Buying Heroin Surabaya

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Buying Heroin Surabaya

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. All the authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work. The entire online survey was explained to students to be filled in themselves by first filling out the informed consent. Approval was obtained from teacher representatives from each school and the Surabaya City Education Office. This research is voluntary and the information is collected anonymously. Background: Student groups are prone to drug abuse. The prevalence of drugs in the past year among high school students in Surabaya, Indonesia occupies the highest provincial capital 9. Results: More than half of the students have insufficient knowledge about drugs and have negative attitudes about peer education in HEY activities. The results of statistical tests showed that there was a relationship between class and student participation in peer education activities. Conclusion: Most students have less knowledge about drugs and a negative attitude about peer education. However, the intention to participate in peer education activities is more thus it is necessary to improve the quality of peer educators through activities that are performed regularly by various relevant stakeholders. Drug abuse among high school students has reached an increasingly concerning number. Findings of the research indicate that many students' knowledge remain lacking and students' attitudes about peer education remain negative. Good knowledge about drugs is very important so that students do not fall into drug abuse. One of the factors related to students' intention to participate in peer education is class; students at lower-level classes had more free time to take part in peer education. Students who have the intention to participate in more peer education so that peer educator quality improvement and support from schools and related stakeholders are needed to create conditions for peer education that can work optimally in order to prevent drug abuse. Drug abuse drugs, psychotropic, and addictive substances is a global threat that causes adverse impacts on individuals and society, especially the younger generation. Drugs can be beneficial for healing due to their calming effects, but if used in excessive doses can cause addiction. This abuse is initially because the user wants to get a hallucinatory calm. The prevalence of ever using drugs in Indonesia in was 2. The top five types of drugs consumed in the last 1 year are marijuana Meanwhile, the main reasons for using drugs for the first time were mostly trial and error Preliminary estimates suggest that globally in as many as The prevalence in Indonesia in of adolescents who consume drugs for one year who are high school students 6. The prevalence of drug users in the past year among high school students in Surabaya occupies the highest provincial capital in Indonesia 9. The most types of drugs consumed by high school students in the past year were headache drugs that were drunk excessively by Based on student and student knowledge of various types of drugs, respondents knew the most about natural types of drugs, such as marijuana gele, cimeng , marijuana, getok, linda ; Synthetic drugs, such as shabu, Yaba, SS, Tastus, Ubas Methamphetamines ; Semi- synthetic drugs, such as heroin; Psychotropic such as pil koplo, BK, mboat, mboti, roda ; Additives such as aibon glue, gasoline, markers, electric hit; Hard drugs are headache drugs that are drunk excessively. The highest knowledge of high school students about types of drugs is hard drugs and addictive substances. The lowest knowledge is the natural type of drug. Knowledge of the health impacts of drug abuse among high school students is hallucinations. Other impacts are disrupting the concentration of learning, depression, causing dependence. The importance of knowledge in students is very important so as not to fall into drug abuse. One of the efforts to prevent drug abuse from an early age is increasing knowledge through peer education contained in HEY Health Educator for Youth activities. HEY is a community service activity from the Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga in collaboration with Rumah Remaja to form high school students to become peer educators. High school students will later act as volunteers to convey the knowledge that has been obtained from peer educator training by using edutainment media education and entertainment to their friends at school. This study was an analytic observational study using a crosssectional study design. The population in this study were high school students in the city of Surabaya, Indonesia who had peer educators. The peer educators performed activities in each school to provide education with the edutainment method to their friends, accompanied by the teacher. Of the 10 schools that were the population in this study, six schools in Surabaya were selected because they have peer educators who were active in educating their friends about drugs August-September Questions about student participation, namely their intention to participate in peer education activities. The dichotomous category was used in the knowledge question for the need assessment that indicate the information that need to be included in peer education training materials. The selection of the good or poor category were used to justify the involvement of this material in the peer education training program among the various materials on adolescent health to help stakeholders focus on improving the material needed by students. The answers to the questions regarding knowledge were categorized as good and poor, so low reliability did not affect the results. Qualitative variables are expressed as numbers and percent. This research used chi-square test to examine the relationship between nominal or ordinal data on the independent variables knowledge and attitudes and the dependent variable student participation. The non-parametric statistical method test for nominal data used the Mann Whitney test and ordinal data used the Kruskal Wallis test. This research was conducted in six high schools in the city of Surabaya, Indonesia with a total of students. The median age of students is 15 years, the minimum age is 12 years and the maximum age of students is 18 years. Of the