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You have full access to this open access article. The Netherlands are a small country with an urban underworld history before a serious problem of organized crime has developed since the The interest of the mob in Horse Race Betting flourished before that time. After a long period of Prohibition since horse racing especially trotting and betting on the results has become a very popular pastime since it was permitted in Especially during the nineteen seventies and eighties horse races drew a large audience and to a lesser degree they still do. However, bookmaking has always been forbidden since and that by itself presented in invitation to organized crime. Other well-known criminal byproducts of horse racing such as drugging horses, laundering money and matchfixing have been observed but as we measured only to a very moderate degree. The social variety of aficionados for the races is amazing. While doing historical and ethnographic field research at the race tracks we registered a mixture of people of humble origins as well as big entrepreneurs. There were members of the royal family but also well-known criminals. It is amazing to find out to what degree the latter have been accepted by the entire horse racing community. All across the globe, horse racing and betting on the results are associated with any number of crimes, fixing matches, drugging horses, illegal gambling and money laundering. This holds true for Anglo-Saxon countries with a gambling culture where horse races attract much larger crowds and involve a lot more money than in the Netherlands or other countries in Continental Europe except France and Sweden. From the moment organized crime in America has been identified as a special type of crime in the s, this form of criminal conspiracy has played an important role in the world of horse racing. This applies to actual criminal reality as well as the romantic fantasy in crime literature or popular horse movies. There are two kinds of horse races, running and trotting. In running, the jockey is seated on the horse as it gallops to the finish. In trotting, the horse pulls a two-wheeled sulky occupied by a driver who is steering it. Trotting is a special type of movement with the horse moving its legs diagonally. Trotters are much slower than runners but their gait has an elegance all its own. The distinction between the two is linked to the social history of the class their audience at the races is from Stokvis Since the end of the nineteenth century, modern sports such as soccer have first been popular among upper class amateurs. In the late nineteenth century, Clingendaal Racetrack near The Hague had luxurious spacious stables filled with thoroughbred runners usually owned by the aristocracy or distinguished families employing their own jockeys and trainers. The Royal Family had a keen interest in the latest events at the racetrack. The horses were originally from England, France and Germany. The German painter Max Liebermann spent some of his summers from to in the Netherlands in Scheveningen near the Hague beach. He painted the fashionable life style of the era and his scenes featured stables and gorgeous thoroughbred horses. Thanks to successful breeding, the quality of the racehorses was soon greatly improved and at the moment Dutch thoroughbreds are among the finest horses in the world Minkema et al. Holland and Frisian trotting is however typical of folk festivals and annual markets and the short tracks where farmers would race their horses for prizes like a liverwurst or a loaf of raison bread. Owners of the local bars and inns would sponsor trotting and give the winners a Silver Whip Govers et al. Later it was factory-owners and prosperous tradesmen who owned the horses. Patricians were now replaced by modern merchants and entrepreneurs. The trainers, drivers and spectators were working class. Trotting became more popular in the twentieth century, races and betting were far more common in the Netherlands for trotting than running. This chapter is mainly focused on trotting. The class differences between the fans of running and trotting are still very much in existence today. To what extent is Dutch horse racing now affected by crime? After a period of great racetrack popularity in the s, s and s, since there has been a sharp drop in the Dutch interest in going to horse races and betting on the results. The board of the Dutch Horse Racing Foundation that organizes the competition at the racetracks the major ones are Duindigt in The Hague and Wolvega in Friesland but there are also numerous local ones has been wondering ever since to what extent this resulted from the unfavorable publicity repeatedly referring to criminal tendencies in the sector. So exactly what kind of criminality have the media observed in the world of horse racing? Footnote 1 In Zembla , a Dutch tv program known for investigative journalism, had a special on Money and Horses and informed viewers that racetracks were no longer a place for a nice family day out. Footnote 2 Shady characters were spoiling the whole atmosphere in the grandstands. Footnote 3 Controlled substances had recently been found in the blood of some of the horses and a notorious mobster and horse-owner was given a warning. No one wanted to talk to the reporters. In , the TV program Andere Tijden presented Betting on the Wrong Horse about laundering illegal money by buying up sheets showing racetrack payouts. Footnote 4. The assumption that the decline of trotting was due to a link with the world of crime is certainly not unfounded. One basic risk was probably that more than other sports, trotting depended on the income generated by bets and sponsoring. The racetracks themselves and the state in the form of taxes both benefited. How was anyone supposed to believe in the integrity of the state or the racetrack organizers when their income depended on the profits of betting? In , an opposing voice was heard. In De Gids , a Dutch cultural journal, sport sociologist Stokvis cited mechanisms that made major fraud less likely. The winnings were not sizable enough to justify the risk of committing fraud, a special committee monitored the races from very close by and filmed them from start to finish and the Foundation had its own disciplinary regulations. Stokvis noted the social control among the owners, trainers and drivers. What is more, he made non-criminal causes behind the decline of the