UC is a relapsing remitting disorder and symptoms may include diarrhea, rectal bleeding, tenesmus, passage of mucus, and abdominal pain Friedman Cannabis is derived from the leaves and flowering tops of the plant and is prepared in various forms such as cigarettes, hash oil and edible formulations Mello Cannabis contains over compounds and has numerous derivatives called cannabinoids Mello Cannabis is rapidly absorbed into the body due to its lipophilic nature, but then it is sequestered into tissues and very slowly cleared from the body through feces Mello Cannabis is hypothesized to affect disease activity in ulcerative colitis via the endocannabinoid system Hasenoehrl The endocannabinoid system affects the nervous system, peripheral tissues, and the immune system Tibirica It is composed of cannabinoid CB receptors 1 and 2, endogenous endocannabinoids, and associated enzymes Hasenoehrl ; Klein It is hypothesized that modulating this system may therapeutically decrease inflammation in the gut Hasenoehrl CB1 receptors are found in the central nervous system, peripheral tissues and gastrointestinal system Hasenoehrl ; Klein Activation of these receptors may help reduce intestinal transit time and reduce colon propulsion, and enhance epithelial wound closure in the colon Pinto ; Wright There is evidence that these receptors play a physiologic role in protecting the colon during excessive inflammation Massa In the central nervous system, CB1 receptors are associated with effects such as reduction in pain and nausea Klein ; Tibirica CB2 receptors are found in the myenteric plexus, immune cells and in epithelial cells in ulcerative colitis Hasenoehrl ; Klein ; Marquez Cannabis is thought to influence immune cells through various pathways. The endocannabinoid system also has other pathways that may be activated by cannabis and cannabinoids. This review will help evaluate the evidence supporting the use of cannabis and cannabinoids for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. We intend to assess the efficacy and safety of cannabis and its derivatives for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. This systematic review will help distinguish objective markers of improvement e. Randomized controlled trials will be considered for inclusion. Studies published as abstracts will only be included if the authors can be reached for further information to allow for evaluation of quality and main outcomes. Any study duration will be included. Patients with clinically active or quiescent ulcerative colitis will be considered for inclusion. Patients with active e. We will include patients on all therapies for ulcerative colitis including those with a history of biologic therapy. Studies comparing any form of cannabis or cannabinoid derivatives to placebo or an active therapy for ulcerative colitis will be included. We will include studies that utilize any dosage and method of consumption such as oral supplementation or smoking. We will include any validated scoring system such as the DAI. Quality of life as defined by validated instrument or primary study, e. Adverse events i. Psychotropic adverse events including mental health effects such as psychosis and schizophrenia ; and. We will search conference proceedings to identify studies only published in abstract form. We will search ClinicalTrials. We will also search the references sections of applicable studies and systematic reviews to identify additional studies that may meet the inclusion criteria. We will review studies and abstracts identified by the literature search. Two authors TK and NC will independently screen the search results to identify potentially relevant studies for full text evaluation. The studies selected for full text review will be independently assessed by two authors TK and NC and consensus for study inclusion and exclusion will be reached through discussion. Any conflicts regarding inclusion or exclusion will be resolved by consultation with a third author JKM. Studies published in abstract form will only be included if the authors can be reached for further information. Two authors TK and NC will independently extract the outcome data of interest from each study. Any conflicts will be resolved by discussion and consensus or by consultation with a third author JKM as necessary. If data are missing or unclear, the study authors will be contacted for clarification. Two authors TK and NC will independently assess methodological quality using the Cochrane risk of bias tool Higgins Any conflicts will be resolved by discussion and consensus or by consultation with a third author JKM as required. Items to be assessed will include: 1. Random sequence generation;. Each category will be evaluated as low, high or unclear risk of bias and justification for judgement will be provided in the characteristics of included studies section of the review. Using this approach outcome data will be rated as high, moderate, low or very low quality. Outcome data from randomized controlled trials begins as high quality, but can be downgraded based on several criteria. These criteria include:. When there are repeated observations on participants, we will use the primary endpoint defined by the study. It is unlikely that we will find study designs applicable to cannabis in ulcerative colitis where multiple treatment attempts are used. We will count treatment failures as a relapse for maintenance studies and as a failure to enter remission for induction studies. We will conduct a sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of this assumption on the effect estimate. If possible, we will impute missing standard deviations. We will conduct an available case analysis for missing continuous outcomes. We will use the Chi 2 test and the I 2 statistic to assess heterogeneity. For the Chi 2 test, we will consider a P value of 0. We will use the I 2 statistic to quantify the proportion of variation that is due to heterogeneity rather than to chance. We will visually inspect the forest plots to identify any outliers. If outliers are identified, a sensitivity analysis will be conducted to explore potential explanations for the heterogeneity. However, if the protocols are not available, we will assess reporting bias by comparing the outcomes specified in the methods section of the manuscript to those reported in the results section. If a sufficient number of studies are included in the pooled analysis i. However, if the continuous outcomes utilize different scales to measure the same underlying construct e. Subgroup analysis based on dose of cannabis or cannabinoid will be performed if the data allow for such comparisons. Other subgroup analyses of interest may include the form of cannabis consumed, UC disease location, cigarette smoking status, history of prior biologic therapy and failure of biologic therapy. We will attempt to perform a sensitivity analysis of study quality by excluding studies with a high risk of bias to see if there is an impact on the effect estimate. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Find articles by Tahir S Kafil. Find articles by Tran M Nguyen. Find articles by John K MacDonald. Find articles by Nilesh Chande. Collection date This article has been updated. See ' Cannabis for the treatment of ulcerative colitis ', CD Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

Buying hash Colon