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As global cocaine markets continue to expand, a new investigation suggests countries across east and southern Africa are receiving much larger drug shipments from South America than was previously believed. Drug market research in 16 countries has found both substantial local consumption and bulging transit flows to Europe and Australia , according to a Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime GI-TOC report. Most of the cargos land in coastal states like South Africa , Mozambique , Kenya, and Tanzania, before either being transhipped to other continents or heading inland. The result is a blooming drug trade whose full scale is hidden by feeble interdiction capacities. Cocaine traffickers are despatching regular, large-scale consignments to various countries in the region. This occurs in three ways: in containerized shipments, in seagoing vessels, such as fishing boats, and in microtrafficking schemes from Latin America. Microtrafficking schemes are the most diverse, both in smuggling method and destination. Generally involving cocaine loads of under 5 kilograms, these can travel by post, by human carriers on commercial flights, and in unaccompanied airline baggage collected by complicit airport staff. Interception rates are very low, and human carriers travel easily across the region. He was accused of shipping 5 tons of cocaine in October from the port of Rio de Janeiro to Europe via Mozambique. Brazilian press claimed he had already conducted business in several neighboring countries. Since then, there have been no further arrests of PCC members in the region. Looking forward, however, it seems likely it will increase its targeting of southern Africa. Both powder and crack were widely available across the area, with consumption calculated to be surprisingly high in several countries. Its 25 million people consumed an estimated 5. Furthermore, purity is relatively strong. And revenues are healthy. That is just below what it would fetch in parts of western Europe. Nor is the market confined to South Africa. Neighboring Eswatini and Lesotho consume a staggering quantity per capita, while Malawi is alleged to have eight times more cocaine than heroin users. Subscribe to our newsletter to receive a weekly digest of the latest organized crime news and stay up-to-date on major events, trends, and criminal dynamics from across the region. Donate today to empower research and analysis about organized crime in Latin America and the Caribbean, from the ground up. Skip to content. Cocaine retail prices across the region. The Mozambican coast. Three grams of cocaine powder being divided in a coastal village in Kenya. Courtesy of Jason Eligh. Stay Informed With InSight Crime Subscribe to our newsletter to receive a weekly digest of the latest organized crime news and stay up-to-date on major events, trends, and criminal dynamics from across the region.

Zanzibar should seriously fight drug abuse

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East African drug trade refers to the sale and trafficking of illegal drugs that take place in East African countries like Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Somalia, and Ethiopia. The most prevalent types of drugs traded in East Africa are heroin , marijuana , cocaine , methamphetamine , and khat , all of which are strictly prohibited in East African countries. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime reports that the number of reported seizures of illegal drugs between and is inadequate to conclude that the patterns of trafficking and possible drug abuse are alarming. Instead, it is an indication of the lack of border control, insufficient understanding of the drug trade, and a weak criminal justice system. In fact, drug trafficking in East Africa has been sharply increasing in the past few decades. As the region experiences limited supply for its rising demand of drugs, East African countries have been involved in international drug trafficking as well. Due to popular trafficking routes to Europe and the United States like the Balkan Route experiencing increased surveillance, drugs from Asia have been traveling through East African countries into Africa or ultimately to Europe and the United States. Due to its history and geography, East Africa is an ideal port of entry for the transportation of drugs from Asia. Historical trade routes through the Indian Ocean to Asia and through sub-Saharan Africa have facilitated the flow of legal goods for many years. The sociopolitical environment of many countries in East Africa has further encouraged illegal drug trafficking. Weak law enforcement operations and relative new exposure to illegal drug trade throughout the region have unequipped governments to prevent smuggling. Moreover, corruption has encouraged lucrative illegal operations, as elections in countries such as Kenya have been funded by profits from illicit drug trade to gain greater political power. Additionally, bribery to ignore criminal activities has become a more prominent concern in the region in the past decades. Illegal drug trafficking in East Africa can be traced back to the mids, when drug traffickers started using East African countries as their transit sites. In more recent years, criminal organizations from Kenya and Tanzania have also begun to play major roles. Initially, the illegal drug trade through East Africa overwhelmingly traded just two drugs: marijuana and brown sugar heroin. The latter was a type of heroin that was heated