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A quick succession of drug busts in Fiji earlier this year — the seizure of 3. This raises many questions, including: Where did the drugs come from? Which syndicates, cartels and outlaw motorcycle gangs were involved? And who are the local facilitators? The Pacific Islands are located along licit and illicit maritime trade highways that span the Pacific Ocean. In recent years, the illicit drug trade has spilled over into domestic markets in the Pacific Islands region where the drugs are increasingly being produced and consumed. Mirroring international trends, organized crime syndicates and cartels have colluded and adapted to changing markets. Starting in the mids, outlaw motorcycle gangs such as the Australian Rebels and the New Zealand Head Hunters began establishing chapters in the Pacific Islands, notably Fiji and the Cook Islands, to better control and facilitate the trafficking of illicit drugs into Australia and New Zealand. These Pacific Island chapters quickly became nodes in a criminal network stretching across Asia, Europe and North America — ones that allowed indigenous and local crime syndicates to work in partnership with transnational syndicates that utilize the Pacific trafficking routes and offer access to the Australian and New Zealand drug markets. This network of actors includes Chinese and other Asian syndicates, with Chinese organized crime increasingly active throughout the Pacific. In , 77 Chinese nationals allegedly involved in operating an online fraud syndicate from Fiji were arrested and deported by Fijian and Chinese law enforcement. Then, in and , Palauan law enforcement detained and deported hundreds of mostly Chinese citizens working in illegal online gambling operations. The network also includes criminal enterprises on both sides of the Pacific, with Mexican and South American cartels, Australian organized crime, New Zealand organized crime and U. This interconnectedness has turned the Pacific drug highway into a complex web of external and local syndicates, regional actors and hybrid networks — all of which exacerbated and contributed to the rise of drug trafficking and use as localized problems in Pacific Island nations. The increasingly localized nature of transnational crime in the Pacific Islands region is marked by the spillover of drugs into communities; local actors serving as facilitators; growing corruption; and the societal impact of drug addiction, including rampant use of intravenous drugs, prostitution, exploitation of children, and criminal and violent behaviors marked by domestic and sexual violence. In , then-Fijian Police Commissioner Brigadier-General Sitiveni Qiliho publicly voiced what had become widely accepted among law enforcement and security professionals: The Pacific Islands were no longer transit points for the shipment of illicit drugs to Australia and New Zealand but had become sources themselves. Drug-related arrests in Fiji increased by approximately percent between and , with methamphetamine-related arrests increasing by roughly percent between and In response, Fiji drafted a national narcotics strategy and framework. Drug trafficking is, in part, enabled by the policies of partner countries. For example, the criminal deportee policies of Australia, the United States and New Zealand have all arguably contributed to the rise of transnational crime in the Pacific by returning individuals who have no safety net to vulnerable communities. This has directly undermined the policy objectives of development partners in the region. The Pacific Islands Chiefs of Police observed the economic disruption caused by the pandemic could be facilitating local recruitment by drug traffickers in the Pacific. Another key enabler has been the rise of hybrid criminal networks. The result has been a spike in illicit drugs, trafficking of women and girls, and smuggling of weapons. This has fueled tribal warfare and the corruption of government officials. Besides having an impact on security and stability, the direct and indirect corruption of law enforcement, border security, customs and other agencies contributes to the erosion of democracy and, ultimately, undermines the rule of law. The involvement of corrupt government officials in the drug trade adds another wrinkle to the problem. Days after the methamphetamine bust in Fiji in January, Chew claimed that high-profile individuals with authority and high-ranking police officers were suspected of being part of the drug ring. Twenty-eight police officers were suspended. You deal, you pay. The transnational crime landscape in the Pacific intersects with governance, development and security in complex and at times violent ways. Current trends show that drug trafficking through the Pacific is increasing and the network of transnational and local actors facilitating the trade is growing, adapting and evolving. Further research to map these networks and actors is critical to addressing the paucity of data and to enable the development and implementation of strategies which will minimize the damage to Pacific societies, especially its youth. China and the United States interact with the PIF as dialogue partners and the Pacific Islands have emerged in recent years as another arena of great power competition. Type: Question and Answer. Environment ; Global Policy. As the war in Ukraine grinds on and U. Global Policy. Type: Report. USIP experts Carla Freeman, Mirna Galic, Daniel Markey, and Vikram Singh assess what the strategy has accomplished in the past two years, how it has navigated global shocks and its impact on partnerships in the region. Type: Analysis ; Question and Answer. We provide analysis, education, and resources to those working for peace around the world. Type: Question and Answer Global Policy.

