Buying coke online in Esch-sur-Alzette

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Buying coke online in Esch-sur-Alzette

Multiple authors. Multiple countries. The study relies on 18 focal group discussions conducted among civil society organisations designated as focal points within the Network and explores the latest insights concerning the emergence of new illicit substances in cities where focal points are located, as well as other developments in drug use patterns, including polydrug use, routes of administration, and changes in local drug markets. Read the interview and download the publication below! We have witnessed a number of developments this year. When we look at the community of people who are engaged in high-risk drug use, we see the appearance of various synthetic opioids in heroin or benzodiazepines, for instance, nitazenes, but fentanyls are also gaining ground in some areas in Europe. With nitazenes, it seems to be geographically limited still in the northwestern part of Europe, mainly in Ireland and the UK. Whereas when it comes to fentanyls that are found in heroin, we see it in other areas of Europe. Heroin is still available but it may be the case that this year, in , it will be a different situation. When it comes to recreational drug use, we do not see so much difference. We see some appearance of 2C-B, ketamine, some cathinones and especially also cocaine being more present on local drug markets in Europe. Yes, this is a clear finding. We have witnessed this feature for several years already, but last year it was really strong. We have had a pioneer, his name is Fernando Caudevilla, DoctorX, who did this work already years ago. He did that on the darknet, he answered questions of people who use drugs, and he gave very proper harm reduction advice to anyone who had questions about drug use. Maybe in some countries like the Netherlands, we have this clear-cut information everywhere online, but in many other countries, for instance, in Russia, this information is not available. This kind of work, online harm reduction services are essential for people to take note of. This would be a very important thing to do and to start conducting. I think this quote is a good example of where we are nowadays. So people do not really know what they are buying and using. The report can be used as an advocacy tool, to advocate for a better early warning system, especially since now drug markets are more polluted. Look at the heroin market, but some other markets also seem to be more polluted. Also because drug markets continue to go online. Harm reduction services also need to find funding for better services and for better serving the needs of people who use stimulant drugs, especially crack and methamphetamine, since we have seen an increase in crack and methamphetamine on the market and services for these users are also lagging behind. What I think is necessary to develop further is that we look at different sources. In the scientific world, we call it triangulation of data. It means that we use data from the focus groups that we have been conducting for many years now in the framework of Correlation to compare those data with the drug checking data from several cities. But also, I think wastewater analysis could be a very interesting tool. I think with all those different sources together we can quickly see trends and developments in the drug markets. Also, what is even more important than just detecting or identifying is to intervene as quickly as possible. Then it also needs to be responded to in a very quick and precise manner. The data we get, along with all the other data, for instance from drug checking, could help to do so. The added value of the work that we do within the framework of Correlation is that we can get much richer data across than just the valuable data that are being collected by other agencies. They also take some time for publications, which means the day they are published, the data is rather old. We have developed now a system in which we can publish our data in a bit quicker way, which also means that we can intervene more quickly. The other value is that we can put more layers of information of context in the data that are provided by other services, for instance, about drug markets. As an example, besides the internet-based drug markets that are now emerging, in some focus group discussions, there was a mention of increasing violence in the drug markets. Violence between drug dealers, violence between people who use drugs, violence between people who use drugs and drug dealers, and also violence between people who use drugs, drug dealers and the largest society. It seems that in some cities this violence is becoming more apparent than before, and this is also something we need to address. As I said before, we see that the heroin market is increasingly polluted with fentanyls, but also in some areas with nitazines, and we believe that harm reduction services throughout Europe should prepare themselves in the best possible way to respond to the crisis that may emerge in the coming years. The Executive Summary can be accessed here. Download the report Share Post. Within the group of people with high-risk drug use, we also see an increa se in the use of cocaine and methamphetamine. This cocaine includes crack cocaine, especially. The findings show that the internet takes up an increasing space in the sale of drugs. Are there any recommendations or best practices on how harm reduction services can respond to this? Would you pick a quote from the report that you find significant and explain why you find it relevant? How do you think harm reduction organizations can use the report? How do you think research methods can be combined in the best way and what do you think is necessary for this to happen? What is the added value of this type of civil society-led monitoring with focal group discussions in comparison with the other types of monitoring of drug trends that are already done by major monitoring agencies? What do you think the most urgent steps are that need to be done at the European level? Table of contents. Related posts. Rights Reporter Foundation. Trimbos Institute TI.

