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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. The content of this summary does not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the European Union, nor the official opinion of the Republic of Tajikistan, and should be seen as the product of CADAP 5. Updated: August Studies on the prevalence of drug use among the population of Tajikistan were not carried out in In total, 5 respondents were interviewed, of which 2 The study found that the female respondents had a slightly higher awareness of the existence of drugs than the males. Some Among all respondents, Some 1. The survey results showed that However, When asked about drug use, 0. The consumption of inhalants was the most prevalent. According to the responses, 1. The use of marijuana or hashish was second most popular, with 0. The first experience with drugs most often took place at the age of 16 and usually the drug was marijuana, amphetamines, or tranquillisers. In a series of educational, sports and cultural events aimed at promoting a healthy lifestyle were organised. Participants were given information about the problems of drug use in modern society and its consequences. Health bulletins were issued and health information prepared in both the Tajik and Russian languages. Articles were published in newspapers and magazines and awareness-raising programmes were broadcast on three TV channels Channel One, Safina, and Jahonnamo and on the Republican radio. Anti-drug events are also organised annually to coincide with the International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking 26 June. Studies to estimate the population of opiate users, including injecting drug users IDUs , were not carried out in Drug treatment is carried out in the Republic of Tajikistan in specialised drug treatment facilities. The State guarantees anonymous drug treatment. In a total of 1 people received inpatient treatment in substance abuse treatment centres. Of these, The number of drug addicts who received hospital treatment in increased by The main strategic focus of this programme included:. As of 31 December , the country had 3 officially registered HIV cases cumulative number , of which The HIV prevalence rate was HIV cases have been registered in 66 of the 68 districts of the country. The average estimated number of HIV-positive people in the country ranges between 6 —10 Moreover, in recent years, the number of newly reported HIV cases among females has increased almost 2. Thus, in the proportion of women among registered new cases was 8. In , of the total number of registered HIV cases, In the country registered new cases of HIV infection, of which Among the newly registered HIV cases, people The number of reported cases of hepatitis C virus HCV in was According to the Centre for Health Statistics of the Ministry of Health of Tajikistan, in there were cases of syphilis infection among the general population, of which were male and were female. The official data from Tajikistan provide very limited information on the number of deaths related to drug use. Drug treatment is carried out in the Republic of Tajikistan at specialised drug treatment facilities. Services provided by specialised drug treatment agencies in the country include inpatient and outpatient care, anti-relapse therapy, rehabilitation programmes, work with drug addicts and efforts to prevent substance abuse. Treatment of drug dependence in the Republic of Tajikistan is conducted mainly at public drug treatment facilities, including:. The availability of substance abuse treatment beds in the Republic of Tajikistan is 4 per inhabitants. Harm reduction programmes are implemented to minimise the consequences of drug use. Geographically, the HR programme covers almost the whole of the country. In the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan reviewed and supported the letter of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tajikistan asking it to consider a pilot implementation of a programme of OST. Up to patients have received OST at this centre. This is the first gender-sensitive project in the Republic of Tajikistan. The centre provided low-threshold services laundry, showers, communication, leisure, food, sanitary napkins and legal advice and referral to doctors. In this centre, 62 were re-adaptation clients, 40 of whom abstained during the reported period, and two patients were referred for further rehabilitation to the Tangai Republican Rehabilitation Centre. These clients received low-threshold services and advice at the drop-in centre. Five hundred motivational packages were given to the most active clients. Harm reduction programmes were first introduced in the Republic of Tajikistan in in Dushanbe, Khujand and Khorog, mainly in the form of needle exchange programmes NEPs and via the distribution of information materials. In Kulyab a hour drop-in centre for drug users was opened by the non-government organisation NGO Anis. The NGO Volunteer, which implemented a programme in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast GBAO , provided services 9 times during the reporting period, including services related to: social support 1 ; prevention 2 ; healthcare 2 ; information and counselling 1 ; psychological care and support ; legal services ; and social services The Social Bureau covered 1 clients people injecting drugs, 9 sex workers, 24 people living with HIV, 89 people with tuberculosis, 52 ex-prisoners with HBV and 15 with HCV, 1 minor at risk, and vulnerable women. As part of this programme, one mobile trust point and four