students, 81 A1 was a private school, and the rest A2 to A6 were public schools Table 1. Meanwhile, more than half of the students did not know the examples of drugs that work by triggering the workings of the central nervous system, disrupting the central nervous system, and suppressing the central nervous system The majority of students did not know the effects of drugs from consuming heroin, abused cocaine and the psychological effects that arise More than half of the students agreed that drug materials were interesting Meanwhile, students who disagreed the most about believing that peer educators could provide advice on the problem 5. Students who had poor and good level of drug knowledge were almost in the same amount, The number of students who had negative attitudes towards peer education was more There were more students who had the intention to participate in peer education activities Adolescents are the most vulnerable age to drug abuse. The high risk of drug dependence in adolescents were caused by their environment that surrounded by addicts in the family or community, offers from peers and their belief that drugs can bring benefits. Drug abuse has become one of the most important public health problems in recent years. Similar condition was found in a research in Tantan City, Egypt, showing that the majority of high school students This suggests that students need more information and health education about drug abuse from both government and non-government organizations. In this research, knowledge remains poor in examples of drugs that work by triggering the action of the central nervous system, disrupting the central nervous system, and suppressing the central nervous system; the effects of drugs from consuming heroin, abused cocaine and the psychological effects that arise. Lack of the knowledge level shows there are many students who do not know and not understand well about the examples and impacts of drug abuse. In the knowledge of students in the Dhaka City study about the types of drug abuse, most More than half of the students Moreover, in this research, good knowledge refers to the availability of knowledge about the types of drugs that work by triggering the action of the central nervous system and suppressing the central nervous system as well as drug regulation. In line with a research among public secondary school students in Lagos, it was found that almost three quarters of students knew the legal status of drug abuse. The majority of students The reason why adolescents experience drug addiction is that the majority of students This study showed half of the students had good knowledge of drug addiction. The attitudes of high school students in this research showed that more than half of the students had negative attitudes towards HEY peer education activities which merely In contrast to research in Tanta City, Egypt, the majority of high school students More than half of the secondary school students in Surabaya, Indonesia A research in Tanta City, Egypt showed that more than half of students However, Therefore, the involvement of youth in program planning was only 8. Whereas based on the national standard of health service implementation, youth need to be involved from planning to program evaluation. Peer educators need to be involved from program planning, some of the youth outside school setting had not even been exposed to the program. Youth health programs should involve youth from a variety of settings and be tailored to the capacity needs of young people. Youth wished they were involved starting from the planning stage to program evaluation because they were the prime movers in the success of youth health programs. There were also private stakeholders and NGOs. All programs from various stakeholders had the same goal, namely the promotion of youth health. All of these programs had similar activities as developing Education Counseling media, training youth to become peer educators. The information obtained by students about drugs is still lacking, since respondents have not received drug education at school. Moreover, there are those who remain think that drugs can be used freely, and drug users are considered as cool and have no bad effects by inhaling glue The research at Iranian public high schools showed similar result between the groups of students who were given the peer education method and the groups of students who were not given peer education according to gender. Moreover, the result of this research indicates that there is correlation between class and the intention to participate in peer education. This condition emerges since twelfth grade students do not have much time to take part in peer education activities due to their focus on studying for graduation exams, while tenth and eleventh graders have more time to take part in peer education activities. A research compared the peer education program methods in prevention of addiction as an experimental group and traditional methods as a control group. It was discovered that in the forty-five days after peer education, the scores on substance addiction information in the experimental group were significantly higher than the control group. The substance addiction information score in the experimental group increased after participating in peer education compared to their score before the program. This showed that peer education is superior to other methods in its ability to distribute information. This program also makes a positive contribution to self-confidence, motivation, and peer relationships. The success of peer education is influenced by the selection of the right peer educator based on criteria and the provision of effective training. Therefore, regular monitoring and evaluation is needed to improve program quality. Students were interested and agree that meeting and regularly for sharing with peer counselors can help them prevent substance abuse. A school serves as an appropriate venue for drug prevention programs for three reasons. First, four out of five drug users start as adolescents or before adulthood. Second, schools offer the most systematic and efficient way to reach large numbers of young people each year. Third, schools are able to adopt and enforce a broad spectrum of education policies. Schools must also involve peer educators with activities outside of school that were collaborated