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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. This article was submitted to Drugs Outcomes Research and Policies, a section of the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Policies that have been imposed by different countries to slow the spread of the disease, including national lockdowns, curfews, border closures and enforcement of social distancing measures have disturbed the drug supply chain and resulted in drug shortages. Uncertainty concerning the pandemic has also led to the panic buying of drugs and the stockpiling of drugs in households, which has amplified the problem. Results from this study show that drug purchasing was reported by Analgesics and antipyretics were the most frequently purchased drugs , Buyers were also less aware, when compared to non-buyers, that panic buying and drug stockpiling may lead to drug shortages , Therefore, educating the general population regarding rational drug use is urgently needed. This is also a compelling case for the development of national guidelines for drug management that target the general population and healthcare personnel, especially pharmacists, to avoid drug shortages during crises. Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic COVID , it has been affecting health, societies and economies Zhou et al. Symptoms and manifestations of COVID can be severe, with acute respiratory failure and sepsis that requires hospitalization, and sometimes even lead to death Wiersinga et al. At the beginning of the pandemic, there was no FDA approved drug for the treatment of COVID, nor a vaccine to prevent and slow the spread of the disease. Due to the lack of certainty regarding the treatment and prevention of the virus, and in order not to overwhelm the healthcare system, most countries imposed complete lockdowns. Other safety measures were also imposed, which included the enforcement of social distancing, such as curfews; working from home, reduced working hours for those who had to be at their place of work, reduced manpower, the closure of non-essential shops, and border closures along with the cancellation of non-essential travel. Applying these lockdowns and safety measures proved to be effective and resulted in the significant decline of the infection rate and the reduction in mortality, especially when such measures were applied early Ghosal et al. Although the FDA has approved the first drug, remdesivir, for certain patients FDA, and several vaccines have also been approved for emergency use across the globe WHO, , many countries are still enforcing lockdowns and social distancing measures in order to alleviate the effect of the subsequent waves and the new variants of the virus. Due to the lockdowns, many factories, including drug factories, were closed worldwide at the beginning of the pandemic or operated with a lower capacity Bookwalter, China, which is considered the largest global supplier of active pharmaceutical ingredients APIs , imposed a national lockdown in order to contain the virus. Drug shortages are also a cause of reduced manpower, and other factors, such as factories being unable to work at maximum capacity and challenges to the importing of normal quantities due to transportation restrictions, and also the closure of ports, as well as increased demand due to panic buying. Panic buying and stockpiling have affected many items, such as groceries, food, sanitisers, disinfectants and protective equipment, including face masks and gloves, around the world and have led to acute shortages for these items, leaving people in need with no means to obtain them. During this time, people might feel that the situation is out of their hands which generates many concerns, anxiety, and fear about resources insufficiency. Therefore, people act with their primitive instincts and tend to panic buy to mitigate this anxiety and fears Arafat et al. If such circumstances occur in regard to drugs, the consequences of drug shortages can be catastrophic for patient outcomes Badreldin and Atallah, The balance between the drug supply and demand should always be maintained. This pandemic has already affected drug supplies due to the reduction of manufacturing. Patients, especially with chronic diseases, need to always have a supply of their respective drugs. Other drugs, such as pain killers and emergency drugs, also need to be available during lockdowns and curfews. However, there is no clear guideline concerning how people should react during a pandemic in regard to keeping their supply of drugs without this affecting the volume of drugs in the supply chain and increasing the risk of stock-outs or keeping too many drugs at home. Although the pharmaceutical industry in Jordan is considered to be one of the best in the region, Jordanian manufacturers export most of their production of drugs overseas and only a small percentage is left for the local market. This percentage is not sufficient for meeting the national demand, and therefore, most of the drugs that are used domestically in Jordan are still imported Alomari et al. The general population can obtain drugs depending on their medical and clinical needs, either as prescribed drugs through a prescription from healthcare providers, or through direct purchases of over-the-counter drugs from pharmacies. This study aims to assess the behaviour of the general population in Jordan in regard to the stockpiling and panic buying of drugs during the week before the full national lockdown due to the coronavirus pandemic, investigate the factors affecting it and measure their knowledge about the consequences of this behaviour. This