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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. To provide prevention programs and educate drug users DUs , the estimation of their population is necessary. This cross-sectional study was performed in summer on people selected through a multistage sampling method based on 14 region of the municipality of Isfahan. The data collection tool was a questionnaire that was previously used in Dr. Banshi's national plan without any changes. The Cronbach's alpha value of the questionnaire was 0. Using correction factors such as transparency of response and the ratio of social network size used in previous national studies, the number of people with high-risk behaviors was estimated. The results were analyzed through NSUM based on survey analysis. Among all kinds of DUs, men were the largest consumers. In both sexes, the prevalence of using opium and its nectar and illegal treatment with methadone and buprenorphine was higher in people of over 30 years of age, while the prevalence of consuming cannabis, ecstasy, tramadol, tobacco products, and stimulants was higher in the age group of 18 to 30 years. The results indicated that the prevalence of different DUs in Isfahan city, especially among men was higher than the reported average especially in young men of years of age. Since the prevalence of drug use varies based on the type of substance used among age groups, targeted preventive planning based on the type of drug used and age group is recommended. To estimate the population size of hidden groups such as drug users DUs is a challenge for researchers and health care practitioners as well as society. The amount and type of drug use differ throughout the world. In a review in , the prevalence of drug injection was estimated to be 0. Despite frequent efforts, for many reasons such as legal prohibition, stigma and discrimination, and lack of social acceptance in many countries of the world including Iran, these groups remain hidden and inaccessible, which makes it difficult to estimate their population size. There are 2 methods for estimating the population size of hidden groups, direct and indirect. Then, considering the social network size in the general population and some other indicators, the size of the hidden population is estimated. This method was used for the first time in to estimate the population size of people lost in the Mexican earthquake. The results of this study can be helpful to provincial policymakers and experts in estimating the extent, direction, and type of preventive activities required, the costs, and required manpower as well as to obtain economic and executive support. The sample size was estimated at about people considering the drug use prevalence of 0. Sampling was performed using non-random multistage sampling; 14 districts of Isfahan municipality were considered as stratified and, based on information obtained from the Health Deputy of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, the sample size was determined proportionate to the size of each of these districts. Then, a list of crowded areas of the city as clusters was prepared and two clusters were randomly selected from within each district cluster. Within the clusters in the regular days of the week and at busy hours and , a passer-by was randomly selected once every 15 minutes. The study inclusion criteria included residing in Isfahan for at least 2 years, being 18 years of age and older, and having the mental ability to answer the questions. The exclusion criteria included completion of the questionnaire in the previous days and not willing to participate in the study. A standard questionnaire was used for data collection; its validity was evaluated by the experts in the Ministry of Health's Mental Health Bureau and its Cronbach's alpha was 0. Its reliability was evaluated in a pilot study and the kappa coefficient was estimated at 0. Each question is divided into 2 parts based on gender, male and female, and has three age groups: under 18, 18 to 30, and over In each section, if the respondents knew someone, they would report the number of people. The last part included demographic questions i. Four interviewers 2 women and 2 men were selected and trained through a roleplaying method Mr. Tavasoli, Mr. Torkan, Ms. Rezaei, and Ms. Talebi Por. The interviewers were assigned to different districts according to the timetable and based on the age-sex sampling table; they selected the passers-by and asked them for an informed consent. Ethical considerations: All questionnaires were completed anonymously and all information remained confidential. In order to persuade people to answer the questions, the interviewers tried to find a relatively secluded place. Due to the possibility of increasing unwillingness to take part in the study, verbal consent was obtained rather than a written one. In this study, the transparency coefficient varied from 0. The indicators of mean, standard deviation, frequency, and frequency percentage were used to data analysis and independent t-test and chi-squared test were used for data analysis. Thus, participants from each of the 14 regions were weighted based on the population of that area probability weight. The selected clusters from each area were also coded 1 to 4 as primary sampling units. The sex variable was considered as a stratum. A Finite population correlation was used to determine the odds equivalent in selecting the samples. The age of the participants ranged from 18 to 73 years. The mean age SD of the participants was In