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Buying coke online in Esch-sur-Alzette

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Drug consumption rooms offer heroin and cocaine consumers a secure and hygienic environment including medical and social guidance. Despite the support and mentoring, only sparse information is available about how drug quality, drug prices and user expectations match at these locations. The present study reports analysis of these three parameters in two drug consumption rooms in Luxembourg. Drug users were invited to participate in the project by handing in a few milligrams of the product they planned to consume for chemical analysis and filling out a short questionnaire about the price and their expectations. After consumption, they were asked to report the experienced effects. A total of drug samples have been analyzed. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to combine drug analysis with heroin and cocaine user feedback about expectation, drug prices and drug effects. The analytical results were of great interest for users and the staff working at the drug consumption rooms. They may be a strong supplementary communication tool for health care workers when discussing effects and risks of highly toxic substance consumption. They are low-threshold facilities providing a clean and secure environment for high-risk drug users including needle exchange programs, social counselling and medical care in case of illness or drug overdose \[ 1 \]. It has been shown that the DCRs have a positive impact on reducing high-risk injection behavior \[ 2 \], thus lowering morbidity and mortality among hard drug users \[ 3 , 4 \]. Both have supervised drug injection and inhalation facilities for heroin and cocaine. On the Luxembourgish drug market, heroin and cocaine prices seem to be declining since several years. In this study, heroin and cocaine users were asked to hand over a small part between 3 and 10 mg of their samples for chemical analysis to be performed and to fill out a questionnaire regarding their product and expectations. The goal was to determine the chemical quality of drugs consumed at the two DCRs and to correlate these findings to the estimated quality, the reported effects and the price paid for the product. In both facilities, males are largely predominant and the percentage of drug users aged increased during the last years. Heroin represents about half of consumptions, followed by cocaine and combination of heroin and cocaine. Self-reporting statistics about both facilities are regrouped in Table 1. Clients may return several times a day for a new consumption passage. All persons admitted to the DCRs were eligible to take part in the present study. Participation in the project was voluntary, anonymous, linked to comprehensible explanations given by DCR staff members and was not linked to any payment or other advantage. In the meantime, the social worker explained the study and asked them if they agree to hand in a small amount of drug for chemical analysis. If they agreed, they were also asked to complete a questionnaire. Samples were analyzed once a week, and feedback was given to the drug users after a maximum of 10 days after collection. The system was operated using Agilent MassHunter Workstation. Operating parameters have been published earlier \[ 9 \]. About 1—10 mg of each sample was weighted exactly and dissolved in 10 mL of methanol using an ultrasonic bath for 5 min. The operating parameters have been published earlier \[ 10 \]. Calculations were conducted only on samples containing the respective data indication of price, estimated potency, expected and experienced effects. From January to December , a total of drug samples and questionnaires were collected from the participants among whom several contributed multiple times. Even if many consumers showed an interest in the study, primary regarding potency and presence of contaminants, many questionnaires were not or only partially filled out. The drug users most often declared addictive stress for incompliance or seemed to suffer the effects of drugs or medicines. A high response rate Regarding the other questions Expected, respectively, experienced effects , even if response rates were medium to low Only 24 4. A summary of the filling quota of the questionnaires is presented in Table 2. Heroin samples Fifty-nine The responses were in accordance with well-known psychotropic effects of heroin, such as euphoria, relaxation and analgesic effects. For simplification, responses were merged in four categories:. Self-medication reported as pain reduction, improvement of social interactions, treatment of epileptic attacks, being healthy ,. Relaxation 26 responses, Even if the numbers of responses were low, a trend toward accordance of expected and experienced effects was observed. Twenty-six out of 40 heroin users The results are summarized in Table 3. Cocaine samples The number of responses was not high enough to enable statistical evaluation. However, 20 out of 33 cocaine consumers The results are summarized in Table 4. Overall, and 74 participants reported an estimation of the drug potency for samples containing enough material for analysis