descriptive, online cross-sectional study was conducted at the beginning of the COVID pandemic in Jordan, during the 3-day national full lockdown period. This study measured the behaviours of panic buying and drug stockpiling by the general population during the week before the full national lockdown in which the Jordanian government declared the state of emergency to limit the spread of COVID and at the end of which a formal announcement about the lockdown was made. The general population was targeted by this study. Eligibility criteria were being an adult 18 years or older and living in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. According to the Jordanian Department of Statistics and the real-time world statistic platform Worldometer, the estimated population of Jordan in was around 10,, However, larger sample size was used to increase the power of our study. A self-administered questionnaire was created using Google Forms and distributed online via different social media platforms. Participants were recruited via a convenient sampling method where participants were invited to voluntarily and anonymously complete and then submit their responses. The link to the questionnaire was available for 3 days only the period of the full national lockdown and all responses were considered for analysis. After a comprehensive review of the literature, and due to the paucity of data and studies in this subject, a self-developed questionnaire was established and validated for this study depending on the aims of the study, the information required to be collected and the targeted population. The questionnaire was developed in Arabic, and it consisted of 20 questions that were equally important and weighted the same. Questions were written simple, clear, short, and in a layperson language. All questions were close-ended with multiple choices and, depending on the question, participants were allowed to choose only one or more than one answer. Two of the questions had an open-ended choice to allow participants to elaborate upon their responses if they wish to. After the questionnaire was constructed, a panel of three experts in pharmacy, medicine and community medicine was formed to review the questionnaire for language or grammar mistakes, construction errors, or anything that might be considered unethical or offensive and then modifications were made where necessary. A pilot test was then carried out on 30 individuals who gave suggestions to improve a few questions and, at the same time, judged the face validity of the questionnaire. After the pilot run and the application of the final modifications, the panel re-assessed and evaluated the content validity of the questionnaire. Before disseminating the questionnaire, A cover letter was attached to it that described the aims of this study, how responses would be submitted anonymously, and how data would be treated and analysed confidentially. Descriptive analysis, including frequency and percentage, was used for the categorical variables. Chi-square X 2 was used to determine the level of significance between two or more variables. One thousand and twenty 1, questionnaires were properly completed and 17 were excluded as one participant was not living in Jordan and 16 were younger than 18 years. Out of the included 1, responses, participants The majority of participants , Among all participants, buyers were compared to non-buyers regarding their general characteristics. Data were analysed using Pearson Chi-square tests. Buyers are participants who bought drugs during the week before the full national lockdown. Medical background includes participants who study to become, or already are, medical doctors, dentists, clinical pharmacists, pharmacists, nurses, physiotherapists, or medical laboratory workers. Almost half of the participants, or their household members, have chronic diseases , Most participants were fully or partially covered by medical insurance. When the participants were asked about their opinion about the decision they took to buy or not to buy drugs before the lockdown, Among buyers, Figure 1C. Although statistically insignificant, a higher percentage of participants from non-medical backgrounds stated that they will distribute the unused drugs to other people Among participants who bought drugs during the week before the lockdown, participants from medical backgrounds were compared to participants from non-medical backgrounds regarding their practice of drug purchasing and stockpiling. Participants stated that they bought drugs before the lockdown to give them to people who might need them or because they were afraid of drugs shortages after the lockdown. There was no statistically significant difference between buyers and non-buyers Among all participants, buyers were compared to non-buyers and participants from medical backgrounds were compared to participants from non-medical backgrounds regarding their knowledge about self-medication with COVID drugs and the risk of drug stockpiling. Almost half of the participants in our study stockpiled drugs just prior to the lockdown. In such cases, the drugs were mainly used for the management of chronic conditions, supplements, antibiotics, analgesics. In a country such as Jordan, with limited resources and a high dependence on other countries for the supply of generic drugs or raw materials, a sudden increase in demand within the local market amid international restrictions on trade will jeopardize the availability of drugs. However, in a study conducted in Brazil, male gender, higher socioeconomic status and younger age were correlated with a higher prevalence of panic buying Lins and