sector seem quite plausible. The board of the Dutch Horse Racing Foundation assumed the decline undeniably affecting the sport could have something to do with the negative publicity about criminal elements. In , the board wanted an independent assessment of the situation and contacted researchers in the field of criminology. This gave us an opportunity to conduct the kind of research into an economic sector or subculture that is conducted into problems related to organized crime. To examine the high risk sector of horse racing, Reuselaars used the tool kit of ethnography, i. She went to various types of trotting races all over the Netherlands, spoke to key figures and people from the audience, and attended criminal court cases. The first report was written in and Reuselaars concluded that crime was playing much less of a role than the media claimed. The bad reputation of horse racing at the time was due more to the trotting organizers themselves and the management shortcomings of their Association. There are four aspects to the relation between crime and betting on horse races. Criminals can take advantage of opportunities to open illegal betting sites. This mainly involves a tendency to ignore the prohibition of bookmaking that has applied to the sport of trotting in the Netherlands from the start. Criminals can cheat in otherwise legal gambling operations. They can do so by using exclusive inside information on the anticipated performance of specific horses, pressuring jockeys or drivers to make their horses slow down by bribing them or cheating in other ways. They can drug horses to make them go faster. Organized crime can infiltrate the sector and use it for its own purposes such as laundering illegally obtained sums of money. We would like to examine these aspects in the remainder of this chapter. But first we need to take a close look at the history and institutional design of the trotting sector of Dutch horse racing. Betting on horse races has been prohibited from until There were races and the only possibility to bet was with illegal bookmakers. It certainly helped the horse racing to a criminal image. Public and commercial gambling were quite restrictively regulated in the Netherlands in the Betting and Gaming Act, which the state passed for various reasons, one of which was to reduce addiction to gambling. As of , licenses were issued and the system was supervised by the independent Games of Chance Authority. What types of bets were allowed? A Games of Chance Authority folder on horse racing notes that in principle, of course people can bet on whatever they want. But this is not the case in the Netherlands. There are two exceptions, i. The role horses play in the races and bets differs from the role of other animals in this book. Here animals are not the victims of human acts or abuse, horses do not belong to an endangered species and with the exception of being drugged or whipped at a crucial moment, there are very few serious issues related to their well-being as racing animals. One can say though that animals are instrumentalized in that they are forced — after ages of breeding -to move forwards in an unnatural manner and their reproduction is not guided by their own instinct but by the preferences of their breeders. The same holds only true for greyhound and for pigeon racing games. Trotters are expensive and carefully selected by their owners. They are carefully bred for generations and intensively trained. If a horse starts galloping during a race, it is disqualified. Horses are intrinsically motivated to come in first. When horses win, people think they show their pride by moving their ears forward. Horses are the caressed party in this sub-culture. Older Dutchmen who went to horse races in their heyday tell us they are more apt to remember the names of the horses than of the owners, trainers or drivers. In the archives of the Dutch Horse Racing Foundation, the parentage of the trotters and their performance are recorded in the Trotters stud book. The attraction for spectators lies in the combination of watching an exciting competition and having a chance to bet and win a prize. Spectators can also place bets via the Internet or a bookmaker, but the real spectacle takes place at the racetrack. Anywhere from seven to fifteen times during a game day, a line-up of horses of the same age race a course the shortest is m and the longest m followed by their sulkies and drivers for two to three minutes. It is very exciting, especially at the end of the race. Changing positions, moving up from the rear and suddenly speeding up, it is spectacular, the enormous competition between the horses. In the last straight stretch of the racetrack, the field fans out and the view of the track can totally change in a matter of seconds. The ones out in front can fall back any minute and the ones at the rear can suddenly speed up. Which one will get to the finish first? Bettors eagerly peer at the finish line to see how the horses they are playing have done. Since games of chance are explicitly prohibited in the Netherlands unless they are privately licensed. They have to be games of chance and not hazard games , where winning is totally arbitrary, like at a casino or in the State Lottery. In games of chance based on betting, winning can be influenced by reasoning based upon a certain degree of knowledge. Footnote 6. Starting in the nineteenth century, betting went via bookmakers and the Totalizator or tote board. Bookmakers gave people a chance to place bets at a fixed agreed upon multiple of the invested amount if they won. This amount was called the cote from the French word for payoff and could be quite high. Bookmakers were at or near the racetrack and people could gamble at their own risk by placing bets with them. In the Dutch Parliament passed the Immorality Act prohibiting betting via bookmakers and construing it in criminal justice terms as fraudulent. This meant the end of the popular horse races and many breeders and stables had little choice but to go abroad. It is not hard to understand that the state has been trying to restrict conduct at risk of getting out of control. But is may seem surprising to us that at the beginning of the twentieth century, the lawful prohibition of betting on horse races was based on moral objections. All games of chance do after all navigate between the human urge to gamble and the negative consequences of betting, i. The considerations in the early twentieth