NSPs were established, located on the premises of the National Tuberculosis Hospital in urban health centres Nos 2, 12 and During the reporting period, RAN served 1 clients. A total of syringes were exchanged and 23 condoms were distributed. In a total of 4 The steady increase in seizures of cannabis, primarily hashish, continued in , with the result that cannabis comprised This significant change in the type of drug seized was a result of an increase in the areas sown with cannabis in Afghanistan in recent years. The impurities in the samples of heroin that were seized were found to be from the manufacturing process — 6-monoacetylmorphine and acetylcodeine — and cutting agents of extrinsic origin — caffeine, acetaminophen paracetamol and dextromethorphan. No extrinsic substances were found in the narcotic opium seized in Starch-containing substances were found in just a few samples. The physical appearance of the cannabis resin that was seized was either in the form of a rod or of material compressed into rectangular tiles. The dimensions of tiles varied within the following ranges: width 14—16 cm, length 21—23 cm, thickness 2—3 cm. Drug prices in Tajikistan increase in proportion to the distance from the state border. The legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan in the field of drug control is based on the rules and recommendations of the United Nations Drug Treaties and Conventions , , , of which Tajikistan became a signatory in and The main purpose of Law No. Law No. The main objectives of the law are the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of people suffering from substance abuse and addiction, establishing bases and procedures for the provision of substance abuse treatment, and the protection and security of professionals providing drug treatment services. Article 6 of the Constitution guarantees the following types of drug treatment and social protection:. The main objective of this law is the realisation of the national policy and international agreements of Tajikistan in the sphere of licit trafficking of narcotic substances, psychotropic substances and precursors, countermeasures of their illicit trafficking, prevention of drugs and toxicomania and rendering of narcological assistance to people suffering from drug addiction and toxicomania. The main task of the law is to protect the rights and legal interests of people suffering from narcological diseases, establish grounds and a procedure for rendering narcological assistance and to protect the rights of medical and other workers rendering narcological assistance. According to Article 6 of the Law, the Government guarantees the following kinds of narcological assistance and social protection:. Chapter 22 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Tajikistan effective from 1 September stipulates responsibility for the following violations of the law related to drug issues:. The National Strategy of the Republic of Tajikistan in the field of the control of narcotic drugs is aimed at preventing the use of the territory of the state by transnational organised drug traffickers to smuggle narcotics, international commitments and the establishment of strict control over the licit movement of narcotic drugs, ensuring the effective fight against drug trafficking, guaranteeing the medical care of patients with drug addiction and increasing international cooperation in this area. One of the measures taken by the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan in the field of drug control is the coordination of bodies at all levels of society in order to synchronise the activities of law enforcement agencies in the fight against drug trafficking, as well as the relevant ministries and agencies in the control of drug trafficking, psychotropic substances and precursors, and drug prevention. The main body that coordinates ministries, departments and organisations in the prevention of drug abuse, regardless of their form of ownership, is the Coordinating Council on the prevention of drug abuse, approved by Decree No. According to the decree, regional, city, and district councils for the coordination of drug prevention activities were established under republican subordination in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast, Sughd and Khatlon regions, the city of Dushanbe, and other cities and districts. The Coordinating Council is recognised as the supervisory body of the interaction of ministries, departments and state bodies in the conduct of activities aimed at the prevention of the non-medical use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic and other drugs. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. Breadcrumb Home Publications Tajikistan country overview Tajikistan country overview Contents Drug use among the general population and young people Prevention Problem drug use Treatment demand Drug-related infectious diseases Drug-related deaths Treatment responses Harm reduction responses Drug markets and drug-law offences National drug laws National drug strategy Coordination mechanism in the field of drugs References. Agency on Statistics under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan.