Aquino, The effect of socio-economic status on the patterns of pharmaceutical panic buying was also revealed in a study that was conducted by Elek et al. The findings of the study showed that socioeconomic status affected the patterns of pharmaceutical panic buying. Findings from our study show a higher percentage of people from non-medical backgrounds rarely stockpile drugs in normal conditions compared to people from a medical background. However, the percentage of buyers was significantly higher than non-buyers for participants with a non-medical background. This implies that these drugs were not part of the health care plan for people from non-medical backgrounds, though they were purchased during the pandemic. This, therefore, suggests the importance of medical knowledge in determining the behaviour of consumers during a crisis. In Indonesia, a study conducted on people who practised panic buying during COVID concluded that knowledge is a key factor affecting this behaviour Wijaya, Results from this study along with our results suggest that educating the population could attenuate this phenomenon. In a study, Arafat and others collected information from traditional media reports about panic buying during the early stages of COVID and showed that there was a high abundance of reports that mentioned panic buying and showed photos of empty shelves Arafat et al. Such anxieties disseminate via media and stimulate consumers from non-medical backgrounds to stockpile drugs, which subsequently cause them to be more positive to the idea of self-medication with COVID drugs and supplements if they could acquire them as shown in our results. A similar case was reported in China where a woman who did not have COVID self-medicated with hydroxychloroquine sulfate and was admitted to the intensive care unit suffering from cardiac arrhythmias Liu et al. Therefore, during the pandemic, people required accurate, reliable information from trusted organizations that can be easily accessed Aslani, Pharmacists can serve as educators concerning public health issues and serve as impeccable sources of knowledge. Moreover, they can provide remote pharmaceutical care services for patients that can reassure patients, reduce their risk of being infected with the disease, and monitor and report drug shortages Liu et al. The most purchased drugs were analgesics and antipyretics, followed by chronic medications, and vitamins and supplements. In Australia, several reports showed that pharmacists observed increased purchases of thyroxine, paracetamol and hydroxychloroquine among other drugs Bell et al. Similarly, a study from Hungary showed that at the beginning of the pandemic there was an increase in demand on almost all drugs classes especially gastrointestinal drugs Elek et al. This demonstrates a high degree of willingness to purchase drugs even during an economically challenging condition. An important finding from our study is that A cross-sectional study from Jordan by Naser et al. The major strength of our study is its originality. Due to the lack of similar studies, this research would be a backbone for future studies that highlight such important issues in such challenging times. In addition, investigation of drug shortages during the pandemic will shed more light on the different aspects of the problem and possibly establish a clear connection to the panic buying of drugs during the same period. The coronavirus pandemic has been a unique experience that revealed the vulnerability of humans in front of this dangerous and universal threat. The desire to secure drugs in case of a lockdown, the prospect of drug shortages and possible infection of COVID, caused consumers to buy excess amounts of drugs in order to feel secure, which served as a coping mechanism during the stressful conditions emanating from the pandemic. Pharmacists must play a role in providing alternatives for patients in case of drug shortages, which should comprise remote pharmaceutical care services and the provision of correct information and knowledge concerning the circulated material available via social media. National guidelines for drug management, drug security and rational drug use during crises that target both consumers and pharmacists, are urgently needed and should be available for future needs. Additionally, it is necessary to impose stricter measures to increase compliance with The Drug and Pharmacy Law that controls the drug dispensing from pharmacies to promote rational drug use. Statistical analyses: HJ and SZ. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Front Pharmacol. Find articles by Sura Al Zoubi. Find articles by Lobna Gharaibeh. Find articles by Hatim M Jaber. Find articles by Zaha Al-Zoubi. Received Nov 11; Accepted Dec 6; Collection date Yes Open in a new tab. Effect of educational background on the practice of drug purchasing and stockpiling. Less than a week 19 Always 50 Yes 84 Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Education background b. Do you or any of your household members have chronic diseases that need chronic drug use? Do you or any of your household members use drugs or supplements that are not related to chronic diseases? Do you or any of your household members have medical insurance? The main reason behind buying the drugs before the lockdown. How long will the amount you bought be enough to meet your demand? I will give them to my friends, relatives or people who need them. Do you think that stockpiling of drugs in the household at this stage will lead to drug shortages later? Do you think that stockpiling of drugs in the household can pose a health hazard especially on children?

