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From September, you may experience issues accessing our website. We recommend using the Firefox browser. Drug use imposes a range of health and social costs on New Zealand society. Measures of the availability of drugs are important for understanding levels of drug use and changes in drug use over time. Policy makers can directly affect levels of drug availability through a range of policy tools, including age restrictions, vendor regulation, varying levels of enforcement, and changing the legal classification of drug types. This paper presents population-level data on the current availability, and recent change in availability, of the 11 most commonly used drug types in New Zealand. Cannabis was the most easily available illegal drug, although it was much less available than the legal drugs. Cannabis was assessed by last-year users to be relatively more difficult to obtain in compared to , and Amphetamine was also assessed to be relatively more difficult to obtain in compared to The decline in the availability of amphetamine occurred during a period after of sustained focus by drug enforcement agencies on disrupting clandestine methamphetamine manufacture and supply. A fall in the availability of nitrous oxide in followed a tightening of the rules concerning its sale by the Ministry of Health. Our findings suggest that policy makers can negatively affect the availability of a drug and, in turn, its level of use, with effective policy interventions. Drug use imposes a range of health and social costs on New Zealand, including death, illness, mental health problems, injuries from accidents, violence, property crime, family and relationship breakdown, and child neglect Ministerial Committee on Drug Policy Much of the monitoring of drug use has traditionally involved measures of the prevalence of use of a drug type within the population, and how the population prevalence changes over time see Black and Casswell , Field and Casswell , SHORE , Wilkins, Casswell, et al. However, measures of the availability of a drug type can also provide valuable information that can be used to inform the development of effective drug policy. Measures of drug availability are of particular interest to policy makers because drug policy can directly affect levels of drug availability through a range of policy tools, such as purchase age restrictions, product taxation, vendor licensing, hours of trading, vendor density, advertising restrictions, increasing enforcement, and changes to a drug's legal classification see Babor et al. The level of use of a drug is generally closely related to its availability: greater availability can lead to more convenient purchase, which in turn can lead to increased use. Rising availability of a drug type can often be a forewarning of future increases in the use of a drug. In the case of illegal drugs, increasing levels of availability can indicate increased dealing, smuggling and clandestine manufacture, or more open public selling of illegal drugs, such as from street drug markets. Measures of drug availability can therefore assist in understanding changes in use, and consequently inform policy responses Wilkins, Bhatta, et al. The concept of drug availability has been most widely used in relation to legal drugs, such as alcohol and tobacco Ministry of Health , World Health Assembly In the alcohol literature, availability is most often used to refer to the 'accessibility or convenience' of purchasing alcohol Babor et al. In the illegal drugs literature, availability is discussed under the term 'search costs', which refers to the time buyers must spend finding sellers and completing transactions in the illegal drugs market see Kleiman , Moore In this paper we use the term 'availability' in its widest sense, meaning the ease or difficulty of physically obtaining a drug. The aim of this paper is to present data on the current availability, and change in availability, of the 11 most commonly used drug types in New Zealand. Longer-term trends in the availability of cannabis, amphetamine and ecstasy are also examined. The final section of the paper places the findings in the context of recent drug policy in New Zealand. Respondents were informed that the study was being conducted on behalf of the Ministry of Health and that everything they said would be confidential. The age range of the respective survey waves were truncated to those aged years old for the purposes of our analysis to allow valid comparisons back to the survey. The general population samples of each survey wave were compared. Those respondents who reported using a drug type in the past 12 months were asked to describe the drugs current availability using a four-point scale i. In the survey wave, respondents were asked to describe the current availability and change in availability of a range of drug types. The survey asked respondents about the change in the availability of cannabis compared to a year ago, and this question was asked in the subsequent , and survey waves. In the survey, respondents were asked about the change in the availability of amphetamine and ecstasy MDMA compared to a year ago, and these questions were included in all subsequent survey waves. The respective sample sizes for each survey wave were: 5, in , 5, in , 3, in and 1, in To provide an overall quantitative measure of the current availability, and change in availability, of a drug type, we calculated the mean score for each drug type by enumerating the scale provided 4. These values were defined as follows. Table 1 presents the current availability of the 11 most commonly used drug types from the survey. The drug types considered by last-year users to be most easily available were alcohol mean score 1. Approximately three-quarters of last-year users of these drug types described their current availability as very easy. Cannabis was considered by last-year users to be the most easily available illegal drug 2. Amphetamine 2. LSD 3. Forty-five percent of those who had used cocaine in the past year described it