with stakeholders to provide training for peer educators. The activity can take the form of counseling from the National Narcotics Agency or the police regarding the prevention of drug abuse. In this research, high school students were more likely to have less drug knowledge and negative attitudes towards peer education in HEY activities to prevent drug abuse from an early age, whereas more than half of the students had the intention to participate in peer education activities. Students from the schools selected in this study were heterogeneous from multiple ethnicity and religion as they were the resident of Surabaya. Surabaya is second big cities in Indonesia with various ethnicity, religion and culture. Thus, this study should be possible to be replicated in other regions in Indonesia. In addition, the language of instruction uses Bahasa Indonesia and the materials given in the program were free from elements of ethnicity, race, religion, and between groups. There were several limitations associated with the study. Based on the methodology, it was difficult to see the behavior change on drug abuse prevention for some time after the training. Another limitation was the location of this study which was only conducted in the city of Surabaya. Although the participation of this study represents each region in Surabaya and Surabaya has high heterogeneity, it did not guarantee that the program can be directly implemented in other regions. Therefore, implementing a program like this in other areas still required FGD with related stakeholders to grasp the suitability of the program. High school students in Surabaya, Indonesia in this research have insufficient knowledge about drugs drugs, psychotropic substances, addictive substances , thus an effort to increase knowledge about drugs in each school are needed, both through in-class and outside-class activities. In addition to knowledge, strengthening attitudes to communicate the benefits of peer educators also needs to be undertaken. Therefore, students have the intention to participate in peer educator activities in their schools. The peer education program requires support from schools and related stakeholders in order to provide benefits to students by increasing their knowledge and attitudes so that the intention to participate also increases. We gratefully acknowledge the senior high school students in Surabaya, East Java Province, Indonesia for cooperating during survey. In addition, we would like to address special thanks to Universitas Airlangga, which has provided funding, and the Education Office that has granted the clearance for the research. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. J Public Health Res. Find articles by Ira Nurmala. Find articles by Muthmainnah. Find articles by Iswari Hariastuti. Find articles by Yuli Puspita Devi. Find articles by Nurvita Ruwandasari. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. According to me, information about drugs is important. According to me, information about drugs is interesting. I want to apply information from peer educator. I believe that peer educator can listen to my problem well. I believe that peer educator can give advise toward my problem. I believe that peer educator can help solve your problem.

Self-medication profiles in school-age adolescents in Surabaya city, Indonesia

Buying Heroin Surabaya

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. All the authors approved the final published version to be published. Ethical approval and consent to participate: This research was conducted in schools and obtained the permission from the principal and was authorized by teachers. Before the study, a detailed explanation of the aim and objectives of the study was given to the students to obtain their consent and to ensure confidentiality under the supervision of the teachers and facilitators. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License by-nc 4. It has been reported that children are already practicing self-medication. The study was designed as a cross-sectional in which data were collected using questionnaire methods. The primary source of information regarding self-medication by school students is family. Although most of the respondents stated they always inform their parents or doctors, it has been found that the practice of self-medication by school-age teenagers without informing their parents or doctors exists. The World Health Organization WHO defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Following the vision of the Ministry of Health, to create an independent community for a healthy life and to achieve optimal health status for the community, it is necessary to make health efforts including preventive, promotive, curative, and rehabilitative between the government and the community. Currently, health problems that occur in the community are still a significant problem for the government, 2 which includes Indonesia. In this regard, self-medication is an alternative taken by the community, 4 known as self-medication. Self-medication is an effort to select and use drugs or health products by individuals to treat the disease or symptoms they are experiencing or continue prescription drugs to treat chronic conditions or signs of infection. Self-medication practices include taking medication on their initiative, using old prescriptions to buy new drugs, and sharing remedies with friends, peers, family, and relatives in their areas. Self-medication practices in Indonesia are relatively high. Study stated that Previous study reported that the knowledge level about self-medication is still low, 12 , 13 which becomes the source of medication errors. Various problems are often encountered in drugs, such as inappropriate, irrational use of drugs, excessive over-the-counter medications, and inappropriate drug disposal behavior. Adolescence is a crucial period; this period is a transitional stage in physical and psychological development that is generally confined to puberty to legal adulthood which individuals take their first steps in making decisions in their life. It has been known that adolescence is one of the critical transitions in the human life cycle; this period is a crucial stage in human life that needs utmost parental care, guidance, and empathy. They cannot fully understand complex concepts, the relationship between behavior