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Despite improvements to customs controls and the large-scale coverage of border guards, the majority of heroin and opium that travels from Afghanistan through Central Asia flows nearly unimpeded into Tajikistan. On the assumption that tons of heroin and tons of opium were trafficked through Tajikistan in , on average approximately kilograms of heroin and 50 kilograms of opium were trafficked into the country on a daily basis. However, yearly seizures represent only a fraction of the estimated flow. In , Tajikistan confiscated kilograms of heroin and kilograms of opium. Nevertheless, Tajikistan is able to seize the most opiates in the entire region. An added challenge is that most of the remaining opium production and most laboratories in northern Afghanistan are situated in areas bordering Tajikistan. The heroin seized by Tajik law enforcement is reported to be high purity, hydrochloride HCL and is almost always found in the original laboratory packaging stamped with different brand logos. This correlates with production in Badakhshan province, which consists almost exclusively of heroin HCL. Opium seizures, although more haphazard, have also been decreasing since A partially inverse trend is observed when looking at Tajik Customs data, which clearly shows an upward trend in heroin seizures. The number of opiate seizures made by Tajik Customs dropped by more than 50 per cent in the first half of Tajik border guards also saw their opiate seizures decrease by more than 60 per cent in the first half of On the whole, border guards seize more opiates than Customs, which indicates that the entirety of the border is being utilized. An explanation for the overall decrease in opiate seizures across the border may be that traffickers are changing their modus operandi, trafficking smaller quantities and using alternate crossing routes. There is good communication between Tajik and Afghan border officials, in part due to a shared language. There is also a great deal of corrupt partnerships, which go a long way to facilitating trafficking operations. Violence manifests itself in frequent shootouts with traffickers or border trespassers. The key border district for both shipments and shootouts is Shurotabad district in Khatlon. In , more than six Tajik border officials and DCA staff lost their lives there fighting with traffickers. In violence spread to other districts. In a single week in September, Tajik border guards were involved in several shootouts with armed traffickers in the Hamadoni and Kumsangir districts, leaving three dead among the trespassers. Local district residents are also victims of violence from drug traffickers. Kidnapping for ransom or extortion is rife and has been consistently reported in Shurotabad district for at least a decade. The bulk of the opiate flow travels through districts where Afghan Government authority is either patchy or applied without integrity. There are two major flows entering Tajikistan, roughly divided between the eastern and western parts of the country. Upon entry, opiates are repackaged and consolidated first in Dushanbe and then trafficked northward to Osh in Kyrgyzstan or westward into Uzbekistan. A small portion is directed by air to the Russian Federation. In the last years of the Soviet Union and in the Russian Federation of the mids, the issue of drug trafficking was embroiled in political rhetoric and public prejudices. The Yeltsin administration used the combined threats of narcotics and Islamic fundamentalism to justify Russian military involvement in Tajikistan, and the Rahmonov regime used accusations of drug crimes to justify the repression of domestic political opponents. Despite the presence of Russian border guards, the border between Afghanistan and Tajikistan has proved easily penetrable by narcotics smugglers, for whom the lack of stable law enforcement on both sides of the boundary provides great opportunities. For some Central Asians, the opium trade has assumed great economic importance in the difficult times of the post-Soviet era. An established transit line moves opium from Afghanistan and Pakistan to Khorugh in Tajikistan's Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province, from which it moves to Dushanbe and then to Osh on the Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan border. The ultimate destination of much of the narcotics passing through Tajikistan is a burgeoning market in Moscow and other Russian cities, as well as some markets in Western Europe and in other CIS nations. A shipment of heroin was confiscated for the first time in ; previously, traffic apparently had been limited to opium and hashish. An organized-crime network reportedly has developed around the Moscow narcotics market; Russian border guards, members of the CIS peacekeeping force, and senior Tajikistani government officials reportedly are involved in this activity. Besides corruption, enforcement has been hampered by antiquated Soviet-era laws and a lack of funding. In the number of drug arrests increased, but more than two-thirds were for cultivation; only twenty were for the sale of drugs. A national drug-control plan was under government consideration in early Regional drug-control cooperation broke down after independence. In the Tajikistani government planned to implement a new regional program, based in the UN Drug Control Program office in Tashkent, for drug interdiction along the Murghob-Osh-Andijon overland route. The Ministry of Internal Affairs, the customs authorities, the Ministry of Health, and the procurator general all have responsibilities in drug interdiction, but there are no formal lines of interagency cooperation. Much of the drug trade in Tajikistan in the s and early s is believed to have been controlled by warlords, many of them connected with government officials and members of the Tajik and Russia military. The drug trade was the primary source of revenues for their operations. During the civil war, anti-government