century went deeper than that though and included religious objections. It is important to examine this line of reasoning because it illustrates the same social mechanism as the prohibition of the production and sale of alcohol in the United States in — Prohibition in the United States was not mainly aimed at the dangers of drinking but at the social ills caused by spending time at bars in the large cities, where prostitution was practiced, day laborers were picked up whose very existence was undermining the trade unions, and where workers would drink away their wages instead of using them to support their families. All this motivated the Temperance Movement and stimulated its religious objections see e. Behr In a thesis written by a Dutch police inspector in Friesland, Vonck cited the objections voiced a century earlier in Protestant circles. The prohibition was formulated by the Cabinet headed by the Calvinist theologist and preacher Abraham Kuyper. We should bear in mind that trotting was and still is popular in the northern Dutch provinces, rural North and South Holland and the Bible Belt. In these circles, horse racing was equated with gambling and viewed as an affront to the holiness of fate. Vonck researched the sub-culture of people who bet at the racetracks around the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. In essence, a bookmaker who accepted a bet was speculating that the horse would lose. Based on information he had access to from his daily contact with the owners, trainers and drivers, he could help fate along. All these kinds of sabotage are hard to prove because race results always depend on unpredictable factors, the weather, the condition of the track, how the driver feels, the starting number, the condition the horse is in. At the time of his study, the s, Vonck counted about eighty people who were denied entry at the racetrack because of bookmaking. Although they generally called themselves merchants or businessmen, most of them had a criminal record. They made bets orally or wrote them down in notes incomprehensible to the outside world. When someone who placed a bet won and came to collect the winnings, the bookmaker was still not ready to acquiesce. He would invite the fortunate winner to double his profits by making just one more little bet, for example to guess what make of car would be the first to turn the corner. They could also play a game of cards with a deck of marked cards or a game of dice with loaded dice. Vonck criticized his fellow police officers in Groningen for failing to notice this as a crime. Nowadays the reasons for prohibiting bookmaking at the time make a rather outdated impression. In retrospect we can also ridicule the nonsense of Prohibition in the United States. Forbidding a product there is a great economic demand for when the majority of the population does not view supplying it as a crime provokes a brand of criminality it is hard to get under control. One of the bookmakers who could usually be found on a race day at Duindigt was Big Harry Engels. He explained to reporters from the Zembla TV program Money and Horses exactly what students of law in Continental Europe learn is the difference between criminal acts according to statutory law crimes mala in se and law as principle crimes mala prohibita. I never did anyone any harm. In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the Totalizator was introduced as a second option for organized betting. The Totalizator is a French invention now in use at racetracks all across the globe. It works with a system of pari-mutuel betting and wagering. In this system, all the bets of a particular type are placed together in a pool. Taxes and house takes or vigorish are then deduced and the remainder is divided among the winners. Unlike most other forms of betting, at horse races betters are wagering against each other Spapens : This form of betting was also prohibited up until Since then it has been allowed and was legally regulated by the Betting and Gaming Act. It is important to note that despite the acceptance of the pari-mutuel system, booking via bookmakers is still illegal. Some people nonetheless have a clear preference for betting through bookmakers. After the economic recession began in , the Totalizator was privatized. The British firm Ladbroke stepped in, but the profits were disappointing. This was followed by years of unclear transfers from one private party to the other. If the competition was legal, a betting license was issued to one company that would organize a Totalizator Tote. In , the Dutch license to operate as the sole Totalizator organizer for horse races was issued by the Gaming Authority to Runnerz. In addition to the sales counters at the large racetracks Wolvega and Duindigt and the option of betting on the Internet, there are another thirty locations all across the Netherlands where bets can be made, particularly in the northern provinces and North Holland. We would like to give a brief account now of the history of the Duindigt racetrack on the outskirts of The Hague and right next to Huis ten Bosch Palace, where the Dutch Royal Family lives. We also have a thing or two to say about the deviant conduct of some of the racetrack patrons. In a large trotting center was opened there that was to overshadow all the other racetracks in the Netherlands with its total size and its track. The date was unfortunate though because of the sharp decline at the time in the sport of horse racing, running and trotting alike. But in a private businessman breathed new life into the branch by establishing an international connection in France. In the following period, the position of Victoria Park was totally restored. Especially during the semi-nocturnal Friday evening races when when there are no races in France and workers have just been paid and go for a drink before supper to a bar where the Wolvega horse races are on television , there is a huge turnover, unprecedented in the Netherlands, and this raises the payoffs. As time passed, the French knew more and more about which Dutch horses were the best. The management at Victoria Park does its best to adhere to all the rules. In an interview, one of the commentators at the races in Friesland says the management tries very hard to avoid being associated with crime in any way. This was a serious problem for the police because bookmaking was popular but still prohibited. It was easy to attribute the victories of outsiders among