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A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions. Traditional drug discovery including in-vitro and in-vivo methods is a challenging, costly and time-consuming process. A reliable DTI prediction model would save a lot of time and costs for drug discovery since not all drug candidates but only the actives candidates would be further tested in the wet labs. In this paper, various binary classifier models have been developed to predict the activeness or inactiveness of compounds drugs from ChEMBL database against 11 activity classes targets. The results shows that the 11 predictive models have potential to be applied in real-world situation to predict the interaction of compounds against 11 target proteins as it is found that most machine learning and deep learning methods works better with data represented in ECFP4 compared to MACCS molecular descriptor. Article :. Need Help?

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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Drug shortages continue to pose a significant threat to public health and safety. Drug shortages not only worsen patient outcomes, but also significantly burden healthcare systems with additional costs. This study aimed to assess community pharmacy staff knowledge, opinion, and practice toward drug shortages in Saudi Arabia from November to March This was a cross-sectional study carried out among 1, community pharmacists from Saudi Arabia using a validated, self-administered and Internet-based survey. Analysis was done using chi square and fisher exact tests. Most participants were males Around Most community pharmacies In conclusion, most community pharmacists are knowledgeable and have good practice regarding drug shortages, but their opinions about drug shortages differ according to each pharmacy reporting policy. According to the World Health Organization WHO , drug shortages have been a serious global challenge to clinicians, pharmacists, and all healthcare providers in providing high-quality and cost-effective healthcare services to patients WHO, Drug shortages not only worsen patient outcomes by delaying medical procedures, reducing patient adherence and increasing the risk of medication errors, but also significantly burden healthcare systems with additional costs. There appear to be no signs of improvements to the issue of drug shortages in the near future Fox et al. The number of reported drug shortages has increased worldwide over the last decade Ventola, , Dal Moro, , Fox et al. Drug shortages have been reported in many countries irrespective of the economic status Lynas, , Becker et al. Drug shortages have negatively affected most therapeutic classes and dosage forms of medications, mainly sterile injectable products and cancer medications Link et al. It was reported that drug shortages affect mostly vulnerable populations, such as cancer and neonate patients Butterfield et al. The root causes of drug shortages have been frequently studied in many countries and healthcare settings, including hospitals in Saudi Arabia Balkhi et al. In Saudi Arabia, the main cause of the drug shortages is the lack of an advanced warning system that can provide alerts regarding expected drug shortages Alruthia et al. Unfortunately, there are no current regulations that require pharmaceutical companies and importers to notify the Saudi Food and Drug Authority SFDA of any potential shortages at least six months in advance, so there is no penalty for failure to notify. Additionally, there are no effective penalties for licensed pharmaceutical importers and pharmaceutical companies that do not abide by Saudi government regulations Alruthia et al. Other factors that contribute to drug shortages in Saudi Arabia include defective supply chain management systems, low-profit margins of some vital necessary medications, strict regulatory requirements for biological medicinal products, insufficient local pharmaceutical manufacturing, and over-dependence on medication imports Alruthia et al. Most of the studies that have investigated drug shortages in Saudi Arabia were conducted to explore the prevalence and causes of drug shortages and how hospitals cope with them Alaqeel et al. However, there are a lack of studies that assess drug shortages in community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia. There is only one published study that assessed the shortages of psychotropic medications in community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia. It was found that around 15 essential psychotropic medications were unavailable in more than half of the community pharmacies surveyed in Alruthia et al. It was found that the percentage of drug shortages of the most common class of medications were cardiovascular agents Community pharmacists are the most accessible healthcare professionals to the general public and patients. The government of Saudi Arabia has put emphasis on the opportunity for community pharmacies to be part of Saudi Arabia's national Vision Aljedai et al. This was a cross-sectional survey-based study carried out from November to March among a convenient sample of community pharmacy staffs from Saudi Arabia to assess their knowledge, opinion and practice toward drug shortages. Eligibility for inclusion in this study was all pharmacists and technicians who work at community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia of both genders and all nationalities. Exclusion criteria were hospital pharmacists, those who are not registered as community pharmacists or technicians unlicensed with the Saudi Commission for Health Specialties, and people over 60 years old. In Saudi Arabia, there are 8, community pharmacists out of 24, licensed pharmacists For this study, it was determined that surveying at least pharmacists from different regions across Saudi Arabia would be representative i. The survey consisted of four parts, including demographic characteristics, knowledge, opinion, and practice. In