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Rapid, unregulated expansion of the global pharmaceutical and chemical sectors has been a fundamental driver behind what has become, over the last 10 years, but particularly in the last two years, a global explosion in illicit synthetic drug production, trafficking and use. A mass proliferation of chemists and firms producing and vending synthetic substances and their many precursors has helped propel an unprecedented propensity for licit industrial production channels and supply chains being diverted into illicit economic activity. One consequence of all this is the realization that synthetic drugs have become the future of drug trafficking. One of the most notable trends in illicit synthetic drug markets has been the rapid expansion of online platforms, particularly on the dark web. These anonymous marketplaces provide a convenient and relatively secure environment for the sale and distribution of illicit substances, allowing vendors and buyers to operate with a degree of anonymity. Cryptocurrencies, some boasting of their untraceable digital footprint, have facilitated transactions, enabling actors to evade basic anti-money laundering requirements and law enforcement efforts. Moreover, the globalization of supply chains has enabled the widespread dissemination of synthetic drugs across borders. Production hubs in countries with lax regulations and enforcement mechanisms serve as primary sources of supply for a diverse array of substances to markets around the world. The decentralization of production and distribution networks complicates efforts to disrupt these illicit activities. The proliferation of NPS is a major concern. These synthetic compounds are often chemically modified versions of existing drugs, developed to mimic their effects while evading legal restrictions because of their chemical composition. The rapid pace of innovation in this domain challenges regulatory frameworks, as authorities struggle to keep pace with the emergence of these new synthetic substances, their potential health risks and their potential contribution to wider illicit drug market dynamics. The escalation in the use of synthetic opioids, such as fentanyl and its analogues in North America, and tramadol in Africa, is a particularly alarming trend within illicit drug markets. These substances, vital to public health institutions for pain relief and palliative care purposes, but too often also produced clandestinely in makeshift laboratories, have been responsible for a significant increase in drug-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Their potency and availability pose unprecedented challenges to public health systems and law enforcement agencies. The diversion of precursor and pre-precursor chemicals from legitimate sources and supply chains has been a fundamental driver of the production of synthetic drugs on an industrial scale — and the harm that accompanies it. This diversion, either directly from the chemical and pharmaceutical enterprises that manufacture these substances or through acquisitions from compromised organizations that source supplies ostensibly on behalf of legitimate industrial end users, demonstrates the ineffectiveness of the current voluntary reporting and regulatory schemes that are in place across such a vast and complex industrial sector. The intersection of synthetic drug markets with other illicit activities further complicates efforts to address these challenges effectively. Organized criminal networks leverage the profits generated from synthetic drug production, trafficking and distribution to fund their criminal operations. This contributes to perpetuating cycles of violence and instability that are affecting an ever-greater proportion of countries around the world, and occurs alongside the exploitation of highly interconnected financial hubs, like Singapore, Panama and Dubai. In response to these evolving trends, governments and international organizations have sought to adopt a multifaceted approach, combining law enforcement efforts with public health initiatives. Some efforts have achieved positive results, particularly those that arise from public health-based objectives. However, the gravity of the crisis and, in particular, a recognition of the limits of our knowledge and capacity to understand and respond to what is happening in these markets around us, are inescapable. Enhanced international surveillance, cooperation and information sharing will become increasingly crucial in addressing the transnational nature of synthetic drug markets and their trade. Drug suppliers have adapted to shifts in the illicit drug landscape. As a consequence, these markets reflect a complex and dynamic global economy characterized by advances in technological innovation, the incessant exploitation of vulnerabilities that arise from a steadily globalizing transport and communications infrastructure, and the complicity of corrupted individuals and groups who operate throughout the global economy, without whom the illicit trafficking in synthetics and other illegal commodities, for that matter would not exist. Event Details 22 Mar. Where Hybrid event. Click here to join. Author s Jason Eligh. Posted on 22 Mar In recent years, the global landscape of illicit synthetic drug markets has undergone profound transformations, driven by a complex interplay of factors ranging from decentralized production models and deepening geopolitical schisms to open-source databases and other technological advancements. From the proliferation of dark web marketplaces to the emergence of new and novel psychoactive substances NPS , these trends have generated significant and sometimes contradictory challenges to law enforcement agencies, public health systems and policymakers worldwide. Related analysis.

TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY

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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Alongside the more well-known substances available on illicit drugs markets, a number of other substances with hallucinogenic, anaesthetic, dissociative or depressant properties are used in Europe: these include LSD, hallucinogenic mushrooms, ketamine, GHB and nitrous oxide. On this page, you can find the latest analysis of the situation regarding these substances in Europe, including seizures, prevalence and patterns of use, treatment entry, harms and more. European Drug Report — home. The drug situation in Europe up to Drug supply, production and precursors. Synthetic stimulants. Heroin and other opioids. New psychoactive substances. Other drugs. Injecting drug use in Europe. Drug-related infectious diseases. Drug-induced deaths. Opioid agonist treatment. Harm reduction. Alongside the more well-known substances available on illicit drugs markets, a number of other substances with hallucinogenic, anaesthetic, dissociative or depressant properties are used in Europe: these include LSD lysergic acid diethylamide , hallucinogenic mushrooms, ketamine, GHB gamma-hydroxybutyrate and nitrous oxide. The data available suggest that, overall, the prevalence of use of hallucinogenic and dissociative drugs remains generally low in Europe. However, an important caveat here is that these substances are not well monitored by existing surveillance systems, meaning that it is hard to comment with confidence on either the prevalence of use or on recent trends. The information available does suggest, however, that in some countries, subgroups, or settings, the use of these sorts of substances has become more common. The quantity of ketamine seized and reported to the EU Early Warning System on new psychoactive substances has varied over time, but has remained at relatively high levels in recent years, suggesting that this drug is likely to be consistently available in some national drug markets and may have become an established drug of choice in some settings. Ketamine is commonly snorted, but can also be injected, and has been linked to various dose-dependent acute and chronic harms, including neurological and cardiovascular toxicity, mental health problems, such as depression, and urological complications, such as bladder damage from intensive use or the presence of adulterants. Ketamine may also be added to other drug mixtures, including MDMA powders and tablets, although data from drug checking services show that these are generally less adulterated than other illicit drugs. As noted elsewhere in the European Drug Report , people using mixtures of drugs may be unaware of the substances they are consuming, and drug interaction effects can expose them to elevated health risks. While the numbers of clients entering treatment for problems related to ketamine use remain low overall, some EU Member States have seen increases and there is a strong case for improving the monitoring of both the use of this drug and the extent to which it is associated with negative health outcomes. Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas, has been linked to various health problems, including poisonings, burns and lung injuries and, in some cases of prolonged exposure, neurotoxicity from vitamin B12 deficiency. There is, however, a debate on the extent to which this substance is associated with negative health risks, especially in episodic users, although given its apparent growing popularity among young people this is clearly an important area for further research and monitoring. In some European cities, discarded nitrous oxide gas canisters have become a relatively common sight, and the disposal of the smaller stainless steel canisters has been identified as a drug-litter issue in some countries. This drug appears to have become more accessible and cheaper, with the increased availability of larger gas canisters aimed at recreational use. However, high-volume cylinders may also increase the risk of lung damage, due to the higher pressure of their contents and, in general, inhaling directly from gas bottles is reported to be associated with a greater risk of harm. Nitrous oxide has various commercial users, for example, it is used by the catering industry. Regulatory approaches to the sale and use of this substance vary between countries, with the gas legally available for sale in some countries. Seizure of over 59 nitrous oxide canisters worth over EUR 1. Non-controlled and new benzodiazepines also continued to be available in some European countries but, again, current monitoring approaches make it difficult to comment on the scale of their use, although signals exist that these substances may have important consequences for health, especially when consumed in combination with other drugs. They are often very cheap and may be used by young people in combination with alcohol, sometimes resulting in potentially serious health reactions or aberrant behaviour. These substances have also been linked to overdose deaths among people who use opioids, and reports in show that the proportion of overdose deaths involving benzodiazepines increased in several countries. However, a lack of toxicological information currently means the role that benzodiazepines play in opioid-related deaths is not sufficiently understood. In , the Estonian police reported seizing mixtures containing the new synthetic opioid metonitazene and bromazolam, a new benzodiazepine, and mixtures containing the new opioids protonitazene and metonitazene and the animal sedative and analgesic xylazine. Both clinical and public interest has been growing in the therapeutic use of some novel substances, particularly psychedelic substances, but also dissociative drugs such as ketamine. A growing number of clinical studies are exploring the potential of a range of psychedelic substances to treat different mental health conditions. Generalising in this area is difficult, and much of the research remains in its infancy, but some research in this area appears promising. These developments have also received considerable media attention. An associated concern here is that this may encourage greater experimental use of these substances without medical support, potentially putting some vulnerable individuals at risk of suffering adverse consequences. At the same time, there are signs of unregulated programmes being operated in the European Union and elsewhere, in which the use of psychedelic substances is included as part of a wellness, therapeutic or spiritually oriented intervention. Together, these developments have placed a renewed emphasis on the need to obtain a better understanding of the availability of both non-controlled and less common substances, as well as their impact on public health, in Europe. In particular, there are concerns about chronic harms from some of these substances, such as ketamine, and risks associated with more intensive patterns of use in certain niche settings and contexts, including the use of GHB in the chemsex scene. The presence of combinations of new synthetic opioids and new benzodiazepines further complicates overdose prevention efforts, potentially raising the need for reviewing the delivery methods of overdose-fatality prevention measures such as naloxone. There is an urgent need to improve our monitoring of the use and harms associated with these substances and to develop forensic and toxicological information sources in this area. Drug checking services will also continue to be an important sentinel data source. This information is needed to support the development and evaluation of effective harm reduction and other interventions appropriate to the settings and contexts in which these drugs are being consumed and the risks they may pose. Mean daily amounts of ketamine in milligrams per population. Sampling was carried out over a week in March and April Show source tables. Back to list of tables. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. A more recent version of this page exists: Other drugs — the current situation in Europe European Drug Report Table of contents Search within the book. Search within the book Operator Any match. Exact term match only. Click to enlarge the image. List of tables Table 1a Seizures of ketamine powder in the European Union: total number, — Table 1b Seizures of ketamine powder in the European Union: total quantity, — Table 2 Ketamine residues in wastewater in selected European cities, Table 1a. Seizures of ketamine powder in the European Union: total number, — Year Number of seizures 14 Back to list of tables. Table 1b. Figure Seizures of ketamine powder in the European Union: total quantity, — Year Quantity ketamine powders kg 0. Table 2. Main subject. Target audience. Publication type. European Drug Report main page. On this page. Forensic Toxicology Labs.

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