forces made money from the drug trade. As is often the case in regions subject to prolonged violence, the black market has become an important source of funding to various military groups. One network is composed of members of the Leninobod or Khojand clan, particularly influential in the northern part of the country and the most powerful Tajik clan before the collapse of the USSR. The second faction consists of members of the Kuliab clan in the central region within Khatlon province. During the early years of independence and into the civil war, the Kuliab clan acted both as a conservative source of opposition to the communist leadership in Khojand and an ally against the Islamist and democratic opposition. This clan emerged as the most powerful after the Tajik civil war and is currently considered to be the most influential. Crucially, its influence is strongest in Dushanbe, a major opiate consolidation and forwarding area. A fifth faction, the Pamiri, is identified primarily with the Pamir ethnic group of the same name, notably the Ismailis. These various clans fought both alongside each other and against one another during the civil war and members are now competing for shares of a drug market controlled mostly by members of the Kuliab and Leninobad clans. Such rivalries over the drug trade are a reflection of the divisions dating back to the civil war and before that to Soviet times. In the current situation, actual confrontation between groups in Tajikistan seems remarkably rare given the violent past. This is, in many other settings, an indication of consolidation and shared control by a few networks. According to one United Nations official, the entire Tajik-Afghan border is effectively divided between clans. Their level of control is such that clans permeate the power structures of the state. Thus, one clan with political power can be overrepresented in key ministries with law enforcement responsibilities. At the individual level, criminal group leadership is still dominated by former warlords active in the civil war. Many of these joined the political process in the s and many continue to be reliant on illicit economies. These mid-level operators are involved in the drug trade either directly or through taxation, with some overseeing specific territories. Both groups have approximately members, operate in Khorog and have international links with groups in Afghanistan and Kyrgyzstan. Indicative of their paramilitary origins in the civil war, these types of groups are highly organized with a single leader, a clearly defined hierarchy and a strong system of internal discipline. An interesting distinction is the degree to which organized crime groups in Central Asia have connections to Afghanistan. A common language and the relative ease of crossing the Tajik-Afghan border, when compared to the Uzbek and Turkmen networks, means that some Tajik groups access Afghan production directly. In this context, it is possible that integrated Afghan-Tajik groups have emerged, although so far these seem to consist only of mid to small-scale operations. The Langariev group, a now defunct Tajik trafficking organization led by former field commanders, had 20 per cent of its membership composed of Afghans. Similarly, although the responsibility of most Afghan groups stops at the Afghanistan-Central Asia border, there are increasing drugrelated arrests of Afghan nationals in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan There have also been drug-related arrests of Afghans in Uzbekistan and even further afield in Kazakhstan. Although linguistic and cultural limitations are mitigating factors, it may be justified to think that Afghans will eventually attempt to do away with the middleman and traffic opiates directly into the Russian Federation. Trafficking between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan is reportedly controlled by mixed TajikUzbek networks, as both ethnic groups span the border on both sides. Logistic operators for these groups appear to be based in the border areas of each country and function by leveraging close family ties. These groups are facing restrictions owing to political tensions on the Tajik-Uzbek border and the concentration of Uzbek agencies along its length. There is little information on the groups controlling the trade inside Uzbekistan. Law enforcement agencies estimated that in about 20 networks were active in trafficking heroin through the country, and involved Uzbek nationals as well as members of other Central Asian nationalities. For example, the leader of a major regional organization trafficking opiates into the Russian Federation was a Tajik citizen residing in Uzbekistan. Its regional share of heroin seizures peaked in when it accounted for 82 percent of total regional seizures. As previously noted, heroin production facilities have become increasingly concentrated within Afghanistan itself and many of these facilities, along with clandestine repository networks, are believed to be located in north-eastern Afghanistan near the Tajik border. Once inside Tajikistan, drugs flow through the country via several paths using the major transport infrastructure in the country. Trafficking into the least populated, least developed and very rugged eastern province of Gorno-Badakhshan follows the Pamir Highway north, crossing extreme terrain and high altitude passes en route to Sary-Tash and Osh in Kyrgyzstan. A second major route flows north over a lower section of the Pamir Highway to the Tajik capital of Dushanbe from where drugs may be transported to a variety of locations. In , it was