into vapor and inhaled, or combined with marijuana into a joint to be smoked. Drugs in the early East African drug trade were already being smuggled into Western countries and were present in tourist hubs throughout East Africa. In the late s, brown sugar heroin was replaced in the global drug trade by a new type of heroin. Unlike brown sugar heroin, it did not require a complex heating process and was therefore easy to use. Starting in the early s, white crest heroin became very common in East Africa itself for both domestic use and international trafficking, especially in Kenya and Tanzania. The domestic use and smuggling of marijuana and white crest heroin continued into the s. Methamphetamines also became a common illicit drug soon; the first seizure of them was in There is a lack of data and scholarly research that covers methamphetamines in East Africa, although a growing number of seizures since the first have been recorded. Most African countries lack adequate infrastructure—the facilities and knowledge—to commercially domestically produce drugs to match international and domestic demands. The majority of the supply of illicit drugs traded in East Africa comes from Asia. The demand that fuels the East African drug trade comes from both international and domestic sources. Historically, demand came predominantly from Western countries, but in recent years East African countries have established themselves as consumers of illicit drugs. For instance, Tanzania—especially in the islands of Zanzibar —has seen a dramatic increase in domestic drug use. The origin of Western demand comes from centers of tourism that were developed before the s. Beginning in the s, the war on drugs in the United States greatly strengthened East Africa as a piece of the international drug trade because competing drug smuggling operations in Central and South America were closed or significantly impeded. The Kenyan city Nairobi and the Ethiopian city Addis Ababa have become key points of entry for illegal drugs on the continent that are smuggled through air transport. Federal Aviation Authority in , allowing travelers from the U. The unit does not have trained officers, on-site scanning technology, sniffer dogs, on-site testing facilities, or an intelligence system that targets specific flights. The most prominent route that has been responsible for the trafficking of illicit drugs from Afghanistan is the sea route. These drugs then make their way to the mainland, and are smuggled overland to other African countries such as South Africa. Drugs are also smuggled by sea from Dar Es Salaam to the Comoros. Among the variety of drugs that are trafficked in and out of East Africa, the most popular exports include heroin, marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine, and now khat. Since , heroin usage in Africa has increased faster than on any other continent. Malawi is one of the major producers of the drug, and its government is currently allowing trial productions of high-quality strains of cannabis. Cocaine trafficking is most common in North Africa, but the drug has been attaining a growing presence in East Africa despite being a region far from conventional cocaine smuggling routes. Methamphetamine has taken over the global drug market in recent decades. It can have devastating effects on communities of all economic situations because of the drug's widespread affordability and availability. While authorities in East Africa have not discovered any major operations to manufacture methamphetamine, they have reported minor confiscations of the drug in transit to Asia. Moreover, more illicit markets of methamphetamine are on the rise in East Africa as a rivalry between 'Mexican meth' from Nigeria and 'Pakistani meth' from Afghanistan has prompted each to seize control of the region's trade. Consumers of khat consider its psychotropic effects to be stronger than that of marijuana. The Somali Civil War and the resulting dispersion of Somali people across not only Africa, but also other countries brought public attention to the consumption and trade of khat taking place in East Africa. In Kenya, domestically produced khat is sold across the country as well as exported to neighboring countries with high demands for khat. While khat consumption and trade is not illicit in countries like Kenya and Uganda, where producers of khat aim to sell for profit, the growing consumption, especially among the youth, has given rise to local movements and efforts to ban trade and consumption. Research on the effects of the drug trade on the countries and populations in East Africa is less common than that of other regions of the continent, but reveals that the impacts of the East African drug trade are widespread across numerous sectors. African police agencies have few resources and little capacity to record crime statistics; \[ 8 \] but when they do, they often do not differentiate between conventional and transnational criminal activity. Much of the scholarship that discusses the effects of the East African drug trade is derived from a small amount of qualitative data, and case studies that lack quantitative data to substantiate their claims. The illegal drug trade is a lucrative venture that affects corruption levels in governments. Countries are more vulnerable to corruption with weak states and insufficient frameworks of law enforcement. Moreover, the lack of parameters of drug-related offenses in criminal justice systems is problematic with complicit some involvement of authorities. Moreover, the Journal