and dosage at the laboratory. The bias between estimated and measured potency was calculated for each sample using following formula:. In 8 out of the samples 1. In eight cases, a heroin content between 0. Nine consumers reported estimated potency levels ranging from 0. Seven samples contained cocaine, the mean and median results were MDMA at Heroin and cocaine results for estimated versus measured potency are presented in Figs. Participants sometimes forgot that they have provided sample in the drug-checking project or where not able to remind the effect of tis specific drug. For this reason, many expressed their desire for faster results, at best before the drug consumption. However, for practical reasons, this demand could not be satisfied. Nevertheless, the results have an influence on the local drug market and on the reputation of the dealers, since drug users explained that they compared the quality of their products. The inter-decile price range for cocaine was The inter-decile price range for heroin was For heroin, a similar price per gram was found The lower cocaine prices at the drug consumption facilities may be the consequence of a socially and geographical distinct market for an underprivileged clientele, compared to the prices paid by other more privileged recreational cocaine users, which is driving up the general average prices of cocaine reported by the Luxemburgish national drug report. The price quality relationship for cocaine and heroin is presented in Fig. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study correlating drug user expectations, drug prices and drug quality quantified by a specialized laboratory. Among drug users, the interest in participating in the study was high, particularly at the beginning of the project. When consuming their drug, clients face two challenges regarding the dosage: an unknown potency of the drug but also an estimation of the mass of product. For the DCRs, drug checking represents a reliable tool to access market tendencies, price variations and consumer expectations. It offers also a new easy and interesting way to start an open discussion with their clients. Indeed, they can speak about their expectations, fears, feelings, and it offers DCRs employee the possibility to eventually stop rumors about drug quality and adulterants. The results show that knowledge among heroin and cocaine users regarding the drug potency was low. During discussions, several drug users expressed their astonishment about the relatively high cocaine concentrations, but, on the other side, the inferior quality of the heroin samples did not surprise most consumers. Expected effects for heroin and cocaine were met by roughly two thirds of responders. No correlation between heroin or cocaine potency and not fulfillment of the expectations was found. Finally, the drug quality did not seem to influence the price or correlate with the drug price. Other factors like drug availability may cause the observed price fluctuations. The study has some limitations. As only small amounts of sample could be analyzed, inherent inhomogeneity of the sample may give unrepresentative results. No investigation on the motivation of participants to hand in a small amount of their sample was done. A bias in sample selection may have been introduced if the participants handed over their product only if they had doubts about the quality, as for example a change in drug dealer or a disappointing experience with a previous sample from the same dealer. Finally, many questionnaires were not completely filled out, making a statistical evaluation sometimes difficult. The study will be continued over the next years to extend data collection and refine the findings. Temporal evolutions also will be highlighted with a longer retrospective. Nevertheless, this study gave a first insight in drug consumers expectations regarding the products they were about to consume, their knowledge about drug potency and the possible relationship between drug potency and drug prices. SS, CA and RS conceptualized the idea of drug checking and exploration of consumer expectations in a dug consuming room. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Participants received an easy-to-understand explanation of the study with the dual goals of harm reduction and scientific analysis and publication. Data were collected anonymously and participants gave verbal consent each time they provided samples. Mean net weight was estimated using seized samples from to Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Harm Reduct J. Find articles by Georges Dahm. Find articles by Karin Roschel. Find articles by Claude Marson. Find articles by Jennifer Macedo. Find articles by Mauro Lupo. Find articles by Lionel Fauchet. Find articles by Claudia Allar. Find articles by Raoul Schaaf. Find articles by Serge Schneider. Received May 10; Accepted Jul 21; Collection date Statistics on drug consumption and user population in in both facilities. Open in a new tab. Information Data points collected No data provided Bought as Heroin Estimated potency versus measured potency of heroin and cocaine samples. Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

Buying coke online in Esch-sur-Alzette