estimated that 80 percent of the narcotics trafficked through Tajikistan follow the Khorog-Osh road in Gorno-Badakhshan, which begins at Khorog on the border with Afghanistan and leads to the city of Osh in Kyrgyzstan, at the border with Uzbekistan. However, it appears that the situation has changed markedly since then—in , it was reported that 60 percent of all contraband entering Tajikistan is trafficked through the heavily-populated southwestern province of Khatlon, which lies at the western border with Afghanistan. The changing map of drug trafficking networks in Central Asia are both a cause and a consequence of the ongoing violence affecting the region—and affecting the lives and livelihoods of millions of local inhabitants. An estimated 80 to tons of heroin is believed to pass through Tajikistan every year. Tajikistan shares a 1,kilometer mile border with Afghanistan that runs through rugged, mountainous terrain. The border is fairly well monitored where the Pyandzh River is wide but is less well guarded along the slopes and gorges of the Pamir mountains. The opium and heroin is often carried in sewn cotton bags, sometimes printed with the name and address of the manufacturers, floated across of the river on inner tubes or inflated animal skins and then moved on donkeys and horses on remote mountain trails. There are million places to cross. Approximately kilograms of heroin and 50 kilograms of opium enter Tajikistan every day. At the same time, research in Afghanistan indicated that traffickers working together do make use of the official crossing to move large loads of heroin. The recent arrests on narcotics smuggling charges of high-ranking Tajik officials within the department for combating drug trafficking, may be one indication of this invisible traffic. Encouragingly, such arrests will likely help to deter others from partaking in drug corruption. Law enforcement sources reported that most illegal exports, including narcotics, circumvent the crossing point. These traffickers may be transporting other narcotics and mixed seizures of hashish, heroin and opium are not uncommon. According to DCA officials, once across the border smugglers hike by foot kilometres to remote villages where the heroin is stockpiled until onward trafficking. Traffickers that can afford it, pay off Afghan border guards and police officials to facilitate trafficking. In some cases, officials are themselves responsible for the trafficking, as attested by recent arrests in Dash-i-Qala district of Takhar. In some cases, when traffickers are linked by family ties, drugs may be sold on loan and in these cases the volumes are generally small. In some cases, Tajik traffickers will barter with Afghans for vehicles - sometimes stolen in the Russian Federation. In another case of barter, some drug traffickers send alcoholic beverages from Tajikistan as part of the payment. Many Tajiks who live along the Tajikistan-Afghanistan border make a living from the drug trade. Sometimes they were cheated out their drugs by drug traffickers in Dushanbe and returned home without the money they were supposed to bring back for the people who hired them. The smugglers are then told they have to come with money owed their employers. We roped them, seven or eight together to form a raft. When he had four of these, we crossed with 15 armed guards on the first two rafts. On the other side we had arranged with senior military officers for somebody to shine a torch as a signal when it was safe to go. For three years a man routinely moved drugs from Afghanistan into Tajikistan with a paraglider. At first border guards thought that he was person enjoying the sport in an area where the Pamirs meet the Hindu Kush but then figured there must be more to it than that. In August , the paraglider was brought down with a hail to bullets. The smuggler was able to escape but not before leaving 18 kilograms of heroin behind. They no longer use balloons or condoms but employ heat-sealed plastic tubes especially designed for drug smuggling. They also swallow rubber glove fingers warped in plastic. Smugglers are regularly busted on the Dushanbe to Moscow flight. People who take this flight are often gone through with a fine tooth comb. They are strip searched and then X-rayed to see if they have drugs in their stomachs. Occasionally the bags burst in the stomachs of couriers during a flight and when the plane lands they are rushed to a hospital so the bags can be surgically removed. Drugs have been found in the stomachs of children. A mullah was even found to have swallowed drugs. In , 42 per cent of all drugs were seized in Khatlon, primarily in the border districts of Hamadoni, Shurabad, Farkhor and Pyandj. A noteworthy district missing from this list is Kumsangir, which hosts the Nizhny-Panj bridge Sher Khan Bandar in Afghanistan , the main crossing point of the Tajik-Afghan border. Heroin aside, very little opium has been seized at the crossing itself, consistent with overall Customs seizures. Across the border in Kunduz province, the low opium and heroin seizures suggest that Afghan law enforcement is as unsuccessful as their Tajik counterparts in stemming the flow of opiates. Approximately trucks are using the crossing each day, a seemingly manageable amount for dedicated searches, although the quality of the searches remains unclear as the scanner appears to be periodically breaking down. Border officials at the crossing told UNODC that physical inspection is carried out on every truck, including sealed cargo. Reportedly this includes transit traffic even if Tajik Customs does not record the