this analysis, a score of 4—5 represents good knowledge, a score of 2—3 represents fair knowledge, and a score of 0—1 represents poor knowledge. Prescription medications were classified using USP therapeutic categories model guidelines U. Food and Drug Administration, All survey questions were obtained from relevant literature and drafted by two expert academic pharmacists. Validation of the survey for face and content was performed via feedback from five pharmacy staff from the Clinical Pharmacy department at the College of Pharmacy at Taif University. In addition, the survey was piloted the same way as the main study among 10 community pharmacists with pharmacy practice and research background. The survey questions were written in both English and Arabic to prevent misunderstanding. The survey was simple and straightforward so it could be filled-out by participants in as little time as possible, estimated to be 10—15 min. The data were collected randomly across Saudi Arabia from November to March using a self-administered, Internet-based survey. The sampling was a convenient sampling technique. The survey was created to be completed online using Google Forms. The questionnaire link was circulated to community pharmacist professional groups in Saudi Arabia via the WhatsApp application. Ethical approval was granted by the research committee at Taif University in September Consents were obtained from all participants who were informed that their provided information was completely confidential and that the results would be reported anonymously. The data was downloaded anonymously from Google Forms in an Excel sheet. Nothing can be used to identify the identity of the participants. Fisher's exact test and the chi-square test were used to assess differences in proportions. From November to March , 1, participants responded to the online survey. Six hundred forty four Most respondents had a B-Pharm degree The highest percentages of the respondents came from chain community pharmacies Participants were asked to report their perceived knowledge about drug shortages. Another question was about the impacts of drug shortages. Participants were also asked about their sources of information to learn about drug shortages. Other sources were used less for finding information about drug shortages Table 2. Overall, most of the respondents Most community pharmacists According to the respondents, solving drug shortage problems ranges from weeks According to respondents, prescription-only medications Rx most commonly affected by drug shortages were blood glucose regulators Over the counter OTC medications most commonly affected by drug shortages were heartburn When a drug shortage concerning a prescription medication occurs, community pharmacists likely suggest an alternative medication Most respondents reported that it usually takes 1—3 days to get a response to the report Most respondents However, drug shortage probability appeared to be the same among those having such systems and those do not. A few studies have investigated drug shortages in hospital pharmacies in Saudi Arabia. Most of them were conducted to explore the prevalence and causes of drug shortages and how hospitals cope with shortages Alaqeel et al. However, there are a lack of studies assessing drug shortages in community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia. The present study has mainly focused on assessing the perceived knowledge, opinion, and practices of Saudi community pharmacists. In this study, perceived knowledge of the community pharmacists about drug shortages was satisfactory. As the level of education and professional status increased, their perceived knowledge directly increased as well. In addition to the level of education and profession, the years of experience played a vital role in the previous two factors within perceived knowledge and opinion of pharmacists in conditions like a drug shortage, to whom a drug shortage should be reported, and through which method they would report shortages. Years of experience seemed to affect the method used for reporting shortages, as years of experience increased preference for electronic reporting. The presence or absence of an automated electronic inventory system did not affect conditions of drug shortage positively or negatively. The frequent outcomes of drug shortages in Saudi Arabia include negative reputation of pharmacy, increase in healthcare costs, decrease in patient quality of life, and reduction in patient adherence. The majority of the medical experts agreed about the need for training in case of drug shortages. Community pharmacists received their information about drug shortages from medicine agencies and pharmaceutical companies. These findings agreed with published studies that have been conducted across the European countries Heiskanen et al. One of the previous studies stated that continuity of mentally challenged patients is challenged by lax regulations governing licensing and work of different retail community pharmacies Alruthia et al. As the result of lax regulations, there is shortage of indispensable medicines in the retail community pharmacies. The SFDA argues that the reasons for the unavailability of some psychiatric drugs at retail community pharmacies may be due to the lack of any notifications of shortages of the examined psychiatric drugs to the pharmacies themselves. According to Alruthia et al. The continuous supply of any medicinal product is dependent on market economic factors. In situations where the profit margin of a product becomes too narrow, especially in situations where a patent has expired, manufacturers cease production because they are simply unable to sustain low profits margins Alruthia et al. This starts a vicious cycle of drug shortage. For example, in China, the government imposed strict price control, and this led to shortages because manufacturers were not able to sustain slow profit margins Alruthia et al. Keeping this phenomenon in mind, it would be suitable