as very difficult to obtain at the moment. Table 2 presents findings from the survey on how the availability of the drug types had changed compared to a year ago. Forty-five percent of those who had used party pills in the past 12 months said that party pills were easier to obtain in compared to 12 months ago. Thirty-two percent of last-year ecstasy users said that ecstasy was easier to obtain in compared to the previous year. Twenty-four percent of alcohol drinkers considered alcohol to be easier to obtain in compared to a year ago. In the overall availability of amphetamine and cannabis was considered to be stable. The drug types which the largest proportion of last-year users considered to have become harder to obtain in the past 12 months were hallucinogenic mushrooms 2. Fifty-three percent of last-year users of nitrous oxide said that it was harder to get in compared to the previous 12 months. Approximately one-third of last-year users of LSD and cocaine considered these drug types to have become harder to obtain compared to a year ago. Table 3 presents last-year cannabis users' assessment of how the availability of cannabis has changed compared to a year ago, from the , , and survey waves. It is worth noting that there was some change in the types of respondents who answered this question between the survey waves. In and all those who reported using cannabis in the past year were asked the question about the change in the availability of cannabis. In and only those who reported purchasing cannabis in the past year were asked the question. As those answering the question are asked to assess the cannabis environment i. The statistical test between and compares identical groups of respondents i. Cannabis was assessed to be relatively harder to obtain compared to a year ago in compared to 2. Cannabis was also judged to be relatively harder to obtain compared to a year ago in compared to 2. As with the comparison between and , these differences were largely due to a lower proportion of last-year users saying it had become easier to get cannabis compared to a year ago in compared to and Table 4 presents last-year amphetamine users' assessment of how the availability of amphetamine had changed compared to a year ago, from the , and survey waves. Amphetamine was assessed to be relatively more difficult to obtain compared to a year ago in compared to 2. Table 5 presents last-year ecstasy users' assessment of the availability of ecstasy compared to a year ago from the , and survey waves. There was no statistically significant difference in the assessment of change in the availability of ecstasy MDMA between the survey waves. The findings from the wave of national household surveying provide the most complete picture of the current availability of different drug types in New Zealand. It is important when interpreting these results to note that these are assessments of the availability of a drug type by last-year users of the drug, rather than the wider general public. Because current drug users are already connected with social networks of sellers and users, their assessments of the availability of a drug type do not generally reflect how available the drug is to the wider population of non-users. Current drug users do, however, provide informed assessments of the availability of a drug type and hence 'expert' insight into current levels of supply and ease of purchase. In , these drug types were all legitimately sold from public retail outlets. It is worth noting that while cannabis was the most widely available illegal drug, it was considered to be much less available than these legal drugs. The difference in availability between the illegal cannabis and the legal drug types illustrates the negative impact prohibition can have on the supply and sale of a drug type. It is not the case, as is sometimes claimed, that cannabis prohibition has no impact on the availability of cannabis in New Zealand. The relatively high availability of cannabis compared to the other illegal drugs in New Zealand reflects the size of the illegal market for cannabis and the fact that it is the drug type most often sold from semi-public 'tinny' houses and from street drug markets. A study of the impact of cannabis tinny houses in New Zealand indicated that year-olds were more likely to purchase their cannabis from public tinny houses than through private personal networks Wilkins et al. The New Zealand Police have undertaken a number of raids on tinny houses in recent times, and these operations have confirmed the central role that gangs play in the operation of these drug retail outlets. The ability of gangs to quickly find new personnel to reopen tinny houses following a police raid makes it difficult for the authorities to close down these places for any length of time. A number of innovative, low-intensity drug enforcement tactics have been used in other countries to disrupt open street drug markets, such as a high-profile police presence at selling locations; the confiscation of the cars and sending of police warnings to the owners of cars observed soliciting for illegal drugs; altering traffic flows to reduce the ease of access to selling locations; and increasing both formal and informal surveillance of selling sites through the use of CCTV surveillance and appointment of site managers see Edmunds et al. The advantage of these low-intensity tactics is that they disrupt the viability of street drug markets by making potential customers reluctant to return to the selling location for fear of identification and arrest, without swamping the criminal justice system with low-level drug prosecutions. The marketing and use of party pills increased rapidly in New Zealand around In order to obtain the necessary information to classify BZP, the Government commissioned a series of research studies to investigate the health and social risks of BZP party pills. While this research was being completed the Government acted in October , establishing an age limit of 18 years old on the purchase of BZP products, banning the distribution of free