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Wild poppies in Kazakhstan's Charyn Canyon, also called the Valley of Castles for its rock formations. Extracts from poppy seeds have led to medicines such as morphine and codeine. Photograph: Ilya Raskin. I n the movie Medicine Man , biochemist Robert Campbell, played by actor Sean Connery, searches for new drugs in the Amazon's vast rainforests. There, Campbell finds a cure for cancer not in the rainforest's rare flowers but in an indigenous ant species. All is looking up until a logging company destroys Campbell's research station. Along with it, acres of rainforest burn to the ground, taking the cure-containing ants with them. Campbell perseveres, however, convinced he will locate more ants and stop cancer in its tracks. Thousands of miles from the tropical rainforest and far from any movie theater, other medicine men and women are on the path to cures—in this case, to metabolic syndrome, a cluster of conditions including high blood pressure, high blood sugar levels, and high cholesterol levels. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. Remedies could not come too soon: The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adults in the United States, according to a issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association , is 33 percent. Marketplace in Mary, Turkmenistan, an ancient oasis in the Karakum Desert through which caravans carrying herbal medicines have traveled for centuries. In remote, mountainous countries such as Tajikistan, researchers are on the hunt for—and finding—pharmacological treasures. Raskin and Dushenkov visit the country's high Pamir Mountains to locate plants in the genus Artemisia , or wormwood. They are evaluating Artemisia 's potential for treating metabolic syndrome. Artemisia annua , or sweet wormwood, is known for its active component, artemisinin, which led to a new class of antimalaria drugs. During Tu's screening of herbal remedies, an extract from Artemisia annua emerged as a promising candidate. Tu revisited ancient Chinese literature and discovered invaluable clues in the quest to find answers. Raskin's and Dushenkov's efforts in Tajikistan are not so different. Tajikistan has a long tradition of using botanical therapies for the prevention and treatment of disease, going back at least years. Months before the meeting, Raskin and Dushenkov were in Tajikistan for meeting preparations and fieldwork on Artemisia. There, peaks reach elevations of more than meters. The night prayer— Tarawih —was conducted on a small terrace outside one of the houses. The biologists did not speak the dialect, but they were surprised to hear Artemisia repeated several times. They later learned that the locals were praying that the researchers would find Artemisia plants the next day. Photograph: Vyacheslav Dushenkov. The researchers report that experiments showed reduced liver fat in mice given an extract of Artemisia scoparia. Tajikistan's peaks and valleys endure widely ranging temperatures. To survive there, plants, including Artemisia , must adapt to extremes. All plants produce primary substances for growth and—if they live in stressful conditions—secondary compounds, or metabolites, to protect them in demanding environments. Leads for new treatments, says Raskin, are often contained in secondary metabolites. The initial research to find these compounds may now be performed right where the plants grow. In the Screens to Nature antibacterial bioassay, for example, investigators identify and collect plants in the wild. Each plant's location is recorded with a portable global positioning system GPS unit, and two small samples are obtained: one for extraction and one for identification, the latter to be kept as an herbarium specimen, wrote Raskin and others in a paper in the Journal of the North American Colleges and Teachers of Agriculture. Then, an extract is prepared from the parts of a plant that may have medicinal value, whether leaves, bark, fruit, or roots. The screening involves placing a small, bacteria-laden saliva sample into each well of a well plate, after which the plant extract is added. The plates incubate overnight. The next morning, they are ranked on a scale of zero to three—the higher the number, the less bacterial growth in the sample. If a plant shows few bacteria, laboratory-based assays often follow. Scientists at the Uzbek Agricultural University in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, work on extracts from medicinal plants ready to be assayed for pharmacological activity. Other Screens to Nature bioassays evaluate whether plant extracts might be used to regulate blood sugar levels, fight parasitic and viral infections, or increase immunity. Miller has run drug discovery programs in North America, the Caribbean, and Madagascar. The treaty, adopted in , governs the conservation and sustainable use of biological resources and equitable sharing of benefits. He and colleagues have used the method throughout Central Asia and in other locales, such as North Dakota and elsewhere in North America, Israel, and the Mediterranean region. The American Society of Pharmacognosy www. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the 30 years from to Journal of Natural Products — Artemisia scoparia extract attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diet-induced obesity mice by enhancing hepatic insulin and AMPK signaling independently of FGF21 pathway. Metabolism — Knowledge of botanical medicines probably goes back to the days of the Neanderthals, who disappeared between 39, and 41, years ago. Scientists have discovered evidence for the use of medicinal plants in a cave in what's now northern Spain, trapped in the remains of a Neanderthal's dental calculus. Their writings resulted in the most-referenced medical guides of their day, Saydana and the Canon of Medical Science , respectively. Fast forward to the s and s: Those decades were heydays of modern drug discovery from natural products—the chemicals produced by living organisms. Many of the antibiotics and chemotherapies that are used today, such as the antibiotic gentamicin from a bacterium and the anticancer drug vincristine from the Madagascar periwinkle plant, were developed during that time. Now, one-quarter of medicines are based on plants. The most common such drug is salicylic acid, or aspirin, extracted from the bark of the willow tree. Taxol, used to treat breast, ovarian, and other cancers, comes from the Pacific yew tree, which grows along the US West Coast. As companies ran low on compounds to consider, they used combinatorial chemistry to create libraries of thousands of molecules, wrote Cragg and scientist David Newman in March , in the Journal of Natural Products. Despite early high hopes, however, for new cures from nature's pharmacy, many major companies closed their natural products divisions in the s. Their libraries, which largely contained random molecules, had produced few new drugs, says Cragg. Genetic sequencing is rapidly moving that process forward, says Frank Petersen, executive director of the Natural Products Unit at Novartis, a pharmaceutical company headquartered in Switzerland. Lizard's tail plants in a southeastern US wetland. The plants are important in Creole traditional medicine and hold promise for the treatment of diabetes. Photograph: Fredlyfish4. Novartis is one of the few major drug companies that has retained a keen interest in natural products, evidenced by one of its websites, Beautiful Medicine , which features botanical cures. The company is looking for the next Coartem or ergotamine, two of its most widely used drugs derived from nature. Artemisinin is the active substance in Coartem, a treatment for malaria; the antimigraine activity of ergotamine comes from a fungus that lives on rye and other grasses. Photograph: Brittany Graf. To jumpstart new research, biochemists are investigating the promise of DNA-encoded chemical libraries. Scientists are using DNA to select and synthesize compounds that attach to targets such as enzymes and receptors. Compounds are labeled with short DNA fragments that act as barcodes. To identify those that bind successfully, researchers read the combined DNA sequence. DNA barcode information is critical to progress in plant-based treatments, biochemists say. Scientists there are working to identify the active ingredients in botanical remedies for metabolic syndrome. Vinales, Cuba, a region known for its medicinal plants, including malanga, a tuber that may benefit the human gut microbiome. Among them is lizard's tail Saururus cernuus , also called water dragon or swamp root. The plant grows in eastern North American wetlands and has long been used as an anti-inflammatory in Louisiana Creole folk medicine. Could it also treat insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes? To find answers, Cefalu and other researchers are combining cultural anthropology and botany with biochemistry and endocrinology. They are testing samples from Louisiana wetlands such as those along the Atchafalaya River to uncover the healing potential of lizard's tail and other plants important in Creole cures. Farther afield, Raskin and others are determining whether a small tropical tree called moringa Moringa oleifera is a viable alternative to cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli for maintaining normal glucose metabolism