both genders, most of the participants had a diploma. Most of the participants were married. In all types of drugs, the prevalence of drug use was higher in men than women. Among men, cannabis was the third most used drug after tobacco, and opium and its nectar, while it was the second most used drug among women. In both sexes, the prevalence of opium and Shireh use and illegal treatment with methadone and buprenorphine among people over 30 years of age was higher than that in other age groups. Likewise, the prevalence of cannabis, ecstasy, hallucinogens, tramadol, tobacco, stimulants, and zolpidem among men of years of age was higher than that among the older and younger age groups. In addition, the prevalence of cannabis, stimulants, ecstasy, tramadol, zolpidem, and tobacco, legal treatment with methadone and buprenorphine, and injecting drug use was higher in women of 18 to 30 years of age. Furthermore, the prevalence of injecting drug use and legal treatment with methadone and buprenorphine was 0 in women under 18 years of age Table 2. The results indicated a high prevalence of use of different types of drugs in Isfahan. Tobacco use was had the highest prevalence, followed by opium and cannabis in men, and cannabis and opium among women, respectively. The highest prevalence of drug use in Isfahan was related to tobacco. In a study by Meysamie et al. Evidently, easy and low-cost access to different drug compounds and purity rates are other reasons for increase in drug use. The highest prevalence of the use of ecstasy pills in the city of Isfahan, which was first estimated by the NSUM, was in the sexually active age group of years. Prolonged duration of ejaculation may be one of the reasons for the use of ecstasy pills. The present study estimated the prevalence of zolpidem in Isfahan through NSUM for the first time, and the results indicated that the use of this hypnotic drug was much higher than the expected medical consumption, especially in people of 18 to 30 years of age. There have been reports of zolpidem addiction in athletes, physicians, and students, necessitating attention to this modern addiction and examination of the causes of young people's tendency to take this drug. The prevalence of injecting drug use in Isfahan was lower than estimations in the studies by Baneshi , 2 and Nikfarjam et al. Female sex workers, homosexual men, and injecting drug users IDUs are the 3 most vulnerable groups of a society at risk of developing HIV. In the present study, it was estimated that more than one-third of men who inject drugs had a constant behavioral addiction, while the prevalence of injecting drugs in women was 0. The results of this study indicated that the prevalence of different drug abuse types among men is more likely than women. According to the results of the present study, the highest prevalence of drug use among men and women was observed in the age groups of 18 to 30 and over 30 years, which is in line with the study by Nikfarjam et al. Evidently, it is also important to pay attention to children of less than 18 years of age. A study by Ranjbaran et al. One of the limitations of the present study was the impossibility of household-based random sampling due to the sensitivity of the considered subject, i. Therefore, through multistage sampling and random selection of people at specified intervals, we attempted to approach the sampling systematically. Second, there is likely reporting bias because some refusing people to participate in the study may recognize many DUs in their social network. However, due to the inability to track people, it was not possible to check and compare the characteristics of DUs with those participating in the study. Third, the size of the social network of DUs is smaller than that of the general population, 7 which will cause underestimation. Moreover, the size of the social network of the general population may vary by gender and age, and even by various regions of the country. However, due to the lack of accurate information in this regard, it was decided to use the indices used in earlier studies in Iran. The results of the present study showed that the prevalence of drug use in Isfahan city, especially in men, is significant and in some cases even higher than the average reported in other studies in the country. Since the prevalence of drug use varies by the type of substance used in the age groups of and over 30 years, targeted preventive planning by type of drug and age group is recommended. The authors would like to thank all those who helped us with this project, including the interviewers. They would also like to thank the Social Deputy of the Police Command of Isfahan who assisted in the performance of our citywide survey, Ayandeh Pazhouhi Center associated with Kerman University of Medical Sciences for providing the questionnaires and scientific advice, and Dr. Marjan Meshkati and Dr. Ramin Radfar for their scientific and practical advice. Collected data, analysis, and wrote the original draft: MAJ; statistics advisor- contributed to analysis: MB; contributed to analysis, review, and editing: MN. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Addict Health. Find articles by Meysam Abshenas-Jami. Find articles by Mohamadreza Baneshi. Find articles by Maryam Nasirian. Received May 17; Accepted Jul Open in a new tab. Conflicts of Interest The Authors have no conflict of interest. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. 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How the Iranian Football Coaches and Players Know About Doping?

