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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. MDMA is a synthetic substance commonly known as ecstasy , although the latter term has now been generalised to cover a wide range of other substances. Originally developed in by the Merck chemical company, it was never marketed as such. Although proposed as an aid to psychiatric counselling, therapeutic use is extremely limited. It acts as a central nervous system CNS stimulant and has a weak hallucinogenic property more accurately described as increased sensory awareness. MDMA is under international control. MDMA is an abbreviation for m ethylene d ioxy- m ethyl a mphetamine. MDMA is a member of the larger group of ring-substituted phenethylamines. As with other phenethylamines, and like its close relative methamphetamine , MDMA also exists in two enantiomeric forms R and S. The most common salt is the hydrochloride CAS which occurs as a white or off-white powder or as crystals soluble in water. The phosphate salt is also encountered. Illicit products are seen principally as white tablets with a characteristic impression logo , less commonly as white powders or capsules. MDMA base is a colourless oil insoluble in water. Whereas phenethylamines without ring substitution usually behave as stimulants, ring substitution as in MDMA leads to a modification in the pharmacological properties. Ingestion of MDMA causes euphoria, increased sensory awareness and mild central stimulation. It is less hallucinogenic than its lower homologue , methylenedioxyamphetamine MDA. The terms empathogenic and entactogenic have been coined to describe the socialising effects of MDMA. Following ingestion, most of the dose of MDMA is excreted in the urine unchanged. Major metabolites are 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine MDA and O -demethylated compounds. Following a dose of 75 mg, the maximum plasma concentration of around 0. The plasma half-life is 6—7 hours. In animals, MDMA causes neurotoxicity, as evidenced by anatomical changes in axon structure and a persisting reduction in brain serotonin levels. The significance of these findings to human users is still unclear, although cognitive impairment is associated with MDMA use. Some of the pharmacodynamic and toxic effects of MDMA vary, depending on which enantiomer is used. However, almost all illicit MDMA exists as a racemic mixture. Fatalities following a dose of mg have been noted, but toxicity depends on many factors, including individual susceptibility and the circumstances in which MDMA is used. There are four principal precursors which can be used in the manufacture of MDMA and related drugs: safrole, isosafrole, piperonal and 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylpropanone PMK. Safrole is the key starting material in so far as the other three can be synthesised from it. In the original Merck patent of , safrole was reacted with hydrobromic acid to form bromosafrole, which was converted to MDMA using methylamine. Many illicit syntheses start with PMK and use either the Leuckart route or various reductive aminations including the aluminium foil method. All of these methods produce racemic MDMA. MDMA in tablet form is almost always used orally ingested , but the powdered form could also be snorted, inhaled or injected, although the latter route is rarely observed in the context of recreational ecstasy use. As some of the above names suggest, MDMA is a derivative of amphetamine and a member of the phenethylamine family. A number of homologous compounds with broadly similar effects, e. These and many other more distant relatives of MDMA have now been subsumed by the generic term ecstasy. Mitsubishis, Love Doves and many others. Using gas chromatography, the limits of detection in plasma and urine are 1. Iversen, L. King, L. Moffat, A. United Nations , Recommended Methods for the Identification and analysis of amphetamine, methamphetamine and their ring-substituted analogues in seized materials revised and updated , Manual for Use by National Drug Testing Laboratories , United Nations, New York. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. MDMA 'Ecstasy' drug profile. Chemistry Molecular structure. Frequently asked questions FAQ : therapeutic use of psychedelic substances. July New psychoactive substances — the current situation in Europe European Drug Report June European Drug Report Trends and Developments. Annex tables to the European Drug Report Other drugs — the current situation in Europe European Drug Report Drug seizures in the European Union — number of reported drug seizures, breakdown by drug, percent updated June Drug seizures in the European Union — quantity of drugs seized, indexed trends updated June