of International Affairs states concerns about Kenya's growing proneness to corruption as the presence of organized crime groups have expanded. Profits from the illegal drug trade in East Africa are being used to finance terrorist organizations and other insurgent movements; however, the degree to which said groups are funded by the drug trade is unknown. The United States Drug Enforcement Administration claims that a large portion of the organizations that are labeled as foreign terrorist organizations have direct ties to the illicit drug trade. Additionally, these groups often smuggle black market sugar and resources such as charcoal in and out of the region. In particular, in the countries of Mozambique, Tanzania, Madagascar, and Kenya, those who partake in drugs are more likely to have HIV. Consumers of drugs are more likely to contract HIV before the age of 25 compared to the general population, and statistics point toward a higher rate of HIV infections compared to the general population. The HIV epidemic has struck some countries harder than others; Kenya has been hit the hardest. Drug use among sex workers is a major cause of the issue. Sex workers inject drugs before or after intercourse. Due to lack of funds, they are forced to use contaminated needles. Combined with a lack of knowledge about the disease itself, contamination through injection has led to a spike in HIV rates among sex workers, which in turn has led to a proliferation of the disease across the country. In the 21st century, injection became the most popular method of inserting heroin into the body. There are approximately 10, heroin users in Nairobi and another 8, users along the coastal towns in Kenya. Africa is the most youthful continent in the world. While most of the world is experiencing an aging population, sixty percent of Africans are under the age of The International Journal of Drug Policy says that 'according to World Bank data, illicit drug users in developing countries 'typically fall within the age group of 15—44, although most are in their mid-twenties. Also, the same journal describes that researchers working in the coastal and interior regions of Tanzania have found that 'excluding cannabis, heroin was the most commonly used drug, and was concentrated among young men of working age. Currently, many countries in Africa, such as Tanzania and Mauritius , are developing methadone programs to stem the tide of drug injections, which are a major cause of HIV. Thousands are now enrolling in these programs in order to overcome addiction, and avoid the threat of HIV infection due to injection by contaminated needles. In response to the increase in drug trade in East Africa, the role of the government has also grown over the past decades. While the response of each country varies, cases in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda are more commonly recorded and studied. A high volume of heroin and cocaine are transited into Kenya from Pakistan, Iran and Latina America through aerial and sea routes to North America and Europe. In , an amendment to the legislation was passed by the National Assembly of Kenya. The Tanzanian Parliament had created the Drug Control and Enforcement Authority through the Drug Control and Enforcement Act to tackle drug use and drug trafficking from a more coordinated and focused approach. During those meetings, participants actively discussed ways to enhance and share maritime intelligence. The Ugandan government had adopted the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act in in order to define a clearer and a more punitive measure to drug crime convictions. For instance, possession of illicit drugs may result in a 10 to year sentence, trafficking—defined to include even small amounts of smuggling—can be punished with a life sentence, and the failure to disclose prescriptions for narcotics can result in a 5-year sentence. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Sale of illegal drugs in East African countries. Background and History \[ edit \]. Supply and Demand \[ edit \]. Supply \[ edit \]. Demand \[ edit \]. Routes of Entry \[ edit \]. Air \[ edit \]. Sea \[ edit \]. Types of Drugs \[ edit \]. Heroin \[ edit \]. Marijuana \[ edit \]. Cocaine \[ edit \]. Methamphetamine \[ edit \]. Khat \[ edit \]. Effects \[ edit \]. Corruption \[ edit \]. Terrorism \[ edit \]. HIV \[ edit \]. Youth \[ edit \]. Responses \[ edit \]. Kenya \[ edit \]. Tanzania \[ edit \]. Uganda \[ edit \]. References \[ edit \]. Retrieved Journal of International Affairs. ISSN X. JSTOR June Retrieved May 10, International Journal of Drug Policy. PMC PMID Harm Reduction Journal. ISSN S2CID The African Roots of Marijuana. Duke University Press. ISBN JSTOR j. Daily Maverick. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. November Retrieved May 11, Africa Spectrum. The Standard. The Economist. Jan 31, Enact 4. Retrieved May 9, Policy' PDF. African Economic History. Zimbabwe second country to legalize medicinal marijuana'. Review of African Political Economy. Kenyan and Ugandan Perspectives on Khat'. African Affairs. CRS Report for Congress. Combating Terrorism Center Sentinel. Feb National Institute on Drug Abuse. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. International Drug Policy Consortium. March 2, September 18, June 29, Retrieved May 12, Ugandan Officials Prescribe a Prison Sentence'. Categories : East Africa Illegal drug trade in Africa. Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata.

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