promotional samples containing BZP, and prohibiting the advertising of BZP party pills in major media, including television, radio and print media. In December the Government announced its intention to follow the advice provided by the EACD, but was required to go through a formal public consultation process before reaching a final decision. The legislation to schedule BZP as a Class C drug was drawn up and passed in late with the ban coming into effect on the 1 April To facilitate a smooth transition to the new law an amnesty on the possession of small amounts of BZP for personal use was put into effect until September Our findings concerning changes in the availability of cannabis and amphetamine are broadly consistent with subsequent trends in the population prevalence of these drug types. The prevalence of use of cannabis declined in compared to i. A number of factors are likely to have impacted on the availability of cannabis during this time including changes in young peoples drug preferences, and the greater profit available to drug dealers and drug smugglers from manufacturing and selling other drug types such as ecstasy and methamphetamine. Annual seizures of cannabis plants made by the New Zealand Police increased in compared to the previous three years i. Amphetamine was assessed to be relatively more difficult to obtain in compared to The prevalence of amphetamine use was found to have levelled off in compared to Wilkins et al. The declining availability of amphetamine, and the levelling out of its use, occurred during a period of sustained focus by drug enforcement agencies on amphetamine manufacture and supply after The number of clandestine amphetamine laboratories dismantled each year by the New Zealand Police increased from 41 laboratories in , to in , to approximately in the subsequent years i. The number of tablets of ephedrine i. Methamphetamine was also reclassified as a Class A drug during this time. The fall in the availability of nitrous oxide followed a government campaign to tighten up its conditions of sale, with the Ministry of Health writing to retailers explaining that it was illegal to sell nitrous oxide for recreational use and warning that prosecutions could follow. Our findings suggest that policy makers can have a negative impact on the availability, and in turn the level of use, of drugs with effective policy interventions. They also show that measures of drug availability can help to understand the levels of drug use and changes in drug use. Consequently, measures of drug availability should be viewed as important information by policy makers when developing and evaluating drug policy responses. Babor, T. Caetano, S. Casswell, G. Edwards, N. Giesbrecht, K. Graham, et al. Black, S. Edmunds, M. Hough and N. Field, A. Reuter, P. Kleiman 'Risks and prices: An economic analysis of drug enforcement' in M. Tonry and N. Morris eds. MacCoun 'Street drug markets in inner-city neighbourhoods' in J. Steinberg, D. Lyon and M. Vaiana eds. Urban America , Rand, Santa Monica. Wilkins, C. Bhatta and S. Casswell, K. Bhatta and M. Girling and P. Reilly and S. Casswell 'Cannabis 'tinny' houses in New Zealand: Implications for the use of cannabis and other drugs in New Zealand' Addiction , Sweetsur and S. Casswell 'Recent population trends in amphetamine use in New Zealand: Comparisons of findings from national household drug surveying in , and ' New Zealand Medical Journal , , www. The and National Drug Surveys were funded by contestable research grants from the Health Research Council and partially by direct funding from the Ministry of Health. We would like to acknowledge all the researchers and interviewers who worked on the different survey waves, and all those members of the New Zealand public who participated in the surveys. In the and surveys only those who had purchased cannabis in the past 12 months were asked about the change in the availability of cannabis. It was not possible to recalculate the response rates for the different surveys for the truncated age range because we cannot distinguish the non-response by age. To ensure reliable statistical comparisons, we restricted our analysis to the drug types that included 10 or more respondents in the wave. All analysis was completed in the SAS statistical environment and controlled for the effects of weighting and stratification. Search msd. Abstract Drug use imposes a range of health and social costs on New Zealand society. Introduction Drug use imposes a range of health and social costs on New Zealand, including death, illness, mental health problems, injuries from accidents, violence, property crime, family and relationship breakdown, and child neglect Ministerial Committee on Drug Policy Results Current Availability of All Drug Types Table 1 presents the current availability of the 11 most commonly used drug types from the survey. Table 3 Change in availability of cannabis, , , and n vs. Table 4 Change in availability of amphetamine, , and n vs. Conclusion The findings from the wave of national household surveying provide the most complete picture of the current availability of different drug types in New Zealand. References Babor, T. Kleiman, M. Moore, M. Footnotes 1 Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the different funding sources involved in each of the survey waves. Download the article RTF Related links Issue 34 - Index page. Disabled people Community Business Providers. 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Illegal Drugs

Buying MDMA pills Lyon