Buying MDMA pills Isfahan

Asian J Sports Med. Doping in Sports Football Knowledge Soccer. Doping is a phenomenon as old as the competitive sports 1 , 2 , although the public opinion considers doping as something modern 2. Doping in sport has been studied mainly from a biomedical point of view, even though psycho-social approaches are also key factors in the fight against doping 3 , 4. Researchers in the biomedical field mostly focus on improving the detection methods, while experts in social sciences are trying to understand the psychological factors such as attitudes, environment and beliefs that can stop doping. Repeated, ongoing conversation with athletes and coaches can provide an improved understanding of the probability of doping behavior 5. Unfortunately, these studies are scarce in Asian countries, including Iran 3. Results of these limited studies are disappointing. According to a study on the high- level endurance walkers, they could mention just an average of 1. In another study on French high school athletes, participants mentioned peers or health professionals as the main source of drug supply. Seven percent of them did not believe that doping is always a dangerous behavior 8. A study on 80 weight-lifters showed that the anabolic steroid users found physicians as no more reliable than their friends, internet sites, or the persons who sold them the steroids 7. In another project, American athletes participating in winter games were investigated. Football is acknowledged as the most popular sport discipline all around the world. The global organization of FIFA has united over million football players in countries There are approximately elite players in football all over the world Few studies have been conducted on doping knowledge, attitudes and behavior in football players 12 , despite the need for more educational efforts to help football players in this matter. The lack of systematic or reliable data about the extent of drug use in professional football is evident today Although the prevalence of doping in football seems to be decreasing, more rigorous collaboration and thorough investigation is needed on issues such as banned substances, detection methods and data collection worldwide. Banned and harmful substances are easily available and their use does not usually require a medical prescription Unlimited quantities of drugs such as anabolic steroids can be effortlessly bought over the internet. Since the number of positive samples and cases of recreational drugs such as marijuana and cocaine has increased in the recent years, they have to be addressed closely Another study on more than African amateur football players showed that more than half denied any kind of knowledge about the prohibited substances. In this study, the players have reportedly vague knowledge of doping. The vague knowledge of doping has also been reported by researchers in other studies on high-level sportsmen Another research study on the Asian under 23 football players focusing on awareness, knowledge and attitudes towards doping also verifies the limited knowledge of the players about prohibited substances and anti-doping bodies in football such as WADA or AFC anti-doping committee. These limited investigations give the readers the opportunity to gain an insight into the overall lack of knowledge and awareness of doping related matters among football players Asia was the place where this type of survey in football was conducted for the first time. These kinds of studies need to be extended beyond the state, nation and continents since they can help and educate all the players as the main target population that can spread the message of anti-doping and Fair Play Existing findings verify the lack of proper knowledge in the field of doping among the football players Collecting such informative data would be necessary and appropriate before taking any preventive measure. FIFA's anti-doping strategy relies mainly on education and prevention 14 , FIFA also recognizes that the education of players, coaches and medical personnel in contact with football players is likely to be even more essential in the fight against drugs in sport and creating a culture that recognizes that doping has no place in football It also tries to assess their attitudes toward critical points of doping. On the subject of familiarity of football coaches and players with generic names of popular prohibited drugs, a few athletes knew amphetamines as doping agents. The frequency of true answers was a little higher in the case of corticosteroids and diuretics. Regarding side effects of anabolic steroids, football coaches and players were not so familiar with side effects of these drugs, especially tendon injuries and hyperlipidemia which football coaches and players selected as true answers only in The frequency of true answers was slightly more in some other side effects such as aggression, alopecia, drug dependence, gynecomastia, infertility, and acne. Distribution of football coaches and players by their knowledge in three categories of doping definition, familiarity with drug names and side effects of anabolic steroids is presented in Table 2. Accordingly, knowledge