and managing inflammation. Results the group published in in the journal Molecular Nutrition and Food Research show that moringa may be an effective functional also called medicinal food for the prevention and treatment of obesity and type-2 diabetes. Testing on this and other plant species has led to a Rutgers spinoff company, Nutrasorb. Other plants being studied by scientists at Rutgers and the University of California, San Francisco, and collaborators include the Concord grape. Polyphenols in the grapes increase the growth of Akkermansia muciniphila , a beneficial human gut microbe. A paper in the journal Diabetes by Diana Roopchand of Rutgers, Raskin, and Peter Turnbaugh, of the University of California, San Francisco, suggests that Concord grape polyphenols are helpful to gut microbial community structure. The discovery caught the eye of companies that include Flagship VentureLabs, a venture capital firm that specializes in biomedicine. In a new project, Brittany Graf, of Rutgers, is taking a close look at a plant called malanga that grows in Cuba. At Cuba's Otero farm, the scientists study plants endemic to Cuba, including those in the genus Garcinia , sometimes called saptrees. They hope to learn more about how Cuba's flora is used in medicina verde , as plant-based medicine is known and widely practiced in Cuba. A logical starting point for research on medicinal plants, Jim Miller believes, is on species that are important in traditional medicine. He thinks scientists need to investigate more such avenues. Can plants offer an unending stream of new discoveries for human health? Miller calculates that there is likely a minimum of new drugs waiting to be discovered from plants, with the actual number much higher. The journey can only happen, however, if plant diversity is protected, according to a report released by the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation GSPC , a Convention on Biological Diversity program. In Europe, for example, populations of 31 percent of plants are declining. How can science find the way down that path? According to Geoff Cordell, emeritus medicinal chemist at the University of Illinois at Chicago and president of the consulting firm Natural Products, Inc. Researchers from Israel and Spain collect medicinal plants near Jerusalem. Photograph: Hadassah Academic College. If plants can treat individual ills, can they also cure maladies afflicting entire nations? A meeting in December might be the key to bridging the gulf among countries—and to new ways of viewing wild medicine. Researcher Gili Joseph of Hadassah Academic College, along with Fridlender and others, collected plant samples from eight climate zones in Israel. The biochemists studied more than plant samples from plants belonging to 85 families using Screens to Nature. Plants growing in extreme conditions showed more bioactivity than those in less harsh climates, says Fridlender. The findings were published in in the journal Biodiversity, Bioprospecting and Development. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Sign in through your institution. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents Scaling the roof of the world. Praying for Artemisia. Nature meets drug discovery. From cave medicine to combinatorial chemistry. Can an apple a day in fact keep the doctor away? Is there a limit to what plants can provide? Plants as peacekeepers. Journal Article. Wild Medicine: The search for cures from nature. Award-winning science journalist Cheryl Lyn Dybas cheryl. Oxford Academic. Google Scholar. Select Format Select format. Permissions Icon Permissions. Open in new tab Download slide. Further reading. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals. Issue Section:. Download all slides. Views 4, More metrics information. Total Views 4, Email alerts Article activity alert. Advance article alerts. New issue alert. Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic. Citing articles via Web of Science 1. Latest Most Read Most Cited Challenges and opportunities for sustainable wildlife population recovery. Global proliferation of nonnative plants is a major driver of insect invasions. Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness John Keats. Framing challenges and polarized issues in invasion science: toward an interdisciplinary agenda. Age-based scoring as a complementary approach to sustainable trophy hunting. More from Oxford Academic. Science and Mathematics. Social Sciences. Authoring Open access Purchasing Institutional account management Rights and permissions. Get help with access Accessibility Contact us Advertising Media enquiries.

Pharmacy on the main street in Vinales, Pinar del Rio Province, Cuba.