The high profitability of the illegal drug trade, and the market for highly toxic synthetic drugs in particular, is a key driver of substance-related harms in Canada. It also fuels organized crime and perpetuates illicit financing, and gives rise to gun and gang violence, which harms our communities and quality of life. The Government of Canada is working to decrease both the supply of and demand for illegal substances, reduce harms when they are used, and prevent drug dependance. The Government of Canada has been addressing substance use as a health issue first and foremost, while balancing public safety priorities. Public Safety Canada supports efforts to address the import, production and distribution of illegal drugs through policy development, information sharing and coordination. The Department works with many partners on issues related to illegal drugs in Canada:. The toll of the overdose crisis, driven primarily by the toxic illegal drug supply, continues to devastate Canadian families and communities. Stigma and fear of criminalization related to substance use can cause some people to hide their drug use, take more risks, and may prevent them from seeking help. Canada is working to divert people who use drugs away from the criminal justice system and towards supportive and trusted relationships in health and social services. In response to a request from the Province of British Columbia B. Possession of any drug for the purposes of trafficking, production or export across or within Canada's borders remains a crime. This time-limited exemption under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act is one additional tool as part of a comprehensive response to this public health crisis. This exemption is the first of its kind in Canada. Throughout the exemption period, the federal government will work with British Columbia to ensure the exemption continues to strike the right balance between promoting public health and ensuring public safety. This course provides tools and reference material to support police interactions with people who use substances. It supports efforts to reduce the stigma faced by people who use drugs that may prevent them from accessing the health and social services they need. Drugs, including cannabis, can impair driving abilities and increase the risk of getting into a car accident. In fact, impaired driving is the leading cause of criminal deaths and injuries in Canada and drug-impaired driving detected by law enforcement is increasing. The percentage of Canadian drivers killed in vehicle crashes who test positive for drugs now exceeds the numbers who test positive for alcohol. You have options; plan ahead and get home safe. Choosing illegal cannabis means exposing yourself to potential health, safety, legal and financial consequences. Profits from illegal cannabis sales support criminal activities that harm our communities. Adults who meet the legal age requirement set by their province or territory and choose to consume cannabis can protect themselves and their community by learning how to differentiate between legal and illegal products. The strategy is focused on four integrated action areas:. Public Safety Canada supports the substance controls objectives of the CDSS by working to address organized crime involvement in the production and trafficking of toxic illegal drugs and by supporting first response. As of , devices that can be used to manufacture illegal drugs, such as pill presses and pill encapsulators, must be registered with Health Canada to be imported into Canada. This makes it harder for organized criminals to obtain devices to mass-produce counterfeit pills that often include fentanyl. Additionally, Canada's border officers can open international mail of any weight, should they have reasonable grounds to suspect the item may contain prohibited, controlled or regulated goods. This helps border officers stop highly potent fentanyl and its analogues from entering Canada, even in small quantities via letter mail. The Good Samaritan Drug Overdose Act encourages people who witness or experience an overdose to call for emergency help, by providing some legal protection against charges for simple possession of a controlled substance and breaching conditions of:. Public Safety Canada has hosted a series of roundtables for the law enforcement community to discuss emerging drug threats, share information and explore potential solutions to the opioid overdose crisis and other challenges. These events considered emerging drug issues from a law enforcement perspective. They also provided a forum to share best practices and identify actions that could support initiatives to address the illegal supply of drugs. They bring together:. Investments in community-based crime prevention initiatives help to protect public safety by targeting drug-related crime, youth gangs and gun violence. In addition, practical knowledge development and information sharing helps Canadian communities target those most at risk:. The Building Safer Communities Fund BSCF provides funding to municipalities and Indigenous communities to support gang-prevention and intervention programs for gang members and at-risk children and youth. The amount of BSCF support for a community is based on crime severity and population density. Canada works with its international partners to align efforts to address each link of the illegal drug supply chain, in addition to considering all available options to reduce demand, improve health outcomes and save lives. The Canada-U. Opioids Action Plan OAP is designed to strengthen cross-border cooperation and find effective approaches to addressing the opioid overdose crisis. Through the OAP, Canada and the United States collaborate across three working groups covering law enforcement, border security, and health. It was formed during the North American Leaders' Summit The NADD partners collaborate to understand and address: the supply chain of illegal synthetic drugs; drug trafficking modes and methods; illicit finance; and public health approaches to substance use. Led by high-level representatives from Canada, Mexico and the United States, the Committee guides priority actions to address the illegal fentanyl threat facing North America. The Coalition brings together like-minded countries to strengthen the coordinated global response to the international public health and safety challenges posed by illegal synthetic drugs at the national and international levels, in accordance with applicable international law, including the International Drug Control Conventions.

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