of football coaches and players in three categories of doping definitions, recognition of prohibited drugs and side effects was poor or moderate in Table 3 illustrates the attitudes of football coaches and players toward different fields of doping, including supplement use and the best anti-doping strategy multiple choice questions. Table 4 demonstrates the attitudes of football coaches and players toward different fields of doping, including the main rationale of sport authorities to combat against doping and the main consultants of athletes for drug misuse and where the athletes buy the banned drugs Single choice questions. Due to different methods and instruments used, it is not prudent to directly compare data from previous studies regarding knowledge of athletes about doping. Our study shows variable knowledge of Iranian football coaches and players in different categories of doping. Fortunately, overall knowledge of participants regarding doping definitions is good. Interestingly, the most frequent correct answer was tampering with doping sample collection. This may reflect the over-emphasis of public media on numerous cases of reported tampering in the country. When the knowledge level of Iranian football coaches and players was assessed in the field of drug names, more than one third of participants The most common drugs that participants knew were cannabis It is in accordance with a similar study in which anabolic steroids and cannabis were substances that athletes had heard much about, compared with amphetamines and erythropoietin Participants were not familiar enough with amphetamine Such inappropriate awareness of doping by high level sportsmen has been also reported in other studies Since glucocorticosteroids are widely used in the management of sports related injuries, as well as in the disorders of the musculoskeletal system, it may result in some cases of doping among Iranian athletes Although Creatine is one of the most popular supplements used to improve athletic performance 22 , more than 60 percent of participants consider creatine as a doping drug. In other words, contrary to the classification of Australian Institute of Sport AIS in which creatine is categorized in the group A supplements with established evidence for legal performance enhancing performance, safety and efficacy 1 , football players considered it as a doping agent, which demonstrates the lack of proper knowledge about supplements notwithstanding the high prevalence of anabolic steroid use which has been reported in the literature Also, in a prospective cross-sectional study, Tyrolean junior athletes aged between 14 and 19 years, the overall knowledge especially regarding side effects of prohibited substances were poor 24 , Only, 3. Among all participants, only 48 participants Interestingly, the knowledge scores of football players and coaches were better in comparison to free-style wrestlers in a similar knowledge and attitude study, which may reflect the results of continuous anti-doping educational courses conducted by the medical committee of national football federation 2. There was not a significant difference between coaches and players in the case of knowledge. This means that knowledge of coaches as the first- line consultants of athletes is not better than players. So, educational programs should focus on coaches to facilitate the proper data transfer between coaches and players. Furthermore, there are some myths among athletes regarding sport supplements including the safety and purity of natural and herbal supplements Some cases of positive drug tests may be related to this inappropriate idea. For example, the urine of a Dutch professional cyclist was found to be positive for norpseudoephedrine and ephedrine with consumption of a liquid herbal food supplement containing ephedra, which could have caused the positive doping test According to the majority of participants, it is reasonable that standard supplements be introduced to athletes by sport authorities to avoid inadvertent doping. Regarding the best anti-doping strategy, participants consider that indirect strategies such as education of athletes and coaches, especially young players about harms and side effects of prohibited drugs may be more effective. However, they also found helpful to use direct measures such as increased doping testing in and out of competition. This conflict reflects the fact that majority of participants either cannot discriminate between doping and other methods of performance enhancement or oppose doping only because of its lack of safety and effectiveness. More than half of the participants know that if it is proved that positive doping test is the consequence of contaminated supplements, the athlete will be exempted from any sanction. This means that athletes do not have a good understanding about the rule of strict liability, which is one of the main educational prerequisites of players and coaches. Regarding the main consultants of Iranian football coaches and players for drug use, participants respectively cited the team fitness trainer These findings are partially consistent with another study on French high school athletes who declare their