Signal: UK online pharmacies selling prescription drugs without proper checks

Buying MDMA pills online in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Policies that have been imposed by different countries to slow the spread of the disease, including national lockdowns, curfews, border closures and enforcement of social distancing measures have disturbed the drug supply chain and resulted in drug shortages. Uncertainty concerning the pandemic has also led to the panic buying of drugs and the stockpiling of drugs in households, which has amplified the problem. Results from this study show that drug purchasing was reported by Analgesics and antipyretics were the most frequently purchased drugs , Buyers were also less aware, when compared to non-buyers, that panic buying and drug stockpiling may lead to drug shortages , Therefore, educating the general population regarding rational drug use is urgently needed. This is also a compelling case for the development of national guidelines for drug management that target the general population and healthcare personnel, especially pharmacists, to avoid drug shortages during crises. Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic COVID , it has been affecting health, societies and economies Zhou et al. Symptoms and manifestations of COVID can be severe, with acute respiratory failure and sepsis that requires hospitalization, and sometimes even lead to death Wiersinga et al. At the beginning of the pandemic, there was no FDA approved drug for the treatment of COVID, nor a vaccine to prevent and slow the spread of the disease. Due to the lack of certainty regarding the treatment and prevention of the virus, and in order not to overwhelm the healthcare system, most countries imposed complete lockdowns. Other safety measures were also imposed, which included the enforcement of social distancing, such as curfews; working from home, reduced working hours for those who had to be at their place of work, reduced manpower, the closure of non-essential shops, and border closures along with the cancellation of non-essential travel. Applying these lockdowns and safety measures proved to be effective and resulted in the significant decline of the infection rate and the reduction in mortality, especially when such measures were applied early Ghosal et al. Although the FDA has approved the first drug, remdesivir, for certain patients FDA, and several vaccines have also been approved for emergency use across the globe WHO, , many countries are still enforcing lockdowns and social distancing measures in order to alleviate the effect of the subsequent waves and the new variants of the virus. Due to the lockdowns, many factories, including drug factories, were closed worldwide at the beginning of the pandemic or operated with a lower capacity Bookwalter, China, which is considered the largest global supplier of active pharmaceutical ingredients APIs , imposed a national lockdown in order to contain the virus. Drug shortages are also a cause of reduced manpower, and other factors, such as factories being unable to work at maximum capacity and challenges to the importing of normal quantities due to transportation restrictions, and also the closure of ports, as well as increased demand due to panic buying. Panic buying and stockpiling have affected many items, such as groceries, food, sanitisers, disinfectants and protective equipment, including face masks and gloves, around the world and have led to acute shortages for these items, leaving people in need with no means to obtain them. During this time, people might feel that the situation is out of their hands which generates many concerns, anxiety, and fear about resources insufficiency. Therefore, people act with their primitive instincts and tend to panic buy to mitigate this anxiety and fears Arafat et al. If such circumstances occur in regard to drugs, the consequences of drug shortages can be catastrophic for patient outcomes Badreldin and Atallah, The balance between the drug supply and demand should always be maintained. This pandemic has already affected drug supplies due to the reduction of manufacturing. Patients, especially with chronic diseases, need to always have a supply of their respective drugs. Other drugs, such as pain killers and emergency drugs, also need to be available during lockdowns and curfews. However, there is no clear guideline concerning how people should react during a pandemic in regard to keeping their supply of drugs without this affecting the volume of drugs in the supply chain and increasing the risk of stock-outs or keeping too many drugs at home. Although the pharmaceutical industry in Jordan is considered to be one of the best in the region, Jordanian manufacturers export most of their production of drugs overseas and only a small percentage is left for the local market. This percentage is not sufficient for meeting the national demand, and therefore, most of the drugs that are used domestically in Jordan are still imported Alomari et al. The general population can obtain drugs depending on their medical and clinical needs, either as prescribed drugs through a prescription from healthcare providers, or through direct purchases of over-the-counter drugs from pharmacies. This study aims to assess the behaviour of the general population in Jordan in regard to the stockpiling and panic buying of drugs during the week before the full national lockdown due to the coronavirus pandemic, investigate the factors affecting it and measure their knowledge about the consequences of this behaviour. This descriptive, online