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This briefing updates our report on Portugal's groundbreaking reforms, and marks the 20th anniversary of their introduction. It is also available as a free PDF download. In , Portugal decriminalised the personal possession of all drugs as part of a wider re-orientation of policy towards a health-led approach. Possessing drugs for personal use is instead treated as an administrative offence, meaning it is no longer punishable by imprisonment and does not result in a criminal record and associated stigma. Fines can be issued for subsequent referrals. Where some problematic trends are identified moderate risk , brief interventions are proposed — including counselling — but these are non-mandatory. Portugal was not the first country to decriminalise some or all drugs, and it has not been the last. The Portuguese model directly influenced the decriminalisation measure passed in Oregon, for example, as well as proposed decriminalisation in Norway. In the first five years after the reforms, drug deaths dropped dramatically. They rose slightly in the following years, before returning to levels in , with only 10 drug overdose deaths recorded in that year. Since , drug deaths have risen again but remain below levels when there were 76 recorded deaths. While rates fell in Portugal following reform, they increased across the rest of Europe in the same timeframe. In real terms, drug death rates in Portugal remain some of the lowest in the EU: 6 deaths per million among people aged , compared to the EU average of They are practically incomparable to the deaths per million aged experienced in Scotland, which is over 50 times higher than the Portuguese rates. The move away from criminalising and imprisoning people who use drugs has led to a dramatic change in the profile of the prison population. Since , the actual number of people in prison for drug offences has remained relatively steady, but a rise in overall prison numbers means the proportion of people serving sentences for drug offences has continued to fall. Levels of drug use in Portugal have been consistently below the European average over the past twenty years. This is particularly the case among younger people: Portugal has some of the lowest usage rates in Europe among those between the ages of Use among year olds fell throughout the decade, and among the general population was lower in than in However, consumption trends in Portugal have been keenly disputed and often misrepresented. While drug use during individual lifetimes among the general population appeared to increase in the decade following reform, use within the past 12 months fell between and Both the World Health Organization and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime consider use in the past 12 months recent drug use or within the past month current drug use as better indicators of trends among the general population. Since , past-year use appears to have risen, particularly among those over the age of In any event, Portugal continues to retain one of the lowest rates of drug use in Europe. Consumption figures alone tell us relatively little about the level of harm experienced through drug use. A rise in drug use among individuals using only occasionally, and recreationally, is unlikely to lead to large rises in deaths or other harms. For this reason, measuring levels of high-risk drug use, particularly among people who inject drugs, is important. Rates in were roughly the same as In line with European trends, as reported by the European school survey on alcohol and drugs ESPAD , they have shown a gradual, consistent decline in the last 10 years. ESPAD also reports that perceived availability of drugs among children in Portugal is lower than the European average. Drug policy reform in Portugal included wide-reaching needle and syringe programmes aimed at reducing risk of infection among people who inject drugs. In , Portugal had 1, new HIV diagnoses attributed to injecting drug use. In , with only 16 new diagnoses, it only had 1. While HIV diagnoses have gone down across Europe in this period, the trend in Portugal is much stronger. Hepatitis C prevalence among people who inject drugs has been estimated as the highest in Western Europe and is a result of multiple epidemics in the late 20th century linked in part to unsafe drug injecting practices up to the s. A key feature of the new Portuguese drug policy, alongside decriminalisation, was the expansion of treatment services. Between , outpatient treatment units increased from 50 to A study comparing patients entering treatment for heroin dependence pre- and post-reform found an overall decrease between and , which the authors suggest could be linked to a fall in the number of newly dependent individuals. The latest available data indicate that 1. This is significantly down since , when the figure was at 2. Portugal has set a positive example for what can be done when drug policies prioritise health rather than criminalisation. At the turn of the century, Portugal was facing a crisis, including high levels of HIV infection among people who use drugs. Many impacts of reform were felt immediately: new HIV infections, drug deaths and the prison population all fell sharply within the first decade. The second decade saw slower improvement in key measures, as well as an upturn in drug deaths. However, many of these factors need to be put into context. Drug policy is still only one variable interacting with a complex mix of social, economic, cultural and political factors, and cuts to wider health provision in that period will have played a part in this. Nevertheless, Portugal is in a much better position than it was in and recorded drug use and drug deaths as a proportion of the general population are both well below the European average. However, while ending the criminalisation of people who use drugs is hugely important both in its own right, in reducing stigma and as an enabler of any effective public health response, it only addresses part of the harms caused by prohibition. The time is right for real reform of our drug laws — and you can help. Please support us by giving what you can. Sign up for our monthly newsletter for drug policy news, event details, as well as volunteer and job opportunities. This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. Learn more. Accept Decline. Background In , Portugal