Heroin, Morphine and Opiates

Buying Heroin Kuwait City

Heroin, morphine, and other opiates trace their origins to a single plant—the opium poppy. Cultivation of the plant dates back to the earliest years of human civilization, and opium use was well known in ancient Mesopotamia. The narcotic drug has been used both recreationally and as a medicine for centuries. Opium derivatives, including morphine, became widely used pain relievers, particularly in the s. Heroin, too, was first synthesized for medical use before physicians realized its potent addictive properties. Opium comes from the milky sap of a flower called the opium poppy. The earliest reference to opium use and the cultivation of opium poppies comes from Mesopotamia around 3, B. Opium cultivation spread to the ancient Greeks , Persians and Egyptians. Opium use in ancient Egypt flourished under the reign of King Tutankhamen , around B. These ancient societies used opium to help people sleep, to relieve pain and even to calm crying children. There is also some evidence that opium-based medicines were used as anesthesia during surgery. Opium was likely introduced to China and East Asia in the sixth or seventh century A. In the s, the British empire conquered a major poppy-growing region of India and, rather than quash the production of opium, began to smuggle opium from India into China through the East India Company. Great Britain used the profits from the lucrative opium trade to buy and export tea, silk, porcelain and other Chinese luxury goods back to Europe. As a result of this trade, opium addiction in China rose steeply. The Qing Dynasty, attempting to curb the havoc caused by widespread opium addiction, outlawed opium importation and cultivation. In each case, the Chinese lost, and European powers gained commercial privileges and land concessions from China. Despite the European success in opening China to trade, many in Europe, China and elsewhere considered the Opium Wars—and the resulting spread of opium addiction—a villainous and immoral use of military power. Thousands of Chinese came to America to work on railroads and in the California gold fields during the Gold Rush. They brought with them the habit of opium smoking. Chinese immigrants soon established opium dens—places to buy, sell and smoke opium—in so-called Chinatowns throughout the West. By the s, opium smoking had become a popular habit for many Americans, and in , San Francisco became the first city to pass legislation trying to limit opium use. The ordinance made it a misdemeanor to maintain or frequent an opium den. Some people believed that opium smoking would encourage prostitution and other crimes. These concerns, and fears of unemployment among white Americans, fed into an anti-Chinese campaign that led to the Chinese Exclusion Act of —a year moratorium on Chinese immigration. Morphine, a very powerful painkiller, is the active narcotic ingredient in opium. In its pure form, morphine is ten times stronger than opium. The drug was widely used as a painkiller during the U. Civil War. As a result, an estimated , soldiers became addicted. By the second half of the nineteenth century, scientists had begun to look for a less addictive form of morphine, and in , an English chemist named Alder Wright first refined heroin from a morphine base. The drug was intended to be a safer replacement for morphine. Morphine is still the precursor to all other opioids, including prescription narcotic painkillers such as codeine, fentanyl, methadone, hydrocodone Vicodin , hydromorphone Dilaudid , meperidine Demerol and oxycodone Percocet or Oxycontin. Before it became a popular recreational drug, heroin was used in medicine until its addictive properties became known. In the s, German pharmaceutical company Bayer marketed heroin as a morphine substitute and cough suppressant. Bayer promoted heroin for use in children suffering from coughs and colds. Partly as a result of these medical treatments, by the early s, heroin addiction in the United States and western Europe had skyrocketed. Black tar heroin is a form of heroin that is dark orange or brown. It can be sticky and tar-like or hard like coal. Since the mids, black tar heroin has been the main type of heroin available west of the Mississippi River. The traditional white powder form dominates the eastern half of the United States. Black tar heroin typically comes from Mexico , while powder heroin is often imported into the United States from Colombia. The use of opium had reached such levels in the United States that in , President Theodore Roosevelt appointed Dr. Opium, the most pernicious drug known to humanity, is surrounded, in this country, with far fewer safeguards than any other nation in Europe fences it with. China now guards it with much greater care than we do; Japan preserves her people from it far more intelligently than we do ours, who can buy it, in almost any form, in every tenth one of our drug stores. The act passed restrictions on the distribution and sale of heroin and opium, as well as cocaine. Ten years later, Congress made it illegal to make, import or sell heroin when it passed the Anti-Heroin Act of All opiates, including heroin, morphine and narcotic pain relievers, can cause physical dependence, forcing users to rely on bigger and bigger hits of the drug to prevent withdrawal symptoms. Addiction can have devastating consequences for addicts, their communities and society as a whole. An estimated 26 million to 36 million people worldwide abuse opiates, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse. In the United States, an estimated 2. In recent years, the rates of opiate addiction and opiate-related deaths have risen sharply: In just one year—from to —the death rate from synthetic opioids increased by 72 percent, and heroin death rates increased by almost 21 percent, according to the U. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This upsurge in opiate abuse has caused many officials to view the problem as an epidemic in need of a broad range of solutions to curb abuse and overturn the profound effects of opiate addiction. You can opt out at any time. You must be 16 years or older and a resident of the United States. Your Profile. Email Updates. Table of Contents What Is Opium? What Is Opium? The First Opium War In the s, the British empire conquered a major poppy-growing region of India and, rather than quash the production of opium, began to smuggle opium from India into China through the East India Company. Medical Uses of Heroin Before it became a popular recreational drug, heroin was used in medicine until its addictive properties became known. Black Tar Heroin Black tar heroin is a form of heroin that is dark orange or brown. Opiate Addiction and Withdrawal All opiates, including heroin, morphine and narcotic pain relievers, can cause physical dependence, forcing users to rely on bigger and bigger hits of the drug to prevent withdrawal symptoms. Sign Up.

Buying Heroin Kuwait City