the horses to the bookmakers and they did sponsor the branch with their profits, much as they had done legally before They were especially focused on the leading horses that were not doing particularly well at the moment. They had a few assistants walking around who did the actual transactions. This enabled the bookmakers themselves to stay out of sight. At a very low level, this strategy resembled the customary one in organized crime where bosses in operation stay in the background as much as they can. Of course they had to pay out the cote agreed on. They would cover themselves by betting on the horse on the Totalizator, thus lowering the cote. Zantinge referred to forty-five of them. The group of bookmakers included a few individuals with a certain status in the underworld. They were bookmakers and trotter-owners at the same time. They noted that bookmaking had become a marginal activity. None of them provided any backing for their estimations. But it is clear that there has been a sharp decline in trotting since the s. This mainly had to do with changes in the games of chance market and the increased spectator interest in other sports, mainly soccer. Another specific reason for this sharp decline was also mentioned on the TV programs referred to at the beginning of his chapter. In the s a team of eight investigators was appointed by the General Inspection Division of the Dutch Ministry of Farming and Fishing to identify bookmakers and catch them taking bets using a tactic of stalking and harassing. Not that they had much trouble finding gamblers among the spectators who were willing to snitch on them. The investigators were merely compliance officers and their power did not extend much further than denying bookmakers entry at the racetracks, which were private property. Police reports were drawn up on various occasions, but not very often led to actual court cases. Just the common knowledge that there were investigators among the spectators had a preventive effect. After this step was taken, bookmakers could still be seen busily gesticulating to their minions or players in the audience from higher spots a certain distance from the track itself, as if they were familiar with the refined codes of British bookmakers. In the past twenty years, a modus vivendi has developed between officials and bookmakers. At the moment, there is no longer any evidence of this monitoring of bookmakers. So one attraction of betting at the racetrack has been virtually eliminated. Horse racing, running and trotting alike, is easily susceptible to illicit influencing of the results if drivers make certain agreements with each other. They can be acting on their own initiative or be bribed to do so by third parties. There is plenty of match fixing in any number of sports soccer, tennis, boxing and horse racing is no exception in the Anglo-Saxon world, Italy or France. Very little notice has been taken of match fixing in the Netherlands Olfers and Spapens , there have not been any large-scale bribery scandals and research studies have yet to be launched. In our contact with trainers and drivers, we were assured that match fixing rarely occurs in the Netherlands and that has to do with the Dutch attitude to winning. Just sniffing the wind, the smell of the horses, hearing the clippity-clop of the hooves, vying for a good position, speeding up and experiencing the battle between the horses are such exciting moments that the drivers and jockeys are barely interested in nefarious proposals. Everything is focused on getting their horse to perform well. There is a system of performance monitoring that enables the Horse Racing Committee that drives in a car alongside the horses to check all their movements during the race. The details of their appearance did not used to be described but it is apparently necessary nowadays. Anyone who wants to seriously compete has to have inside information. Everyone who places bets is interested in information and no one blames anyone else for their interest. We constantly see at the racetracks that everyone is looking for the golden tip. This is an integral part of the sport and is not classified as race fixing. It is relatively simple to follow the race results over a longer period of time and see whether there is match fixing going on. The assumption is that races are fixed to deliberately allow horses that are likely to win to lose a race to increase the payoff on the next race that they do win. In our colleague Henk Elffers analysed a series of results of the main races horses took part in at least ten times see for details Reuselaars : 38— The statistical problem is then to explain the alternating good and less good results. Elffers concluded that considering the averages for all the racetracks over the past few years before , there is no evidence of race fixing. Since , there have been several smaller scandals related to drugging horses. By smaller we mean the scandals could not be compared to the enormous ones in France or the Anglo-Saxon countries. In a famous French trainer, Fabrice Souloy, boosted the performance of his horses in Scandinavia by administering Cobalt was temporarily dismissed from his position. At the moment , there is a case in the United States Kentucky Derby where no fewer than twenty trainers and veterinarians are on trial for cruelty against an animal involving the extremely successful horse Maximum Security that has earned millions of dollars. Compared to this, the Dutch cases are laughable. There was a dispute in the Netherlands during the s about the origins of a minimal amount of heroin in the blood of a racehorse. Had it been injected or did it come from the poppies that were mowed with the grass in the meadow and then fed to the horse? The fact remains though that there are still two problems. It is not a good idea for the same veterinarians who supervise the health of a horse and can thus administer medication to also do the monitoring. Any substance that is not naturally found in the body of a horse should not be in evidence there during a race, even if it is a medicine or pain killer. The idea this is based on is that the animals themselves cannot choose whether they want it or not. There have however been serious disciplinary cases. Nine cases came before the Disciplinary Board in Morphine was found in the urine of the successful stallion Willem Boko in The famous trainer Hugo Langeweg Sr was charged at the time and on other occasions as well and