decriminalised the personal possession of all drugs as part of a wider re-orientation of policy towards a health-led approach. Drug-related deaths In the first five years after the reforms, drug deaths dropped dramatically. Decriminalisation significantly reduced the Portuguese prison population and eased the burden on the criminal justice system Drug use Levels of drug use in Portugal have been consistently below the European average over the past twenty years. Threshold quantities for drug offences. SICAD et al Guidelines for the Intervention in Dissuasion. Carapinha, L. Stevens, A. Mouvements Pombo, S. Heroin addiction patterns of treatment-seeking patients, Comparison between pre- and post-drug policy reform in Portugal. Heroin Addiction and Related Clinical Problems One handy web-tool. Abraham, R. Next City 5 January. Statistical Bulletin — overdose deaths. Drug-related deaths: Methods and definitions. European Drug Report Trends and Developments. Drug-related Deaths in Scotland in The UK was included in the dataset as it was in the EU for the years measured. Death data on either measure was not available for Poland, meaning the EU death rate will be a slight underestimation as Polish population data have been included but death data have not. Population on 1 January by age and sex. It is based on population on 1 January each year rather than average yearly population, however. The whole country population data is used, meaning the death rates produced for this graph are not age-aggregated. Torres, A. Council of Europe Space Project: Annual Reports Statistical Bulletin Illicit Substances. IZA DP Statistical Bulletin — prevalence of drug use. Hughes, C. A resounding success or a disastrous failure: Re- examining the interpretation of evidence on the Portuguese decriminalisation of illicit drugs. Drug and Alcohol Review SICAD Statistical Synopsis: Portugal Portugal, Country Drug Report Statistical Bulletin — problem drug use. Roy, L. Forbes 31 August. Trends across 25 countries. EuroHIV Harm Reduction International Global State of Harm Reduction ECDC HIV Surveillance Reports. For this graph, therefore, the most recently recorded data is used in each instance. Palladino, C. Epidemic history of hepatitis C virus genotypes and subtypes in Portugal. Scientific Reports 8. Statistical Bulletin — drug-related infectious diseases. Khalip, A. Reuters 13 August. Global Health Expenditure Database. Portugal Country Drug Report Statistical Bulletin — health and social responses. Ferreira, S. The Guardian 5 December. Taylor, H. Prospective client survey and participatory process ahead of opening a mobile drug consumption room in Lisbon. Harm Reduction Journal A social cost perspective in the wake of the portuguese strategy for the fight against drugs. International Journal of Drug Policy 26 — INPUD Is Decriminalisation Enough? Drug User Community Voices from Portugal. Take action. Support transform The time is right for real reform of our drug laws — and you can help. Latest Articles. Transform announces new trustees 3rd October Our vision for regulated cannabis in the UK 15th August What about the kids? Regulating adult-only cannabis access 6th August

HRB National Drugs Library

Buying coke online in Algarve

Arriving in his small office in Lisbon, the year-old tosses his jacket aside, leaving his shirt collar crooked. He looks a little tired from the many trips he's taken lately -- the world wants to know exactly how the experiment in Portugal is going. He adds his latest piece of mail to the mountain of papers on his desk. One gram of heroin, two grams of cocaine, 25 grams of marijuana leaves or five grams of hashish: These are the drug quantities one can legally purchase and possess in Portugal, carrying them through the streets of Lisbon in a pants pocket, say, without fear of repercussion. MDMA -- the active ingredient in ecstasy -- and amphetamines -- including speed and meth -- can also be possessed in amounts up to one gram. That's roughly enough of each of these drugs to last 10 days. Portugal paved a new path when it decided to decriminalize drugs of all kinds. As part of its war on drugs, Portugal has stopped prosecuting users. Now the head of Portugal's national anti-drug program and an important figure in Portuguese health policy, he still talks like an easygoing family doctor. The question at stake: How can a government keep its citizens from taking dangerous drugs? One way is to crack down on those who provide the drugs -- the cartels, the middle men and the street dealers. Another approach is to focus on the customers -- arresting them, trying them and imprisoning them. Legal prosecution -- as both a control mechanism and a deterrent -- is the chosen approach for most governments. Pinto Coelho wants his country to return to normalcy, in the form of the tough war on drugs that much of the rest of the world conducts. Pinto Coelho is a doctor too. He has run rehab centers and written books about addiction. Now he's at odds with former colleagues and with 'the system,' as he says. His greatest concern is that his country has given up on the idea of a drug-free world. How, Pinto Coelho asks, is it possible to keep young people away from drugs, when everyone knows exactly how many pills can legally be carried around? He still believes deterrents are the best form of prevention and that cold turkey withdrawal is the best treatment method. He is also fighting the extensive methadone program Portugal began as part of its drug policy reform, which now provides tens of thousands of heroin addicts with this substitute drug. These days, Pinto Coelho earns his living running diet clinics, but he spends his evenings writing letters and drafting presentations on his country's 'absurd drug experiment. At home in Portugal, his critical perspective has made him an outsider, but he says he's been well received abroad. As if offering proof, he shows a fact sheet issued by the United States Office of National Drug Control Policy, a brief and skeptically worded report on the Portuguese experiment. In , Portugal broke free from nearly 50 years of military dictatorship, a political shift symbolized by the carnations soldiers stuck in the muzzles of their rifles. He was in his early twenties and 'drugs promised us freedom. But it was a freedom that soon overwhelmed the country. In the s, cheap heroin from Afghanistan and Pakistan began flooding