MDMA ('Ecstasy') drug profile

Buying MDMA pills Panama

Psychedelics see increased legalisation and decriminalisation globally as treatment usages expand. Research continues to progress on the potential mental and physical health benefits of psychedelics used in a therapeutic context. Yet psychedelic substances remain illegal around much of the globe, with notable exceptions. Psychedelics include psilocybin which can be found in 'magic mushroom' , MDMA 'ecstasy' or 'molly' , LSD 'acid' ayahuasca, peyote and ibogaine among others. The legal landscape of these substances is changing globally amidst continuous emerging research on the various benefits of their therapeutic use. Psychedelics have been shown to help with mental health conditions, such as treatment-resistant depression and post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD. They're also being studied for the relief of physical health conditions, such as those related to chronic pain. In some countries, various psychedelics have full legalisation. In other countries, certain psychedelics have been legalised only under specific contexts. And still in other areas, some psychedelics have been decriminalised. Marks says that criminalisation of drugs, including psychedelics, creates more harm than good. It's quite plausible that when something is criminalised, people might hesitate to call for emergency medical services. Blest-Hopely agrees. That is also true for attaining products that are assured for quality. But she adds a note of caution. However, it must come with education around psychedelics in their totality. Not just the positives, but also the risks, the effects and the enormity of impact that using large doses of substance can have, acutely and long term. Arguments against legalisation and decriminalisation include concerns over any potential increase in substance use disorders. However, psychedelics are currently being studied as a potential treatment for substance use disorders and are not considered addicting themselves. Other concerns include potential increases in psychedelic-related emergencies, such as emergency department visits for 'bad trips. Advocacy groups are pushing for change in the UK. Ibogaine, which is being studied for opioid use disorder and PTSD , comes from the sacred iboga plant, native to Central Africa, where it is used by Indigenous communities for ceremonial purposes in Gabon , Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon and Republic of the Congo. In these areas, ibogaine generally lacks a legal framework regulating it. It is, however, legal in Gabon, where it is protected. In South Africa, ibogaine is considered a medication and can be provided by licensed professionals. In , Australia's Therapeutic Goods Administration TGA , the agency responsible for regulating medicines, decided to allow authorised psychiatrists to prescribe some psychedelics for certain mental health conditions. Ibogaine can also be prescribed to treat addiction in Australia. Psilocybin is legal to possess and use, but not to sell, in the Bahamas. Psilocybin is also legal to possess and use, but not to sell, in the British Virgin Islands. Ayahuasca is also legal in Peru, which in , designated the psychedelic a part of Indigenous heritage. In Mexico, psychedelics are generally considered illegal. However, there is an exception that has made the country a hotspot for psychedelic retreats: Article bis of the Federal Penal Code states that people cannot be prosecuted for spiritual or ceremonial use of psilocybin or 5-MeO-DMT. The latter is secreted by a gland in the Sonoran Desert toad and is also found in some plants. Ibogaine is unregulated in Mexico, making the country a place where people seek treatment. Peyote is legal in Mexico only for Indigenous ceremonies and traditions. Though not legal, personal drug use is not prosecuted in Costa Rica. And ibogaine is unregulated in Panama. The European Union classifies psychedelics as Schedule I , meaning they are highly controlled and illegal except for 'scientific or limited medical purposes. The authors acknowledge that mental health issues affect one in six people in the EU. Despite the illegality of psychedelics across the EU, some countries within Europe have moved to either legalise or decriminalise certain substances. In The Netherlands, psilocybin truffles are legal, though other forms of the compound are not. And ibogaine is unregulated in the country. Other psychedelics remain illegal. In Germany, ibogaine is unregulated , except for pharmaceutical rules under the German Medicinal Products Act. The country has several ibogaine treatment centres. Portugal, at the start of the 21st century, decriminalised the personal possession and use of all drugs. Spain has also decriminalised drug use. Switzerland has decriminalised substance use in general. Switzerland now allows for restricted compassionate use in a medical context of LSD and some other psychedelics. The Federal Office of Public Health must grant permits for such use. The agency says roughly 70 physicians have permits. Switzerland has had the exceptional use program in place off and on since the s , Calder adds, and the most recent law has been in effect since Jamaica is a popular place for psychedelic tourism, thanks to its lack of a law surrounding psilocybin. Magic mushrooms have never been illegal in the country. Canada and the US have been slowly expanding access to psychedelic substances. In Canada, most psychedelics are illegal based on their classifications under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, with a few exceptions. And although mescaline is listed as a Schedule III controlled substance, peyote is not. Mescaline is extracted from peyote. It is not meant for long-term access,' says Harrison Jordan , the founder of Substance Law, a firm focusing on regulatory compliance regarding psychedelics and other controlled substances. Health Canada added ibogaine to its Prescription Drug List in , but the agency does not recognize its medical use. Therefore SAP requests are unlikely to be granted. The Canadian province of British Columbia has decriminalised small amounts of illicit drugs. And Alberta, in early , implemented a framework for regulating and licensing some health care providers to administer some psychedelics for mental health treatment. However, Native American ceremonial use of peyote is protected under federal regulation and in at least 28 states. In , the agency first granted the same designation for psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. These designations helped allow psychedelic research to progress. In addition to small changes at the federal level, some states and cities have moved to legalise psychedelics for medical purposes or decriminalise them for personal use. The state of Oregon decriminalised most drugs in via Measure However, the governor is set to sign a bill to recriminalise. Republican opposition to Measure grew after a spike in fatal opioid overdoses. Research published in found that Measure was not associated with the increase in the short term. But longer-term research is needed. A group of business and political leaders in the state called for a ballot measure to repeal or alter the law, and many Democrats who were once in favour of Measure changed their position. Opponents of recriminalisation note that Measure was supposed to direct cannabis tax revenue towards addiction services. However, the pandemic hindered the process. If the governor signs the new bill, the state's legalisation of psilocybin use at licenced psilocybin service centres will remain in effect. The state of Colorado decriminalised the possession and use of small amounts of natural psychedelic substances for those 21 and over. The state also legalised, due to start in late , the supervised use of psilocybin at licensed facilities or with licensed clinical facilitators. In , the state may start legalising additional plant-based psychedelic substances, such as DMT, ibogaine, or mescaline in the same contexts. A growing list of cities across the US have also made changes to their laws surrounding psychedelics. The list includes Washington, DC, which in , decriminalised the personal use of psilocybin. In one exception, the California state legislature passed a bill to decriminalise the personal use and possession of psychedelics. Ibogaine can be legally prescribed in New Zealand. We would like to apologise for this error and clarify that the Samoan Narcotics Act currenly prohibits psychedelic fungi and psilocybin is classified as a Class A narcotic. If you liked this story, sign up for The Essential List newsletter — a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news delivered to your inbox every Friday. Skip to content. US Election. What psychedelics legalisation and decriminalisation looks like around the world. Getty Images. Credit: Getty Images. Psychedelics include psilocybin, which can be found in 'magic mushroom' Credit: Getty Images. Are psychedelics legal in the United Kingdom? South Africa. The Bahamas. The British Virgin Islands. Ayahuasca is legal in Peru, which in designated the psychedelic a part of Indigenous heritage Credit: Getty Images. Costa Rica. Psychedelics in the European Union. The Czech Republic. The Netherlands. Psilocybin can be made in to a 'magic mushroom' tea Credit: Getty Images. In Alberta, Canada, implemented a framework for licensing some health care providers to administer some psychedelics for mental health treatment Credit: Getty Images. The United States. New Zealand.

Buying MDMA pills Panama