sentenced by the Disciplinary Board De Volkskrant, 6— This topic is difficult to research. The police cannot act because these cases are dealt with by the Disciplinary Board. During our research at the racetracks, we met a community of racing fans who know each other reasonably well and many of whom are strikingly well informed about the quality of the various horses. The Foundation for the Netherlands Trotting and Running Sport also supplies information in this connection, especially on the recent performance of the horses, to preserve the nature of fair wagering in contrast to gambling. The group includes tradesmen, often butchers or flower dealers. What is striking is the relatively large number of women who are enthusiastic about horse racing. The breeders, trainers and drivers are essential to horse racing and to safeguarding its integrity. Their level of ethics were found impressive at our first research round. It was no simple matter to enter these professions, the threshold was high. Anyone who wanted to become a professional jockey or trainer needed to attend a special training course. As a result of the decline of horse racing, this has now changed into a shorter education and a simpler exam. As The stables are spic and span and nice and quiet, the boxes are clean. According to them, there is barely any race fixing. The attachment to the world of horses is also evident from the relatively large number of volunteers who — in this age of declining incomes—are willing to help keep the sport going. Associating horse racing with organized crime mainly has to do with to the reputations of the horse and stable owners, especially in the US. This association goes back more than a hundred years to before the start of the twentieth century and the reputations were mainly established in the large cities of the United States. Ever since information on horse races could first be passed on by telephone, there was the option of organizing off-track betting via control over the channels of communication. Gangsters with a reputation like Arnold Rothstein and Frank Erickson made their careers this way. Back to the Netherlands. For the simple reason that buying and keeping racehorses and paying capable trainers and jockeys cost much more than could possibly be earned from the prizes, we know the horse and stable owners did not acquire their fortunes at the racetracks. In the Netherlands, it was initially horse breeders who worked their way up to owning the horses. They were often people of humble origins who put everything aside for their hobby, their racehorse. The better the horses were and consequently the more expensive, the more they could help their owners establish a position in society. The Dutch Association of Racehorse Owners includes an impressive number of self-made entrepreneurs with their own businesses. Usually it is a matter of new money. They are ship-building magnates, food importers, real estate speculators and the owners of supermarkets, hotels, restaurants and bars. At the Business Class, the restaurant in Duindigt, we sometimes see piles of money in rubber bands quasi nonchalantly sticking out of various pockets. Amidst all these company directors, regular gangsters are not apt to make much of an impression. But they do command respect in their own social circles. In the more detailed analyses, however, other incentives also play a role. The organized crime bosses also want power, prestige, honor, respect, especially the respect of the local community, and a nice way to spend their free time cf. Cockayne They can boost their prestige by acting as entrepreneurs and sponsors in the entertainment industry and in sports. The American mob choose the world of their favorite sports and in the United States in the twentieth century, it was all about boxing, baseball and horse racing Haller Footnote 7. The American example was followed in the Netherlands by whoever wanted to make a name for himself after World War Two as penoza , a Yiddish word that literally means a way to earn a living and is used to refer to members of the urban underworld with its own sub-culture. The penoza consisted of pimps, vagabonds, unregistered cab drivers, thieves, cigarette smugglers, fences, card sharps, black marketeers World War Two and so forth. There were also the gambling penoza that victimized pedestrians with a simple game of cups and balls. The post-World War Two generation in Amsterdam initially focused on gambling at casinos and prostitution. Starting in the s, they increasingly turned to producing and selling drugs. Barely anything is left nowadays of the oldest segment of this generation because the ringleaders either died or murdered each other Spapens et al. In the Netherlands, the penoza liked soccer, kick boxing and horse racing there were real horse lovers ,, especially in the past. Sponsoring these sports earned them prestige. And the casinos were popular too. In the racetrack heyday, the penoza of Amsterdam frequented the one at Duindigt, and not primarily to earn money but for the recognition and to enjoy themselves. Starting in , he did it thirty-seven times. The last time was in Of course horse-owners were interested in the prize, but their real interest was in winning and having their photograph in the newspapers with Prince Bernhard. It was all about prestige, and not primarily money. We would like to mention three of the underworld ringleaders who frequented the racetracks and are known to everyone in the Netherlands. Maup Caranza began as a dealer in car wrecks. In what his biographer called a puzzling rise Pelt : — ,, he became a real estate speculator and magnate. Starting in the mid-twentieth century, he owned the huge entertainment center on Rembrandt Square in the middle of Amsterdam. She expanded her stable to include a stud farm of seventeen stallions and they were trained by none other than the renowned Jantje Wagenaar. Caransa has been instrumental in using his talents as a businessman when making peace when a conflict arose within the organization of horse owners. In the s he commanded respect with his beautiful horses, a top trainer Vergay and a driver who ventured to take part in the French races. He once told a crime reporter who interviewed him that it was all about collecting tippies , golden tips from the stables Korterink His conduct was totally focused on gaining status. After a horse of his won a race, he looked for a an opportunity for a photograph with a member of the