and consequences, or the level of control in making health-related decisions. Consequently, adults have a unique opportunity to influence young people. Self-medication has been reported to occur in all age groups. However, they do not have sufficient knowledge regarding self-medication behavior in their teenage years. Therefore, education about drugs and health is needed. Knowledge of drugs and their use in cases of self-medication is essential for all community levels, including children and adolescents. This study exposes the behavior of self-medication performed by school-age adolescents. Previously, no similar research related to self-medication behaviour patterns was conducted on school-age adolescents in Surabaya. There has never been a similar activity held at this selected school. With a large number of students, the existence of a strategic location, as well as the socio-economic background of school members who belong to the upper middle class, this activity has the potential to be carried out. This research was conducted in schools and obtained the permission from the principal and was authorized by teachers. This research is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design aimed to determine the behavior of school-age children related to self-medication behavior. The research was conducted at Sukolilo and Tandes sub-districts in Surabaya, the two sub-districts with good access to education and technology services. In addition, this area also has close access to Airlangga University. Respondents were elementary, middle, and high school students, with the sample size according to the number of students in the selected class. The number of students in each school is relatively the same. All respondents have agreed to participate in this study. These schools have been identified as favorite schools of the surrounding community. Previously, there had never been a similar activity held at these schools. This research is a quantitative study using an instrument, a questionnaire. The questionnaire used uses a question model arranged in multiple-choice options. The questionnaire contains primary data, including student biographical and self-medication behavior. The self-medication behaviors including experience of purchasing drugs, types of drug therapy, information source of self-medication, frequency of purchasing drugs by type of therapy, duration of drug use, informing about self-medication behavior, and opinions on self-medication safety were identified from the respondents. Before being used, the questionnaire was tested on individuals who have criteria under prospective respondents. The number of respondents at the elementary school level was 71 students, the Junior High School was 60 students, and the Senior High School was 64 students. The demographic data of the respondents can be seen in Table 1. Respondents are grouped by age range. It is known that most respondents are years old. Based on the data obtained, most respondents The students were asked to fill in several question items related to whether or not they had experienced buying drugs independently. Based on the results of this study, most school-age adolescents stated that they had purchased drugs alone. The results show that 59 out of 60 junior high school students have purchased drugs independently at pharmacies, the highest number among elementary and high school students, as shown in Figure 1. From each respondent who stated that they had purchased medicine independently, it is known that the distribution of the type of drug therapy that school-age students had purchased is shown in Figure 2A. The highest percentage of drug purchases made aimed to treat problems in the respiratory tract such as coughs, colds, and others, with a rate of Nutritional supplements and vitamins are the seconds most commonly purchased drugs by school-age students. Meanwhile, drugs for the treatment of obesity, anxiety and sleep disorders, and problems with the ears were relatively not chosen by the respondents. Based on data sources of information on the behavior of the students in buying drugs independently, the family, namely the mother and father, is an important figure regarding drug purchase decisions by school-age adolescents. The complete distribution of data can be seen in Figure 2B. These results indicate that the family influences the primary source of self-medication behavior carried out by school students. Finally, information sourced from television is known to have a relatively significant influence on elementary school students compared to junior and senior high school students. According to the results, it is known that cough, flu, and cold medicines are the most purchased medicines every week to several times a year. Some students stated they bought medicine every few weeks to several times a year. Anti-allergic drugs are drugs of choice that are rarely purchased. The frequency of buying drugs by type of therapy is shown in Figure 2C. Based on the data, most of the respondents stated that they used the drug until they recovered, and if they did not recover, they would go to a doctor or hospital, as shown in Figure 3A. In practice, self-medication is used for anti-allergic drugs, cough medicine for flu and colds, fever reducers, and pain relievers, which can be used until healed. However, some respondents stated that they would consult a doctor if their symptoms do not improve. Respondents stated that they always inform their parents or doctor about the self-medication during examination visits, as shown in Figure 3B. However, it is still found that school-age teenagers buy drugs without informing their parents or doctors during examination visits. About 9. Based on questionnaires data by students, it is known that currently not only adults practicing self-medication. Most schoolage teenagers have purchased medicines. This fact follows the research of Homod et al. Based on the distribution of demographic data, the age of respondents is still under the age of 17 years. Legally, teenagers at the elementary and junior high school levels are still not allowed to self-medicate since their lack knowledge about drugs and its safety. Based on this finding, self-medication still is a worldwide issue. There are several regulations that are used as the basis for the practice of self-medication. In the Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 73 of concerning Pharmaceutical Service Standards in Pharmacies, it is regulated regarding the services provided by pharmacists in pharmacies, one of which is drug dispensing. Some of these regulations can be used as the legal basis for the practice of self-medication. Number of respondents based on the experience of purchasing drugs independently from each group. School adolescence behaviors regarding drug. A Types of drug therapy chosen by school-age adolescents. Respondents could choose more than one option; B Sources of non-prescription drug buying behavior by school-age adolescents. There are several regulations that are used as the basis for selfmedicating practices. In the Regulation of the Minister of Health of Republic of Indonesia Number 73 of concerning Pharmaceutical Service Standards in Pharmacies, it is regulated regarding services carried out by pharmacists in pharmacies, one of which is drug dispensing. Pharmacists are responsible for preparing, delivering and providing drug information to patients. From the questionnaires, it is known that cough, flu, and cold medicines are the drugs most purchased by schoolage teenagers, which is every week up to times a year, while anti-allergic drugs are a choice of drugs that are rarely bought. This result is in line with Gohar et al. Other common conditions for which self-medication are routinely used includes coughs, colds, flu, vomiting, and diarrhea. Also, based on research, Gohar et al. In addition to medical purposes, about The most common reasons for using multivitamins were supplementation and general health maintenance. Usually, parents ask for help from their children to buy medicine in the pharmacy. School-age children can obtain drug information from various sources such as parents, teachers, or health professionals such as pharmacists and doctors. In addition, it can also be obtained from media such as television, Internet, or directly from drug packaging. Some often perceive medicine based on their physical appearance only. Besides advertisements on television, the influence of the internet, such as social media and the physical packaging of medicine, also influences children to buy medicine. Another way that advertisements can influence children is by exposure to products they have not tried. Seeing images of happy people using a product can affect children to know that product is attractive, desirable, or a normal thing that people do. This strategy is applied to medicine advertising. Children who see these advertisements are more likely to ask their parents to buy those items. Advertising can cause the selection pattern of community needs, such as drug selection, however it can be supposed that it is not followed by adequate knowledge. In that case, the choice of drugs under the influence of advertising will harm the community, such as not recovering from disease symptoms to the emergence of drug side effects. In implementing self-medication, health workers, especially pharmacists, provide information related to the length of treatment for patients. Therefore, it is essential to provide counseling regarding the duration of therapy in self-medication patients, the importance of consulting a doctor, and if symptoms persist. Meanwhile, other respondents prefer to use drugs until they recover. Therefore, it is essential to provide counseling to elementary school students and parents regarding selfmedication. Limited education to elementary students and parents regarding self-medication is possible because of the low level of community service activities carried out by a pharmacist. The development and empowerment of health education programs and services at school age, especially at the elementary school level, has recently developed. For example, many health programs have been implemented by elementary schools in Indonesia. School-age teenagers buying drugs are still found without informing their parents or doctors during examination visits. The previous study reported that Although self-medication is considered safe for most people, it can cause health problems and harm patients if the proper knowledge and information are not accompanied. The role of pharmacists in self-medication is to provide information and objective advice on medicines and their use and promote the concept of pharmaceutical care. In addition, pharmacists can advise about the safe use of OTC medicines for self-medication. Potential risks of self-medication practices include incorrect self-diagnosis, delays in seeking medical advice when needed, severe adverse reactions, drug interactions, inappropriate drug administration, inadequate or over drug doses, and incorrect choice of therapy. The most common were: incorrect dosage, forgetting, mixing up medications, failing to recall indications, and taking out-of-date or inappropriately stored drugs. Moreover, pharmaceutical care has become the central concept of pharmaceutical services in the community, in which the pharmacists are directly responsible to patients to improve the quality of services or patient-oriented services. Therefore, pharmacists should provide correct information regarding drug use. Therefore, the primary source of information on self-medication behavior carried out by school students is obtained from the family. When buying medicine, the majority stated that they always inform their parents or doctor during examination visits. However, it has also been found that the practice of self-medication by school-age adolescents without informing their parents or doctor exists. Therefore, the role of pharmacists is needed to provide education related to self-medication. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. J Public Health Afr. Find articles by Mufarrihah Mufarrihah. Find articles by Ana Yuda. Find articles by Abhimata Paramanandana. Find articles by Dini Retnowati. Find articles by Devy Maulidya Cahyani. Find articles by Retno Sari. Find articles by Sugiyartono Sugiyartono. Find articles by Tutiek Purwanti. Find articles by Dewi Isadiartuti. Find articles by Esti Hendradi. Find articles by Andang Miatmoko. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no potential conflict of interest. Availability of data and material: Data and materials are available by the authors. 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Buying Heroin Surabaya