cross-sectional study was conducted at the beginning of the COVID pandemic in Jordan, during the 3-day national full lockdown period. This study measured the behaviours of panic buying and drug stockpiling by the general population during the week before the full national lockdown in which the Jordanian government declared the state of emergency to limit the spread of COVID and at the end of which a formal announcement about the lockdown was made. The general population was targeted by this study. Eligibility criteria were being an adult 18 years or older and living in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. According to the Jordanian Department of Statistics and the real-time world statistic platform Worldometer, the estimated population of Jordan in was around 10,, However, larger sample size was used to increase the power of our study. A self-administered questionnaire was created using Google Forms and distributed online via different social media platforms. Participants were recruited via a convenient sampling method where participants were invited to voluntarily and anonymously complete and then submit their responses. The link to the questionnaire was available for 3 days only the period of the full national lockdown and all responses were considered for analysis. After a comprehensive review of the literature, and due to the paucity of data and studies in this subject, a self-developed questionnaire was established and validated for this study depending on the aims of the study, the information required to be collected and the targeted population. The questionnaire was developed in Arabic, and it consisted of 20 questions that were equally important and weighted the same. Questions were written simple, clear, short, and in a layperson language. All questions were close-ended with multiple choices and, depending on the question, participants were allowed to choose only one or more than one answer. Two of the questions had an open-ended choice to allow participants to elaborate upon their responses if they wish to. After the questionnaire was constructed, a panel of three experts in pharmacy, medicine and community medicine was formed to review the questionnaire for language or grammar mistakes, construction errors, or anything that might be considered unethical or offensive and then modifications were made where necessary. A pilot test was then carried out on 30 individuals who gave suggestions to improve a few questions and, at the same time, judged the face validity of the questionnaire. After the pilot run and the application of the final modifications, the panel re-assessed and evaluated the content validity of the questionnaire. Before disseminating the questionnaire, A cover letter was attached to it that described the aims of this study, how responses would be submitted anonymously, and how data would be treated and analysed confidentially. Descriptive analysis, including frequency and percentage, was used for the categorical variables. Chi-square X 2 was used to determine the level of significance between two or more variables. One thousand and twenty 1, questionnaires were properly completed and 17 were excluded as one participant was not living in Jordan and 16 were younger than 18 years. Out of the included 1, responses, participants The majority of participants , Almost half of the participants, or their household members, have chronic diseases , Most participants were fully or partially covered by medical insurance. When the participants were asked about their opinion about the decision they took to buy or not to buy drugs before the lockdown, Among buyers, Figure 1C. Although statistically insignificant, a higher percentage of participants from non-medical backgrounds stated that they will distribute the unused drugs to other people TABLE 2. Effect of educational background on the practice of drug purchasing and stockpiling. There was no statistically significant difference between buyers and non-buyers TABLE 3. Almost half of the participants in our study stockpiled drugs just prior to the lockdown. In such cases, the drugs were mainly used for the management of chronic conditions, supplements, antibiotics, analgesics. In a country such as Jordan, with limited resources and a high dependence on other countries for the supply of generic drugs or raw materials, a sudden increase in demand within the local market amid international restrictions on trade will jeopardize the availability of drugs. However, in a study conducted in Brazil, male gender, higher socioeconomic status and younger age were correlated with a higher prevalence of panic buying Lins and Aquino, The effect of socio-economic status on the patterns of pharmaceutical panic buying was also revealed in a study that was conducted by Elek et al. The findings of the study showed that socioeconomic status affected the patterns of pharmaceutical panic buying. Findings from our study show a higher percentage of people from non-medical backgrounds rarely stockpile drugs in normal conditions compared to people from a medical background. However, the percentage of buyers was significantly higher than non-buyers for participants with a non-medical background. This implies that these drugs were not part of the health care plan for people from non-medical backgrounds, though they were purchased during the pandemic. This, therefore, suggests the importance of medical knowledge in determining the behaviour of consumers during a crisis. In Indonesia, a study conducted on people who practised panic buying during COVID concluded that knowledge is a key factor