peers as main source of supply So, it seems necessary to incorporate important groups such as team fitness trainers and coaches in the audience of educational programs as well as medical practitioners 25 , So, it seems in order to develop evidence-based education and awareness raising campaigns about doping 4 , 30 , 31 , the educational process has to be intensified with the help of national associations, as FIFA medical committee has declared Fortunately, knowledge regarding doping definition is good, but participants had poor knowledge in familiarity with the generic names of prohibited drugs and their side effects of anabolic steroids. Furthermore, improper ideas are prevalent among football players and coaches which should be addressed and modified to increase the success of any anti-doping activity. World Acad Sci Eng Technol. Morente-Sanchez J, Zabala M. Doping in sport: a review of elite athletes' attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge. Sports Med. Reporting doping in sport: national level athletes' perceptions of their role in doping prevention. Scand J Med Sci Sports. Time for change: a roadmap to guide the implementation of the World Anti-Doping Code Br J Sports Med. Laure P, Reinsberger H. Doping and high-level endurance walkers. Knowledge and representation of a prohibited practice. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. Use and awareness of effects of anabolic steroids and psychoactive substances among a cohort of nigerian professional sports men and women. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. Drugs, recreational drug use and attitudes towards doping of high school athletes. Int J Sports Med. Yesalis CE. Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sport and Exercise. History of doping in sport. Champaign: Human Kinetics; Dvorak J. FIFA's approach to doping in football. Doping factors, knowledge and attitudes among Bosnian and Herzegovinian football players. Kinesiol Slovenica. Drug use in English professional football. Football and doping: study of African amateur footballers. Kulkarni Kiran NA. Challenges and threats to implementing the fight against doping in sport. J Olympic. Kargarfard MKA. Q J Fundam Ment Health. Khazaie H, Alavifar A. Substance abuse prevalence and related factors to it, among students of Kermanshah University of Medical Science in J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci. Glucocorticosteroids in football: use and misuse. Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: recent findings. Anabolic steroid use by male and female middle school students. Evaluation of West-Austrian junior athletes' knowledge regarding doping in sports. Wien Klin Wochenschr. Doping in sports: Knowledge and attitudes among parents of Austrian junior athletes. The continuing story of nutritional supplements and doping infractions. Inadvertent doping through nutritional supplements is a reality: original research article. South Afr J Sports Med. A case of positive doping associated with a botanical food supplement. Pharm World Sci. Athlete support personnel and anti-doping: Knowledge, attitudes, and ethical stance. Motivational and social cognitive predictors of doping intentions in elite sports: an integrated approach. Using the prototype willingness model to predict doping in sport. FIFA's future activities in the fight against doping. We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. They also allow us to analyze user behavior in order to constantly improve the website for you. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine: Vol. Abstract Background: Nowadays, doping is an intricate dilemma. Football is the nationally popular sport in Iran. On the other hand, doping is a serious health hazard sport faces today. Objectives: Therefore, we aimed to investigate the knowledge and attitudes toward doping among the football coaches and players. Patients and Methods: In a cross sectional study, participants football players and coaches were studied. A specially made questionnaire was applied. In this study, football teams of different provinces of the country were selected by randomized clustered sampling and questionnaires were distributed among coaches and players. Results: Knowledge of football coaches and players in three categories of doping definitions, recognition of prohibited drugs and side effects of anabolic steroids was poor or moderate in Conclusions: Football players and coaches have poor knowledge about doping in Iran. Moreover, they believe in some inappropriate myths without any scientific or rational basis. It seems necessary to design a comprehensive educational program for all of the athletes and coaches in Iran. Background Doping is a phenomenon as old as the competitive sports 1 , 2 , although the public opinion considers doping as something modern 2. Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. Table 4. References 1. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. Leave a comment here:. Cookie Setting We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. To avoid inadvertent doping, it is better to introduce standard supplements to athletes by sport authorities.

Buying MDMA pills Isfahan