Europe. The number of people taking illegal drugs in Portugal was low compared with other countries, but of those who did consume drugs, an unusually high number of them fell into the category that specialists in this field refer to as 'problem drug users. Flipping through it, he finds the figure he's looking for: , This is the number of severely drug-addicted people in Portugal at the height of the epidemic, in the mids. Portugal's total population at the time was just under 10 million. The number of drug addicts who became infected with HIV was also considerably higher than in most other countries. A drug slum formed in Lisbon, at the edge of a neighborhood known as Casal Ventoso. Here junkies slept in shacks or in the garbage, in extremely poor conditions. Anyone in Portugal could observe this phenomenon -- on TV, in newspaper pictures or even from the nearby highway. Most of the members of the commission were not politicians. Not everyone agrees -- Pinto Coelho, for example. But the anti-drug commission quickly agreed on this position, which formed the basis for Portugal's experiment in dealing with drug users without dealing in deterrents. More surprising is that a Lisbon police commissioner, whose officers spend their days searching for drugs, says it too. The logical extension of this statement is that people who are not criminals should not be treated as criminals. They should not be arrested, put on trial or thrown in jail. The punishment for drug possession in Portugal prior to decriminalization was up to a year in prison. Hashish, cocaine, ecstasy -- Portuguese police still seize and destroy all these substances. Before doing so, though, they first weigh the drugs and consult the official table with the list of day limits. Anyone possessing drugs in excess of these amounts is treated as a dealer and charged in court. Anyone with less than the limit is told to report to a body known as a 'warning commission on drug addiction' within the next 72 hours. In Lisbon, for example, the local drug addiction commission is housed on the first floor of an unremarkable office building. The idea is that no one should feel uncomfortable about being seen here. A year-old in a white polo shirt waits in one room. Police caught him over the weekend with about a gram of hashish. A social worker has already questioned him for half an hour and learned that he attended vocational training at an agricultural school, lives with his parents and smokes pot now and then. This was the first time he was caught in possession of drugs. Next, a psychologist and a lawyer speak to the young man. They want to know if he's aware of the dangers of cannabis. As long as he isn't caught again within the next three months, his case will be closed. But later, asked to explain these consequences in more detail, nothing comes to her mind that sounds particularly serious. A couple days of community service, perhaps. The commission can also impose fines, but the lawyer says it doesn't like to do so for teenagers. The fines are likewise not intended for people the commission determines to be addicts -- they're already paying to maintain their habit. Lisbon police send around 1, people to the commission each year, which averages out to less than five a day. Seventy percent of these cases concern marijuana. Those who fail to turn up receive a couple of reminders, but coercion is not an intended part of this system. Warnings, reminders and invitations to rehab -- it seems Portugal's war on drugs is a gentle one. It is based on decriminalization, which should not be confused with legalization. Portugal considered that path too, but ultimately decided not to take things quite that far. Our entire country will become a drug-ridden slum, these parties said. The left-wing parties in parliament held a majority, though. The data show, among other things, that the number of adults in Portugal who have at some point taken illegal drugs is rising. At the same time, though, the number of teenagers who have at some point taken illegal drugs is falling. The number of drug addicts who have undergone rehab has also increased dramatically, while the number of drug addicts who have become infected with HIV has fallen significantly. What, though, do these numbers mean? With what exactly can they be compared? There isn't a great deal of data from before the experiment began. And, for example, the number of adults who have tried illegal drugs at some point in their lives is increasing in most other countries throughout Europe as well. Still, taking stock after nearly 12 years, his conclusion is, 'Decriminalization hasn't made the problem worse. Decriminalization is pointless, he says, without being accompanied by prevention programs, drug clinics and social work conducted directly on the streets. Frank Zobel works here, analyzing various approaches to combating drugs, and he says he can observe 'the greatest innovation in this field' right outside his office door. No drug policy, Zobel says, can genuinely prevent people from taking drugs -- at least, he is not familiar with any model that works this way. As for Portugal, Zobel says, 'This is working. Drug consumption has not increased severely. There is no mass chaos. For me as an evaluator, that's a very good outcome. Zum Inhalt springen. News Ticker Magazin Audio Account. Warum ist das wichtig? Much the Same as a Parking Violation As part of its war on drugs, Portugal has stopped prosecuting users. Why set the limits on these drugs at 10 days' worth of use, though? At that point, he says, the heroin epidemic was just beginning. The Second Time Brings Consequences In Lisbon, for example, the local drug addiction commission is housed on the first floor of an unremarkable office building. Decriminalization, Not Legalization Warnings, reminders and invitations to rehab -- it seems Portugal's war on drugs is a gentle one. Translated from the German by Ella Ornstein. Portugal Drugs. Die Wiedergabe wurde unterbrochen. Audio Player minimieren. Helfen Sie uns, besser zu werden. Haben Sie einen Fehler im Text gefunden, auf den Sie uns hinweisen wollen? Oder gibt es ein technisches Problem? Melden Sie sich gern mit Ihrem Anliegen. Redaktionellen Fehler melden Technisches Problem melden. Sie haben weiteres inhaltliches Feedback oder eine Frage an uns? Zum Kontaktformular. 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Buying coke online in Algarve