seizure of any narcotic on a transit vehicle. As a result, goods —in many cases only transiting Afghanistan- have to be loaded onto Tajik trucks before leaving the crossing point. On the one hand this increases the risk of detection; on the other, the procedure still allows for illicit transit shipments since it is not focused on any specific search criteria. This may provide an incentive for the trafficking of acetic anhydride from Tajikistan to laboratories in northern Afghanistan. There appear to be ongoing attempts to bring acetic anhydride into Tajikistan for onward trafficking; however, no evidence of acetic anhydride trafficking from Tajikistan has emerged in the form of seizures in northern Afghanistan. Outside the Nizhny Panj crossing, the topography of the Tajik-Afghan border region makes large-scale precursor trafficking challenging. Cement and fruit appear to be the main cargo entering Tajikistan. Tajik border officials comment that the bulky nature and time consuming process of searching through cement bags makes inspections difficult. An added difficulty is the apparent impossibility for either sniffer dogs or scanners to detect heroin in a cement bag. This presents clear opportunities for traffickers and there have been cases of heroin concealed among cement shipments at several crossings on this border. Such cases also serve to highlight the limits of hard border control measures, which need to be supplemented with intelligence sharing and risk assessments.. For the most part, deals between Afghan and Tajik traffickers are settled by phone, a process facilitated by the availability of Afghan and Tajik mobile services on both sides of the border, as well as the availability of satellite phones, but more importantly made possible by a shared language. This, much more than a shared ethnicity, is the true facilitating factor in cross-border trafficking. As shown below, Tajiks represent the majority in only one Kunduz district, Aliabad, which does not border Tajikistan. In the key Imam Sahib district, Uzbeks are the majority both numerically and in terms of influence over the drug trade. In another border district, Qala-I-Zal, ethnic Turkmens are the overwhelming majority. Linguistic links appear to be a more important variable than ethnicity in terms of understanding trafficking on this section of the border. Profit is, of course, the ultimate driver. This is the traditional opiate route to Osh, Kyrgyzstan. GBAO has been economically depressed since independence and virtually cut off from the rest of Tajikistan, having its own police, military and tax systems. GBAO is somewhat distinct from the rest of Tajikistan, hosting seven different Pamiri groups speaking many different Persian dialects. The difference in poverty rates with the rest of Tajikistan is stark. Around 84 per cent of the population on average are below the poverty line in GBAO, versus 45 per cent in the rest of Tajikistan. Economic activity is mostly related to livestock herding and mining, and most residents live a subsistence lifestyle. No seizures have been recorded at GornoBadakhshan crossings. This may be linked to trade flows which are too light to conceal any substantial drug movements, averaging five Tajik trucks a week. Collusion on one or both sides of the border is also a possibility. Ishkashem is the main crossing point in the province. The port has a Customs presence and is also the connecting node from Afghanistan to both China and Kyrgyzstan. According to locals, a portion of traffickers circumvents this official crossing, preferring to cross the river at the many illegal crossing points. From Ishkashem, the river becomes relatively narrow 30—75 metres and fast flowing with stretches of turbulent white water. Foot crossings are possible and enable traffickers to simply wade through the river with small to moderate size shipments. Bribes to Afghan border officials add to the cost if traffickers choose border crossing points or monitored areas. The remoteness of this border proved to be facilitating another form of intrusion. Central government control is weakest in Gorno-Badakhshan, which impacts law enforcement results. In , the entire province accounted for just 2 per cent of total seizures in Tajikistan, leading the Tajik DCA to starkly conclude that GornoBadakhshan is the only region of Tajikistan where seizures of all drugs decreased. The DCA has opened two offices in the region, but intelligence on shipments remains rare. While reporting the lowest seizures in the country, the province also has the lowest and most stable opium prices. This can suggest steady supplies of opium and in this context the low seizures highlight weaknesses in counter-narcotics law enforcement. These cross-border links were unearthed following the fall of the USSR and were strengthened during the time of instability in both countries including a civil war in Tajikistan , when armed groups moved back and forth between the two. In Afghanistan, Ismailis make up the overwhelming majority of the population in border districts like Shegnan, Eshkeshem and Wakhan. Isamili villages in adjacent Tajik districts like Darwaz around the Kalai Khumb crossing and Shughnan Khorog crossing are closely interconnected with villages on the other side of the border. Shootouts with traffickers are rare, almost unheard of on this section of the border. There are no observed links with drug trafficking and such incursions may even have the opposite effect of increasing the presence of law enforcement and military in the area, making crossing more difficult for traffickers. On August 23, , 25 