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Timothy Snyder: 'Americans are killing themselves with their misunderstanding of freedom'. France says it has received 'guarantees' over sale of beloved painkiller maker to US investment fund. At tribute for cyclist killed in Paris: 'What happened to Paul isn't an isolated case'. Moldova's EU vote looks too close to call, president blames 'foreign forces'. The war in Lebanon through the lens of a Le Monde photographer: 'People are traumatized by the bombings and the pager attack'. What is Hezbollah, and why has it been in conflict with Israel for the past 40 years? COP 'The need to reform the global financial architecture has become even clearer'. Gigantic animals come to life again at the 'Giants' exhibition in Toulouse. Tom Wesselmann, the pop artist long in Warhol's shadow, enters the spotlight. Philippe Charlier, exhibition curator: 'The zombie is a very relevant figure today'. On January 5, 8. Six months earlier, in May , Bolivia's interior minister, Eduardo del Castillo, then 34 years old, dressed in camouflage fatigues and a bullet-proof vest, described another crackdown in the Cochabamba region, in the center of the country, as 'historic'. Twenty-seven cocaine paste factories and seven refining laboratories had just been dismantled there by the special anti-narcotics force Fuerza Especial de Lucha Contra el Narcotrafico; FELCN. These operations publicized by the government of left-wing President Luis Arce, in power since November , aim to convince public opinion of its effectiveness against drug trafficking. In total, in , almost 33 tons of cocaine were seized compared with However, these figures reveal an alarming reality for Bolivia: The amount of drugs in circulation is skyrocketing. For a long time, Bolivia was only a producer of coca leaves, consumed for medicinal or traditional reasons, ranking third behind Colombia and Peru. In recent years, however, the country has become one of the world's leading cocaine manufacturers. In La Paz, in the heart of the largest indoor coca leaf market, producers from the Yungas, a traditional production region to the northeast of the city, dismiss any confusion. It's the same with coca,' said one of them, Oscar Mercado, who dries his leaves on the ground. In Bolivia, while coca leaf cultivation is authorized on 22, hectares, the actual area under cultivation is much larger. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, some 30, hectares are in use in the country while other analysts put the figure at 45, hectares. Yungas growers are keen to distinguish themselves from another, more recent, producing region, Chapare center , a stronghold of former president Evo Morales , himself a former grower and head of the powerful regional cocalero union. In , Morales extended the legal area for coca cultivation, which has mainly benefited Chapare. Nous vous conseillons de modifier votre mot de passe. Videos Investigations Explainers. French Delights Exhibitions Gastronomy Culture. Read more Subscribers only Colombia's year war on drugs proves costly and futile. Subscribe to continue reading. Already a subscriber? Sign in.

Bolivia has become a 'strategic hub' for cocaine trafficking

Buying coke Bolivia

Nearly 75 years after the United Nations called for the abolition of traditional uses of the coca leaf, the world will have a new opportunity to correct this grave historic error. The coca review process can also help modernize a drug treaty system still mired in the colonialist biases and racial prejudices from which it arose in the mid-twentieth century. In this first issue of the Coca Chronicles , we discuss four basic questions. Although the report by the UN Commission on the Enquiry of the Coca Leaf ultimately refrained from concluding that coca chewing was a form of addiction, the overall tenor of the report was deeply biased and racially prejudiced, intent on demonstrating the harms purportedly inflicted by coca chewing. In a interview with a Peruvian newspaper as the UN study mission was getting underway, mission leader Howard B. For Fonda, coca chewing was:. Our studies will confirm the truth of our statements, and we hope to be able to submit a rational plan of action based on the realities of the situation and on experience in the field, to secure the total eradication of this pernicious habit. Fonda was far from alone in these views. Like Fonda, Osvaldo Wolff left little doubt as to his outlook. Criminality is high, and barbaric forms of homicide can only be explained by a certain moral insensibility. There is no doubt that the habit of chewing coca leaves is one of the most powerful reasons for the backwardness and misery of the Indian population. That these were the openly held views that animated key figures in the decision to criminalize the coca leaf is sobering. Yet until now, the status of the coca leaf in the Single Convention has not been formally reconsidered, despite the obvious biases that pervaded the considerations of the WHO in the s. The leaves of the coca bush contain 20 known alkaloids, including tiny amounts of cocaine depending on the coca species and variety, between 0. Chewing coca leaves or drinking tea infused with the leaves results in minute levels of cocaine concentrations in the bloodstream and produces a mild stimulating effect, without causing dependence. The millions of Indigenous people and others who regularly use coca leaves value their significant health benefits, such as increasing stamina and avoiding hypoglycemia, which prevents altitude sickness. Coca leaves are therefore especially useful in the mountainous Andean region. While coca bush varieties have been cultivated for millennia, the cocaine alkaloid—a potent stimulant—was first isolated from coca leaves in Since then, coca leaves have served as the raw material for the chemical manufacture of cocaine hydrochloride its powder form , whereby cocaine is extracted from large quantities of coca leaves. In the late nineteenth century, cocaine won fame as a local anesthetic and was featured in numerous commercial formulas as a healthy elixir. New pharmaceuticals gradually replaced cocaine, and today the global medical use of cocaine amounts to some kilograms, legally manufactured and exported by Peru. But the effort to eliminate recreational uses of cocaine by banning it and imposing criminal sanctions faltered from the outset. For , total land area under coca cultivation was estimated at around , hectares in Colombia, 80, in Peru and 30, in Bolivia, including coca crops cultivated for licit purposes. Licit coca production thus already exists, primarily for domestic consumption but also for licit export for medical purposes cocaine and soft drinks de-cocainised leaves. Export of natural coca leaf, coca tea or coca flour, however, remains strictly prohibited. The first step in the process that Bolivia has initiated will be a study undertaken by the WHO Expert Committee, based on the available scientific literature, inputs from treaty Parties including the dossier that Bolivia already submitted and contributions from civil society organizations. The 53 countries that comprise the CND would then vote on the recommendations, with a simple majority required for approval. The WHO could in principle recommend moving coca to the less restrictive Schedule II, alongside codeine and other milder opioids. But a Schedule II designation would mean that coca leaf would still be limited to medical and scientific purposes, albeit subject to lower levels of administrative control. A decade ago, when Bolivia exited from and then succeeded in rejoining the Single Convention with a reservation defending the traditional use of the coca leaf within Bolivia, the United States was staunchly opposed. In lodging its formal objection , the Obama Administration highlighted U. Ultimately, the U. But the U. Especially in Europe, new concerns have emerged about rising cocaine consumption and increasing levels of violence associated with the illicit cocaine trade. Thus far two countries— Colombia and Mexico , both of which are CND members—have publicly expressed support for the review process initiated by Bolivia. Any eventual recommendation by the WHO to reschedule the coca leaf, or to remove it entirely from the Single Convention, will need backing from a much larger group of countries in order to be approved by the CND. The CND itself has become an increasingly polarized space in recent years, and the coca review can be expected to trigger highly contentious debates. Sign up with your email to receive exclusive reports and expert research directly to your inbox every week. Your privacy is important to us; your information will be kept confidential and secure. 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Buying coke Bolivia