royal family, unsuccesfully. The third horse lover was Cor van Hout, who played a leading role in the spectacular kidnapping of beer tycoon Freddy Heineken and his chauffeur Ab Doderer in Except when they were at a bar, he and his friend Willem Holleeder spent a lot of time at the racetrack and they were always gambling. Cor can Hout was a popular openhanded man who owned any number of racehorses including the renowned Golden Sand. After they served their prison sentences for the kidnapping and spent eight million of the total of thirty-five million guilders of Heineken ransom money that was never found, one of his criminal periods ended with his next arrest. A preliminary judicial investigation was launched against Cor van Hout in concerning his investing the profits of criminal activities in trotting races and the gambling and sex industries Van de Pol , Golden Sand won the Dutch Championship in The national anthem was played and there was a photograph in the newspaper. Cor van Hout was arrested a day later, on October 6, , suspected of running a criminal organization importing hashish on a huge scale Korterink , The activities of horserace fans can easily be converted for purposes of money laundering. In a Justice Department survey on how the underworld and the legitimate side of organized crime are inter-related Regional Information and Expertise Center , the horse trade is an example of a branch used to explain away rises in wealth or fluctuations in value. After all, a horse can be purchased for a few thousand euros but after it is trained as a racehorse, a value increase of thousands of euros is not unrealistic. If it is injured, a horse is worth as much as a local butcher will give for it. It is difficult for the authorities to determine whether transactions are conventional or not. The world of horse lovers is quite understandably very closed about issues like this. In its pricing heyday in the s and s, the sport of horse racing was probably used for laundering illegally acquired wealth. There a no figures available. Nowadays the Fiscal Information and Investigation Division of the Tax Department is the only supervisory agency that is widely respected. In some cases, company-owners evade Tax Department attention by appointing a manager so wealthy his fortune is not in question. And on a smaller scale, in the gambling world there are people who buy up the lottery tickets of the real winners. However, on the whole horse owners are not rich at all. Everyone tolerates well-known underworld kingpins and is friendly to them. Horse-owners do not carefully pick and choose new members. No one checks their antecedents. One Sunday afternoon, we asked about eighty people in the grandstands at Duindigt racetrack whether they thought others were staying away because of the criminality, especially the reputation of the penoza who were hanging around. The tolerance level appeared to be high and quite honestly, some of them thought it would be kind of exciting to see underworld celebrities they knew from the newspapers close up like that. After the turning point in the early s, horse racing and betting on horses lost much of the popularity they had had after World War Two. Fashions come and go and there were other sports, especially soccer, that took its place in the public eye. The attraction of betting and spending a nice day with the whole family at the horse races played less of a role now that games could be played online. The entertainment industry had so much more to offer and the vast assortment of games and exciting heroes on television pretty much eliminated the competition. There are so many other options nowadays for betting and gambling. A specific drawback of horse racing is that it is so poorly organized. After so many bookmakers went out of business and Totalizators were privatized, these functions became less and less profitable and kept being passed on from one party to another. As a result, there were no longer enough racehorses to produce a nice wide range on the track and the race results were increasingly predictable. The former glory of the racetrack in Duindigt is clearly fading and only the impersonal online bets on the races at an international distance from the Frisian town of Wolvega are still properly operating. Here we only researched the extent to which the criminal reputation linked to horse racing could be held responsible for its decline. Not much was found in the Netherlands comparable to the huge scandals in the Anglo-Saxon world with fixing matches and drugging horses. The Dutch authorities successfully put the bookmakers out of business. It is true that in other countries UK and France , bookmaking is still allowed and accounts for a great deal of the attraction. This has been lost in the Netherlands. The horse races provided ample opportunity for laundering illegally acquired sums of money. In the tiny world of horse-lovers where everyone often knows everyone else, this is not viewed as a big risk. That will change if the authorities continue hunting down illegal riches. We barely found any evidence of this. On the contrary. In fact we think maybe a shady reputation only enhances the charm of horse racing! From Tros Actua in Reference in Andere Tijden , Op het verkeerde paard gewed, May 19, Behr E Prohibition. Thirteen years that changed America. Arcade Publishing, New York. Google Scholar. Berg C Wedden op paarden Betting on Horses. Economisch-Statistische Berichten — Cockayne J Hidden power the strategic logic of organized crime. Oxford U. P, New York. Korterink HJ Cor. Het levensverhaal van een beroepscrimineel Cor. Just Publishers. Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse draverfokkerij Trotting through time. History of dutch trotter breeding , Kerckebosch Ltd, Zeist. Tilburg University. Performance monitoring in professional dutch running and trotting horse races. Criminology dissertation. University of Utrecht. RIEC Regional Information and Expertise Center Verwevenheid van onder- en bovenwereld bij georganiseerde misdaad, Een overzichtsstudie: aard en oorzaken Links between underworld and legitimate businesses in organized crime. A Survey Study: Nature and Causes. Rijken AJL Het geoorloofd en ongeoorloofd wedden bij paardenrennen en harddraverijen Authorized and unauthorized bettng at horse running and trotting races. Algemeen Politieblad: — Martinus Nijhoff Publ. Leiden: Tijdschr Criminol 58 2 :3— Article Google Scholar. Stokvis R Is er corruptie bij het harddraven in Nederland? Is there corruption in the trotting sport in the Netherlands? De Gids : — Van de Pol W Holleeders onderwereld. Disclosures from the Police files , Karakter Uitgevers Ltd. Facetten van deelname, aanbod en regulering Gambling in triplicate. Aspects of participation, supply and regulation , Gouda Quint, Arnhem. Vonck FJ Het geoorloofd — en het ongeoorloofd wedden bij harddraverijen en paardenrenen , Allowed and prohibited gambling at trotting and horse races Thesis, College for Police Investigators, Stiens. Zantinge H Bookmakerij Kwaad dat bestrijding verdient Bookmaking. An evil that deserves to be combated. Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Frank Bovenkerk. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Reprints and permissions. Reuselaars, A. A tainted reputation it deserves? Crime in the trotting sector of Dutch horse racing. Trends Organ Crim 24 , — Download citation. Accepted : 04 May Published : 21 May Issue Date : December Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Trends in Organized Crime Aims and scope Submit manuscript. Download PDF. Abstract The Netherlands are a small country with an urban underworld history before a serious problem of organized crime has developed since the Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. Betting on the results of horse races Betting on horse races has been prohibited from until Footnote 6 Starting in the nineteenth century, betting went via bookmakers and the Totalizator or tote board. Drugging horses Since , there have been several smaller scandals related to drugging horses. Associations with the mob During our research at the racetracks, we met a community of racing fans who know each other reasonably well and many of whom are strikingly well informed about the quality of the various horses. Footnote 7 The American example was followed in the Netherlands by whoever wanted to make a name for himself after World War Two as penoza , a Yiddish word that literally means a way to earn a living and is used to refer to members of the urban underworld with its own sub-culture. Money laundering The activities of horserace fans can easily be converted for purposes of money laundering. In closing After the turning point in the early s, horse racing and betting on horses lost much of the popularity they had had after World War Two. Notes From Tros Actua in Zembla, Het geld en de paarden , April 10, Zembla, Paardendoping , October 28, Andere Tijden, Op het verkeerde paard gewed , Mei 19, From an information folder of the Kansspelautoriteit Weddenschappen, Veilig spelen , The Sopranos 44th episode in the fourth season. References Behr E Prohibition. University of Utrecht RIEC Regional Information and Expertise Center Verwevenheid van onder- en bovenwereld bij georganiseerde misdaad, Een overzichtsstudie: aard en oorzaken Links between underworld and legitimate businesses in organized crime. A Survey Study: Nature and Causes Rijken AJL Het geoorloofd en ongeoorloofd wedden bij paardenrennen en harddraverijen Authorized and unauthorized bettng at horse running and trotting races. Aspects of participation, supply and regulation , Gouda Quint, Arnhem Vonck FJ Het geoorloofd — en het ongeoorloofd wedden bij harddraverijen en paardenrenen , Allowed and prohibited gambling at trotting and horse races Thesis, College for Police Investigators, Stiens Zantinge H Bookmakerij Kwaad dat bestrijding verdient Bookmaking. Algemeen Politieblad: — Download references. View author publications. Ethics declarations Human and animal participants This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Additional information Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. About this article. Cite this article Reuselaars, A. Copy to clipboard. Search Search by keyword or author Search. Navigation Find a journal Publish with us Track your research.
A tainted reputation it deserves? Crime in the trotting sector of Dutch horse racing
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How did this happen? How did this little country develop the most intelligent approach to marijuana smoking in the entire world? Another part of the cultural upheaval was travel. Many young Europeans left the comforts of home or university to travel to the exotic East. In those days the world political situation was such that one could drive or in some cases, hitchhike from Europe to Tangiers, Delhi or Kabul and many did. On their travels the young adventurers adopted many foreign practices—from meditation to vegetarianism and hashish smoking. Soon large quantities of hashish began to find their way back to Western Europe, with Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Copenhagen and other cities becoming consumption and distribution centers. She took the step of recommending that the authorities stop prosecuting people for the consumption and sales of personal amounts of Cannabis. She then set up a system where access was provided to cannabis in a controlled setting. To do this, she took advantage of existing youth centers as places to permit the sales of small amounts of hashish and marijuana…. The basic concept of the coffeeshop as a place to buy and smoke Cannabis, hang out, have a non-alcoholic drink, chat or play a game, has been around since That was when the first youth hostel started ignoring smoking and small-scale dealing. It was the government-tolerated selling and smoking in youth centers that provided the model for the coffeeshops of today. Mila Jansen started a teahouse where people hung out, drank tea and smoked a nice spliff. The first joints were handed out for free as an extra with your cup of tea. Also, people from other countries brought back hashish and other products, so they could trade products with each other. Mellow Yellow also sold tea and coffee and had a table football game. No advertising, including no Cannabis leaf motif in the window or on the sign. No hard drugs, no buying, no selling, no possession, by owner, staff or clients. No public nuisance. No sale of more than five grams to any client on any day. No minors. This means persons under So those are the actual facts of the cannabis issue in Amsterdam and how it sank its roots into the general culture to insure that smokers would be able to get their sacrament. I always thought this was because they started out on hashish and smoked it in a mixture with tobacco to keep the flame going. Then weed became available in the s and 80s