individuals including citizens of Afghanistan, Uzbekistan and the Russian Federation, managed to escape from a prison in Dushanbe. According to a deputy Prosecutor-General of Tajikistan, militants were detained, of which were convicted in This seems to be an increase over when 38 IMU members were detained in the country. DCA officials have reported arresting several traffickers who turned out to be IMU members, although this is yet to be confirmed officially. This is partially supported by seizure data, which shows that the largest single seizures in Tajikistan are not made at the border but downstream. Shipments are then trafficked further into Kyrgyzstan or Uzbekistan. Although these shipments are primarily organized using the road networks, trains are once again seeing an increase in the number of seizures. Petersburg, Russia. The direct rail line from Kulob to Moscow has also been targeted. Tajik trains travel through Uzbekistan, where the bulk of seizures are effected see Uzbekistan section rather than upstream in Tajikistan or downstream in Kazakhstan. The Russian Federation also continues to make large heroin seizures on trains originating in Tajikistan. The largest in recent memory is a November joint operation conducted by the Tajik DCA and the Federal Drug Control Service FDCS resulting in the seizure of kilograms of opiates including kilograms of heroin and 1 kilograms of opium in St. Another noteworthy heroin seizure is the kg shipment confiscated in August by the Customs officers of Astrakhan on a train on the Dushanbe-Moscow route. Some opiates are trafficked into Europe. In October , two seizures of around 5 kilograms each were carried out, involving heroin trafficked by cargo trains from Tajikistan to destinations in Europe including Lithuania in one case. This method usually involves small amounts of high-purity heroin concealed in body cavities 0. Around 80 per cent of the heroin trafficked by air comes from Tajikistan. There are flights to Moscow departing twice weekly from Kulob in southern Tajikistan, in addition to international connections in Kuyrgan Tube and Khudjand see Annex. The best air connections are from the capital Dushanbe with direct flights to five cities in the Russian Federation as well as Kazakhstan, Iran, Dubai, China and Turkey. Most Central Asian drug flights originate in Tajikistan. Widespread unemployment and low wages in Tajikistan translate into an increasing availability of couriers for drug flights. Such glaring disparity between licit and illicit activity creates an obvious incentive for employed and unemployed alike. Traffickers target primarily unemployed women, as they are particularly vulnerable. The incentive is obvious given the huge sums involved. Much of this profit was likely incurred by Tajik traffickers, given that Tajikistan is estimated to handle most of the flow. The economy in Tajikistan relies on two revenue streams, commodities and remittances. When compared with the value of its two primary export commodities aluminium and cotton the drug trade looms large. The drug trade has increased corruption and imbedded itself deeply in the government and military. In October , a deputy police commander in Tajikistan was arrested with 62 kilos of opium. Many local drug traffickers are paid with drugs which gives them the incentive to sell them locally for cash, creating drug problems in the transit nations, AIDS, hepatitis and other diseases are spread by the sharing of needles have spread because of drug use. Observers believe that drug money is fuelling abnormally high property prices in Dushanbe and in the provinces. Other signs of great wealth are visible, including lavish houses and vehicles that are well beyond the means of the public servants who own them. Widespread corruption also poisons the perception of people's relations with the police, bureaucrats and politicians. A recent public opinion survey found that law enforcement agencies were perceived as the most corrupt state body in Tajikistan in a list which unfortunately includes the state anti-corruption agency. This has an obvious impact on police work; law enforcement officers in Tajikistan have repeatedly announced knowing the identities of the major drug traffickers, but they have not stated why they have chosen not to arrest them. Many arrest figures consist therefore of small time dealers and often desperately poor couriers. Encouragingly, arrests of mid-level officials on drug trafficking charges are increasingly being reported. Corruption is also publically acknowledged as a problem at the highest levels. Undoubtedly, Tajikistan is not alone in struggling with corruption, a problem shared by all countries in the region. That said, the combination of poverty, weak governance and extremist violence make the situation of Tajikistan virtually identical to that of neighbouring Kyrgyzstan, which happens to be the main destination for opiates transiting Tajikistan. At the Tajikistan-Kyrgyzstan borders in the mountains, customs officials try to locate hiding places for drugs in vehicles by tapping the panels of cars and trucks. Many of the passes are so high that sniffer dogs are not effective. To combat drug use, there is a popular and successful campaign involving teenagers and mothers—the first of its kind in Central Asia. Unfortunately there is little in the way of drug treatment. Some that offer treatment simple lock addicts up and give them sleeping pills. According to Sensi Seeds: As well as being an important step of the journey from Afghanistan to Russia and Europe, Tajikistan is becoming increasingly important