Buying blow Arnhem

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Buying blow Arnhem

Outcome : A failed attempt to prepare for an Allied advance into Germany. After the port of Antwerp had been liberated in early September , Montgomery proposed a novel knockout blow. As well as bottling up Zangen's German 15th Army - which had left France ahead of the Allied advance and taken up positions in Belgium - this would enable the British to attack the Ruhr from the north. This km 60 mile advance would only be possible if the bridges over all three rivers were secured beforehand. The operation required concentrated effort, the co ordination of land and airborne forces and a fair degree of luck. Receiving his orders from Montgomery, Lieutenant General Frederick Browning of the 1st Airborne Corps famously remarked that 'we might be going a bridge too far'. The operation was launched on 17 September under Lieutenant General Lewis Brereton's overall command. It was spearheaded by three separate aerial landings, the largest airborne offensive in military history. The US 82nd and st Airborne Divisions landed north and south of the Meuse, aiming to secure the crossings of the Meuse and Waal as well as the road south into Belgium. Meanwhile, the British 1st Parachute Division dropped 10km six miles west of Arnhem, aiming to secure the road bridge in Arnhem and the rail bridge to the west of the town. The operation called for the British paratroops to hold their positions for two days, after which time 30th Corps would relieve them. The Allies believed that German defences in the area were relatively poor. The Germans began to send the plan off course at Nijmegen; 82nd Airborne could not take the town and the river crossing until the advancing 30th Corps arrived. By now, however, it was 21 September; the Germans had had ample opportunity to regroup between Nijmegen and Arnhem. In Arnhem itself the situation was worse still. The rail bridge had been blown; 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment held the north side of the road bridge, completely surrounded by enemy forces, until they were overwhelmed on 20 September. The bulk of the paratroops were bottled up west of the town. A landing by 1st Polish Airborne Brigade, planned for 19 September, was only achieved on 21 September - too late to affect the outcome of the operation. On the night of 25 September, perhaps a quarter of the 10, paratroops who had landed managed to withdraw across the river. Market-Garden exhibited tactical audacity and outstanding feats of courage; the outcome, however, can only be called a failure. Find out more about the authors who wrote them. Most of the content on this site is created by our users, who are members of the public. The views expressed are theirs and unless specifically stated are not those of the BBC. The BBC is not responsible for the content of any external sites referenced. Home Explore the BBC. This page has been archived and is no longer updated. Find out more about page archiving. Explore the archive. Explore the BBC. Contact Us. As he later recalled, 'I was expounding the doctrine of the single punch against an enemy who was now weak on his pins.

Fact File : Market-Garden

Buying blow Arnhem

My stomach sinking, I head to reception to pay my bill. For the vast majority of Bitcoin holders—and the billions of people who have never even heard of the digital currency— such fluctuations may not seem like a big problem. As I waited, and the exchange worked against me, my bill had grown increasingly expensive. Such is the state of affairs in the volatile world of cryptocurrencies—where regulation is a distant concept and large market swings are commonplace. Homes have been purchased with Bitcoin, which leans heavily on cryptography and a public ledger system called the blockchain. So has a hoped-for trip to space. A rising number of people report or anticipate transacting in Bitcoin, and advocates see great potential in the currency for lowering the transaction cost of payments while increasing their security. But for Bitcoin to survive as a functional currency, it has to be widely accepted and useful in the way cash and credit cards are today. Can Bitcoin pass that test? To find out, I had come to Arnhem, a place with one of the highest concentration of merchants accepting Bitcoin anywhere in the world. My experiment: Could a journalist plan a weekend escape paid for entirely with Bitcoin? Further, could he not only survive but perhaps even enjoy himself? Bitcoin has become common currency for criminals, but the list of legitimate companies accepting it for payment is growing. Van der Meijde heard about Bitcoin a few years ago. Finding the concept intellectually interesting, and figuring that the traditional banking system could use competition, he decided to buy some. So, with two partners, he set up a payment system local vendors could run—on their phones or any other connected device, like a laptop or tablet—allowing the owners to accept Bitcoin but be paid in euros. Van der Meijde has now convinced 45 businesses to accept Bitcoin, including a hotel and a major franchise grocery store. So eight days before I set out for Arnhem, I opened an account with a Boston-based startup called Circle that would let me buy bitcoins with a credit card. Next, I logged onto CheapAir. At the payment page I chose the option to display a Bitcoin address—a tocharacter string of letters and numbers—to which I could send my payment. I then logged into Circle again to buy enough bitcoins to cover the ticket, but the transaction was immediately denied. After a call to my bank to explain that the charge indeed was not fraudulent, I tried again. The transaction went through instantly. Was this a scam? It felt like the intuitive thing to do—but it was wrong. I started making calls. Charlie at Circle, stumped, suggested a do-over. About an hour later, I received an e-mail confirmation for my flight. Step two: Bitshock A part of me expected Arnhem, about an hour from Amsterdam by train, to feel like a high-tech hub. But instead it resembled any typical European city. It had a few churches, a central pedestrian area filled with shops, and a handful of antique Dutch windmills. At Hotel Modez I was the first customer to pay in Bitcoin. At the CycleNation bike shop a bemused employee took a photo of me at the register and posted it to Twitter. Payment itself was seamless: the bartender pulled up a QR code on his phone, van der Meijde scanned it using a Bitcoin wallet app called Mycelium on his phone, and the payment registered instantly. Later we repeated the process as I transferred Bitcoin directly to van der Meijde to cover my drinks. A befuddled kid at the bar, of around university age, wanted to know what we were doing. At dinner I ate a massive pile of ribs and learned that tips in Bitcoin are handled much like tips using a credit card, with waiters paid out from the register. At Mimint, a natural-foods bodega, I bought chocolate and toothpaste. In only a few places did I encounter obstacles. At a souvenir shop I had to wait a few minutes for the owner to arrive, since he was the only one who knew how to accept Bitcoin. And at another shop I had some momentary Wi-Fi problems. Maybe the previous owners did? A few of the people there were equal parts skeptical and excited by the idea of cryptocurrencies. Two of them discussed theoretical—but exceedingly unlikely—exploits that would let them rip off the point-of-sale application van der Meijde had helped design. The Indian delivery order they were eating had been paid for with Bitcoin, and as they split the bill, some were paying the purchaser back in Bitcoin, too. Step four: Ex post crypto Though I mostly enjoyed the weekend, the getaway to Arnhem at times felt like a chore. Having exhausted most of the possible Bitcoin-ready diversions in town, I spent the last few hours of my visit, on a rainy Sunday, walking along the waterfront and through a park. I pined for a museum, or a bowling alley, or a film in a warm theater. Spending bitcoins had been easy, and ultimately—despite the snafu paying for the hotel—not that expensive. But the options had run out quickly. And there was one exceedingly important thing I could not do: get out of town. The only way to travel between Arnhem and the airport using Bitcoin was to rent a car or hire a taxi—a multi-hundred-euro expense. By contrast, the train ticket to the same place, which was not payable by Bitcoin, cost only Even the very staunchest Bitcoin enthusiast would be unlikely to pay that kind of premium. Knowing this, I had come to town with 18 euros in my pocket. What does that mean for the future of our species? Discover special offers, top stories, upcoming events, and more. Thank you for submitting your email! It looks like something went wrong. Try refreshing this page and updating them one more time. If you continue to get this message, reach out to us at customer-service technologyreview. Skip to Content. Keep Reading. Most Popular. 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Buying blow Arnhem