in large quantities and soon Europeans were smoking 2 grams of marijuana to each gram of hash while using the same mixture concept. The seeds were hard to find, of doubtful quality and nobody knew where or how to grow it in Europe. Eventually tobacco became available to enough people that the entire nation \[of Holland\] took up the craze. Free The Weed! All Rights Reserved. For several months, the reigning Dutch government had been trumpeting the imminent demise of the old coffee shop regime as of Jan. Coffee shop owners in Maastrict have already banned all but Dutch, German and Belgian nationals from buying cannabis products in an effort to appease the government, and the border towns of Bergen op Zoom and Roosendaal have gotten rid of their coffee shops altogether. Elsewhere in the Netherlands, 16 coffee shops In Rotterdam have been shut down because they were located within meters of schools. If this proscription were applied across the country, another 94 coffee shops would have to close. To make things even worse, the government wants to extend the distance-from-school rule from to meters, which will shut down even more coffee shops. This whole mess started in when the city of Maastricht decided to ban tourists from the local coffee shops and a coffee shop owner was forced to close after two non-Dutch nationals were found on his premises. Supreme Court — to issue a ruling that the Maastricht ban does not conflict with EU laws. In Amsterdam, the City Council opposes the introduction of the membership scheme. The city had solved these problems in the early s when it decriminalized recreational drug use and allowed the establishment of coffee shops as places where cannabis products could be sold and consumed in-house. But the Dutch policy of tolerance has never been at all popular with most other European governments nor the draconian American authorities, and the social truce that has allowed over-the-counter cannabis commerce in Holland to flourish has always been an uneasy one. The recent demonstration of official opposition to the coffee shop culture has been a long time coming, but now it looms large on the immediate societal horizon. This increase in potency, of course, is the result of the rapid development of the Dutch growing community and its wizardry in generating new and ever more effective strains of marijuana. The crazy thing is that, with marijuana cultivation and distribution remaining illegal, persons engaged in these activities are organized criminals by definition. Here in Holland, the long-term tolerance of the cannabis culture has both created an atmosphere that attracts weed-smoking pilgrims to make up a significant portion of the local tourist economy and fostered a full-scale cannabis industry that generates billions of euros worth of business within the intimate confines of this tiny nation. Accordingly, every knowledgeable person I have consulted about the issue continues to scoff at the notion that the state can transform the coffee shop culture by means of the pending legislation. At any rate, Veling stressed, would-be drug tourists from America and elsewhere will definitely be welcome in the coffee shops of Holland for at least the entire present year. John Sinclair , founder of the White Panthers, is a poet. Source: CounterPunch Editorial. Highest greetings from Amsterdam at the beginning of the traditional Cannabis Cup week, where for the first time since there will be no High Times Cannabis Cup in the marijuana capitol of the world and no Thanksgiving Day awards for the best weed grown in Holland. He sponsored my visits to the Cannabis Cup for the next three years and convinced me to relocate from New Orleans to Amsterdam after the 16 th Cup in , offering me a more or less permanent base of operations at his coffeeshop ever since. They even have a Medical Cannabis Cup in Clio, Michigan that has caused quite a bit of excitement for smokers in the Flint area for the past two years. And the money-making aspects of the original Cannabis Cup in Amsterdam have been shifted to the ever-growing number of medical and recreational Cups in the U. But now it seems to be back to normal, which is pretty hip to begin with, and several local coffeeshops have banded together to initiate their own festivities this year under the name of the Amsterdam Unity Cup, held at the Melkweg the Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday before Thanksgiving. The present government seems to feel that the Netherlands have suffered for more than 40 years under the stigma of being the number one destination for marijuana smokers all over the world. The unique Dutch tolerance of the marijuana smoker as a full citizen is regarded with scorn and apprehension by virtually every western nation save Spain and Portugal. Consumers may purchase up to 5 grams of cannabis in a coffeeshop and take it with them—as in a Michigan dispensary—or enjoy the great local custom of taking a seat, sipping a coffee or juice drink, rolling up joints and smoking them alone or with friends, reveling in the companionship of fellow smokers in a warm and relaxed atmosphere. This system has worked without fail for the marijuana smoker in the Netherlands since or so. Free-style marijuana coffeeshops were established and proliferated throughout Amsterdam without restraint numbering at the highest point until the government decided the cannabis explosion had gone too far without the guiding hand of the authorities and began the process of registering and regulating the coffeeshpp industry about 20 years ago. When I left Detroit last month they were talking a lot of crazy shit about registering and regulating the to marijuana dispensaries that have sprung up in the city. What they need to do is convert the dispensaries to coffeeshops where people may gather peacefully and enjoy their weed and each other in peace. The City should enable as many shops to operate as possible, establish a modest licensing fee and tax the sales of products in the shops. Coffeeshops Netherlands Overview. Cookie Policy. February 3rd Otherwise, let us alone and let us have our smoke. Facebook Twitter Instagram.
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ABES integra importantes discussões do 51° Congresso Nacional de Saneamento da Assemae
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ABES integra importantes discussões do 51° Congresso Nacional de Saneamento da Assemae
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