for SFDA to maintain a balance. They should not make the polices too stringent nor let them become too lax. The regulatory policies should allow manufacturers to earn a decent profit while not placing a burden on consumers due to increased manufacturing costs. According to Adamski et al. The current policy of the Saudi government with regards to procurement is based on competitive bidding process, which is also known as open tenders Adamski et al. However, the issue is that the current policies of the government focus primarily on price and do not take into consideration other issues such as safety, quality, and effectiveness. A policy focusing on the quantitative aspects and not the qualitative aspect is bound to lead to issues such as drug shortages because the only variable taken into account by the policy is price Adamski et al. Therefore, one of the implications of the findings of this study is that there is a need to review current government procurement policy of pharmaceuticals for compromising pioneering payment procedures like outcome-based contracts. According to Rasooldeen, overdependence on prescription drug imports contributes to drug shortage issue in Saudi Arabia Rasooldeen, Further, it showed that local pharmaceutical manufacture has grown significantly in the last ten years. Despite the fact that there are more than 32 pharmaceutical production units listed, roughly 27 are operational. Another study by Morris explained development of a strategy to provide better management of shortages Morris, One of the most important decisions was to include a process for centralized systematic assessment and organization of shortages, along with the creation and maintenance of a medicine watch list, so that supply issues could be escalated to a National Medicines Action Group for advice on possible alternative treatments, if necessary. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists developed guidelines for managing drug product shortages and mentioned two key factors: the role of pharmacists in this problem and the need for pharmacy leaders to educate all members of the healthcare team. There is need to address the challenging and complex nature of the drug shortage problem Fox and McLaughlin, Furthermore, the pharmacist must verify that the organization has the appropriate infrastructure and a well-established management plan in place to respond to a drug shortage. A drug shortage team used to establish mechanisms for approving alternative medicines and resolving ethical issues and a resource allocation committee are all essential parts of infrastructure that must be in place before medication shortages develop Fox and McLaughlin, Numerous solutions to manage drug shortages have been reported in the previous published studies Traynor, , Link et al. However, only one study so far has examined the shortage of drugs in community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia Alruthia et al. So, a few solutions are recommended that are thought to help minimize this problem in the context of community pharmacies. The SFDA initiated a new program or service called pharmacovigilance for the detection of adverse effects and management Alshammari, This will be a great solution to have a service or a plan for managing and detecting shortages of drugs. There is a need to provide training courses on managing drug shortages not only for community pharmacists but also for all health professions. The majority of participants in this study thought that training courses would play a vital role when community pharmacists face drug shortages. The shortages are a global health problem in every country and region whether the countries are rich or poor. A lack of information about this problem in Saudi Arabia has been noticed. Crucial drug classes and classes susceptible to a high rate of deficiencies were identified. The study detected the most common and impactful reasons for drug shortages and suggested practical solutions and recommendations. A limitation of this study was the relatively low number of participants from some regions in Saudi Arabia. In addition, reporting bias cannot be totally ruled out because of self-reporting. The study findings can be used to develop targeted interventions by concerned authorities, such as SFDA, aimed to decrease drug shortage and improve the continuous availability of medication. A clear policy and guidelines about drug shortages and standardized format for reporting should be established urgently. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The author is very thankful to all the associated personnel in any reference that contributed to this research. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Saudi Pharm J. Find articles by Mona Y Alsheikh. Find articles by Maram A Alzahrani. Find articles by Norah A Alsharif. Find articles by Hadeel M Altowairqi. Find articles by Shahad A Asiri. Find articles by Bushra M Althubaiti. Find articles by Ali M Alshahrani. Find articles by Ahmed I Fathelrahman. Find articles by Moudi M Alasmari. Find articles by Amal F Alotaibi. Open in a new tab. Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Inadequate drug supply to meet the current or projected demand at the patient level. Lack of supply affects how the pharmacy prepares or dispenses a drug depending on the patient's condition. Increased global demand Natural disaster, winter seasons, Hajj season etc. Percentage of drug shortages for the top ten classes of prescription medications Rx. Percentage of drug shortages for the top ten classes of over-the counter medications OTC. Medically necessary products only that have the greatest impact on public health. Shortages which involve only a strength or package size, which have a substitute strength and package size. Performing more research to discover the root causes of drug shortages in Saudi Arabia. Which one of the following do you think about first when you need to report a drug shortage?

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