as a producer of opium and hashish. In response to this development, the US has increased levels of security assistance; in the s, aid to Tajikistan made up just 5 percent of total spending in Central Asia, but by it had increased to over 30 percent of the total. Approximately 60 percent of all Afghan opiates entering Tajikistan cross the plains surrounding the Afghan-Tajik border in Western Tajikistan, namely Khamdoni, Nizhni Pyanj, Shurabad district and Parhar. A secondary route is through Pyanj at the westernmost part of the Tajik-Afghan border. Once in Tajikistan, most drugs pass through Dushanbe, a centre for repacking, distribution, and onward trafficking. A similar pattern occurs with opium seizures which in were concentrated primarily in Khantlon Dushanbe city and the Republican Subordinated Regions RSS witnessed substantial drops in recorded seizures in , while Khatlon, Gorno-Badakhanshan 99 percent and Sogd 53 percent saw large increases. Data on seizures by oblast are not available from before , making it difficult to know if this is a linear, cyclical or other trend in trafficking or law enforcement activities. It is worth noting that the volume of heroin seizures has remained fairly constant, with this increase being caused by increasing opium seizures. The United Nations helped establish an independent drug control agency in in Tajikistan that answers directly to the President. Widely regarded as a success, it significantly reduced the flow of drugs and was regarded as relatively corruption-free. In and , it seized more than 16 tons of illegal drugs, including 4. The drug agencies periodically burns its haul in an oven installed in their offices. Cars founded loaded with heroin and opium that have been seized have included a Mercedes, Chrysler and a Russian Zhiguli. More than 3, men applied for jobs to be drug control agents. The agency operates mostly on tips from citizens. Officials believe that rivalry among drug traffickers generates the tips. The leaders of the agency say they know who main the drug barons are but can not arrest them because of their political connections. The Afghanistan-Tajikistan border is fairly well monitored where the Pyandzh River is wide and guard towers have been set up but is less well guarded along the slopes and gorges of the Pamir mountains. In the early s, border guards said they heard shooting almost every night. The border is monitored mainly by Russian border guards. The Tajik border guards are regarded as untrustworthy. In one ambush involving armed smugglers that left seven people dead, most of the dead were Tajik border guards. Border guards seized about four tons of drugs coming from Afghanistan in , compared to two tons in , one ton in and 6. As of August , kilograms of heroin brought in from Afghanistan had been seized. The European Union, the United States, Russia and China are all cooperating to help Tajikistan create an effective border guard that can keep drugs out. Border guards now have test kits, sophisticated communications equipment and four-wheel-drive vehicles,. It estimated that less than five percent of drugs moving through Central Asia are seized by authorities but of the drugs that are seized about and 80 percent of the drugs seized in Central Asia are taken in Tajikistan. They always create new ways, especially with globalization. In the summer of , a broad narcotics sweep involving 25, law enforcement officials in 15 countries of Central Asia and the Balkans resulted in the arrest and detention of thousands of suspects and the seizure of 3, pounds of heroin and nine tons of other narcotics. He bust was organized at regional command centers in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan and Bucharest, Romania. In July , the Tajik Security Ministry, in a joint operation with Afghan agents, announced the arrest of several drug smugglers, including Saidkobir Sharipov, the leader of an international drug ring, and Mukhtado Dzhalolov, a member of the Taliban. Sharipov was sentenced to 20 years in jail. In February , Tajik counternarcotics officers were attacked in Khatlon province near the Afghan border by a force of around thirty gunmen thought to be linked to local Afghan drug lords; two officers were killed and at least three injured before the attackers fled back across the border to Afghanistan. It is thought that the attackers were responding to an incident several weeks earlier, during which Tajik border guards killed six Afghan traffickers and seized a significant quantity of hashish and opium. Page Top. This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been authorized by the copyright owner. Such material is made available in an effort to advance understanding of country or topic discussed in the article. This constitutes 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U. Section , the material on this site is distributed without profit. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. If you are the copyright owner and would like this content removed from factsanddetails. Impact of the Drug Trade on Tajikistan The drug trade has increased corruption and imbedded itself deeply in the government and military. Border guards now have test kits, sophisticated communications equipment and four-wheel-drive vehicles, Drug Busts and Violence in Tajikistan It estimated that less than five percent of drugs moving through Central Asia are seized by authorities but of the drugs that are seized about and 80 percent of the drugs seized in Central Asia are taken in Tajikistan. Last updated April

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