affecting this behaviour Wijaya, Results from this study along with our results suggest that educating the population could attenuate this phenomenon. In a study, Arafat and others collected information from traditional media reports about panic buying during the early stages of COVID and showed that there was a high abundance of reports that mentioned panic buying and showed photos of empty shelves Arafat et al. Such anxieties disseminate via media and stimulate consumers from non-medical backgrounds to stockpile drugs, which subsequently cause them to be more positive to the idea of self-medication with COVID drugs and supplements if they could acquire them as shown in our results. A similar case was reported in China where a woman who did not have COVID self-medicated with hydroxychloroquine sulfate and was admitted to the intensive care unit suffering from cardiac arrhythmias Liu et al. Therefore, during the pandemic, people required accurate, reliable information from trusted organizations that can be easily accessed Aslani, Pharmacists can serve as educators concerning public health issues and serve as impeccable sources of knowledge. Moreover, they can provide remote pharmaceutical care services for patients that can reassure patients, reduce their risk of being infected with the disease, and monitor and report drug shortages Liu et al. The most purchased drugs were analgesics and antipyretics, followed by chronic medications, and vitamins and supplements. In Australia, several reports showed that pharmacists observed increased purchases of thyroxine, paracetamol and hydroxychloroquine among other drugs Bell et al. Similarly, a study from Hungary showed that at the beginning of the pandemic there was an increase in demand on almost all drugs classes especially gastrointestinal drugs Elek et al. This demonstrates a high degree of willingness to purchase drugs even during an economically challenging condition. An important finding from our study is that A cross-sectional study from Jordan by Naser et al. The major strength of our study is its originality. Due to the lack of similar studies, this research would be a backbone for future studies that highlight such important issues in such challenging times. In addition, investigation of drug shortages during the pandemic will shed more light on the different aspects of the problem and possibly establish a clear connection to the panic buying of drugs during the same period. The coronavirus pandemic has been a unique experience that revealed the vulnerability of humans in front of this dangerous and universal threat. The desire to secure drugs in case of a lockdown, the prospect of drug shortages and possible infection of COVID, caused consumers to buy excess amounts of drugs in order to feel secure, which served as a coping mechanism during the stressful conditions emanating from the pandemic. Pharmacists must play a role in providing alternatives for patients in case of drug shortages, which should comprise remote pharmaceutical care services and the provision of correct information and knowledge concerning the circulated material available via social media. National guidelines for drug management, drug security and rational drug use during crises that target both consumers and pharmacists, are urgently needed and should be available for future needs. Additionally, it is necessary to impose stricter measures to increase compliance with The Drug and Pharmacy Law that controls the drug dispensing from pharmacies to promote rational drug use. Statistical analyses: HJ and SZ. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Al-Husseini, A. Saudi Pharm. Alomari, M. Analyzing the Structure of Jordanian Pharmaceutical Industry. Google Scholar. Arafat, S. Psychiatry Res. Psychiatry Brain Res. Aslani, P. Health Expect. Badreldin, H. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. Adm Pharm. Bell, J. Bookwalter, C. US Pharm. Chatterjee, P. Lancet , Chen, Y. Ageing Res. Chua, G. Public Health 18 6 , 1— Department of Statistics Estimated Population of and Some of Selected Data. Elek, P. Heal Econ. FDA Ghosal, S. Diabetes Metab. Ji, T. Jordan Chamber of Industry Jordanian Ministry of Health The Drug and Pharmacy Law No. Kostev, K. Panic Buying or Good Adherence? Lau, H. Lins, S. Heliyon 6 July , e Liu, S. Providing Pharmacy Services during the Coronavirus Pandemic. Naser, A. Raosoft Sample Size Calculator by Raosoft, Inc. Taghrir, M. Iranian Med. Iran 23 4 , — WHO Wiersinga, W. JAMA , — Wijaya, T. Humanit Open. Worldometer Jordan Population. Yousef, A. Self-medication Patterns in Amman, Jordan. World Sci. Yuen, K. Public Health 17, Zhou, P. Nature , — The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Top bar navigation. About us About us. Sections Sections. About journal About journal. Article types Author guidelines Editor guidelines Publishing fees Submission checklist Contact editorial office. Drugs Outcomes Research and Policies. Jaber 3 Zaha Al-Zoubi 4. Methods and Materials Study Design, Population, and Sampling This descriptive, online cross-sectional study was conducted at the beginning of the COVID pandemic in Jordan, during the 3-day national full lockdown period. Questionnaire After a comprehensive review of the literature, and due to the paucity of data and studies in this subject, a self-developed questionnaire was established and validated for this study depending on the aims of the study, the information required to be collected and the targeted population. TABLE 1. General characteristics of the participants.

Buying MDMA pills online in Bosnia and Herzegovina