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Travel inspiration. By Ben Finch September 19, There are no drugs in Cuba , our host explains to a backpacker who has smuggled in a gram of MDMA in his sock. He even demonstrates the action of putting handcuffs on to make his point. The Cuban government claims it has won the war on drugs and locks anyone up who may be buying, touting or using. Drugs are officially over in Cuba. And I had been planning on doing it legally from one of the many shops. Instead, I have to ask around and I get a hit on my first attempt. He gives one of his cohort a fistbump and tells me to follow him. So I do. It has been freshly rolled, although thankfully not on the ample thigh of a virgin. This is because of the amazing limestone karst domes, which are surrounded by towering mountains, and for the traditional farming that takes place. My guide sparks his Zippo in the dark and I puff away until my fresh cigar is lit. This is where it is dried, aged and fermented. Just outside the door lies the farm. It is perhaps an acre in size, and is privately owned. The plants are larger than I expected; just under waist height and with huge, wide leaves. A crop-spraying labourer walks through the field with a tank on his back. Horses are tied under the shade of the trees. They are annoyed by a dog running wild around the hut. There is little other life to be seen. Back inside, my guide sits at a table in the centre of the room. He is quickly wrapping the aged leaves around one hand and stripping out the stem with the other. Then he lays them out, and gathers them into a rough cigar shape. He folds them carefully over each other, creating loose cylinders so that air can be drawn through, and sets them onto another leaf — the wrapper. Using the heel of his hand he begins to roll in short, sharp motions. Tobacco grows on small farms in the mountains. The plants are just under waist height and with huge, wide leaves — Ben Finch. The final leaf lies on the table, and the cigar is finished with even more care. Each end is gently twisted and the rags snipped off with a pair of scissors. In a matter of minutes, my guide has rolled me a cigar by hand. It bends as I test the feel. Now I must age it myself, and then smoke it. I place it carefully into a jiffy bag, and lay it into the top of my rucksack. A few days later, I am following Jack the Lad through the streets of Havana towards the docks. As we reach the canal, he takes a quick left and pulls me into an art shop. It is full of the garish paintings that are so common here: a bright yellow Corvette races past colonial Portuguese buildings, multi-coloured people dance the rhumba, a woman in pink with a bouquet of flowers on her head smokes a massive cigar. It turns out the boy is a runner and not the dealer; his job is to find the customers. He has a quick word with the owner of the shop, and darts out while she shouts up the stairs. An old man in an open blue shirt slowly follows the voice. He leads me up three flights of crumbling steps to his tiny flat and into a bedroom, where he pulls back the sheets. Underneath are cases and cases of cigars. Either he works in one of the factories himself, or he knows the people who do. Anytime the cigar roller is not happy with his product, he gently pulls the wrapper back and starts again — Shutterstock. If I wanted to walk out with cigars, I probably could, but I would surely be stopped at the border. I take 12 Cohiba Gigantes. The dealer pulls out a set of stickers, peels one off, and sticks it over the corner of the case. And with that I hand over my cash and leave. I walk through streets alive with people and music to find myself a daiquiri. Cuba North America. Travel hacks. We let you in on how to travel for free by utilizing travel hacks, getting alternative accommodation, and finding things to see and do on any vacation that don't cost a penny. Fun facts. Where is the self-styled center of the universe? Which state is overrun by chickens? Where can you celebrate a frozen Norwegian guy? And why oh why would you march 21 elephants over a bridge? These 10 races are some of the toughest on the planet. Steep, hot, in thin air or other challenging conditions, these Has the Barbie movie inspired you to visit some rosier places in the world? Check out these pink travel destinations: pretty cities, a pink-sand beach, and more. The plants are just under waist height and with huge, wide leaves — Ben Finch The final leaf lies on the table, and the cigar is finished with even more care. Anytime the cigar roller is not happy with his product, he gently pulls the wrapper back and starts again — Shutterstock I can choose from Cohibas, Montecristos, Bolivars and Romeo Y Julietas, in whichever size I want and whatever size of case I fancy. Popular routes on Kiwi. Travel hacks 3 simple ways to make traveling cost nothing or very little We let you in on how to travel for free by utilizing travel hacks, getting alternative accommodation, and finding things to see and do on any vacation that don't cost a penny Read more. Read more. Travel inspiration The 10 hardest marathons in the world These 10 races are some of the toughest on the planet. Travel inspiration 7 Barbie-inspired pink places to visit Has the Barbie movie inspired you to visit some rosier places in the world? Check out these pink travel destinations: pretty cities, a pink-sand beach, and more Read more. Ben Finch Ben Finch is a freelance journalist who loves to explore the world.

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