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Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. Substance use and its consequences place a considerable social and economic burden on society 1. While this number is almost similar to that of the previous year, a longer-term view indicates a sharp increase relative to 2. Based on the available evidence, drug use has several consequences, including increased mortality, high-risk sexual behavior, increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases, etc. Moreover, those with drug use tend to become more dependent chronic users, leading to physical, psychiatric, and medical comorbidities, apart from stigmatization and social marginalization. These people's feelings about the world e. According to national statistics, drug use has increased in Iran in recent years and reached about 2. So, in Iran, drug use is three times the global average 8. Several reasons are mentioned for this issue, including the shared border with Afghanistan, the largest producer of opium worldwide 9. Studies performed on drug use during the past decades have mainly focused on understanding this issue and the effectiveness of treatment 6. In other words, no one else can meaningfully express the real experience of the intended problem. Therefore, engaging those with lived or living experience in the planning, delivery, and evaluation of programs and policies can provide vital information to policymakers to make sure that an effective approach is followed that best meets the needs of those suffering from the target problem, as well as their families. In this line, there is extensive support for growing and developing the lived experience of those with substance use in both developed and developing countries 6 , 11 - The study of lived experiences describes the point of view of many people about a concept or phenomenon. The main goal of this method is to reduce people's experiences from a concept to a description of the true nature of that phenomenon. In this method, data is collected from people who have experienced the phenomenon in question. Usually, data collection in lived experience analysis studies includes deep and multiple interviews with participants When it comes to the causes of the spread of addiction in a society, it is very simple and possible for anyone who knows the alphabet of social issues to state reasons such as the lack of recreational facilities, limited employment, lack of faith and commitment, etc. However, to what extent is the contribution of each of the problems in creating the phenomenon of addiction and its social spread, where and how to start to fight it, the suitability of the morals and social standards of this society with the societies that benefit from specific methods have been successful in reducing the effects of addiction, how much and whether these methods can be effective. Dozens of other questions are issues that should be determined by research. To identify the problem and provide solutions to solve the problem, it is necessary to pay attention to the structure of the society, such as the historical, economic, social, political, cultural, demographic, and regional conditions and the state of social relations, the management system of society, family and political management. Therefore, simply conducting similar studies in other societies and using their results in other groups, especially regarding the problem of addiction, does not seem correct. In this research, the aim was to identify the experience of drug users regarding the psychological aspect of their lifestyle. Since the people treated with methadone will reach some mental stability with the passage of time, the research was conducted on these people. Based on what was mentioned above, using a community-based participatory research approach, this study investigated the lived experience of substance users under methadone maintenance therapy in Iran. Narrative inquiry a type of qualitative research was applied in this study, which is, according to previous studies, one of the most effective methods developed to understand the experiences of a particular group 15 , This approach is based on listening to other people's experiences to capture and understand their feelings, experiences, and the reasons behind their behaviors 6. The current study has been conducted based on data collected through in-depth interviews and field notes. A total of 26 in-depth interviews were conducted with people who suffered from substance use 7 females and 19 males in Participants were selected using purposive and convenient sampling techniques during the study period. The criterion for participating in the interview was a history of methadone treatment for more than three months and a willingness to participate in this study. To select the patients, a coordination meeting was first held with the officials of the three addiction treatment centers in Isfahan, Iran. After going through the administrative process and obtaining the necessary permits, the researchers arrived at the centers. In all patients who went to outpatient methadone maintenance treatment centers to receive methadone, the entry criteria were checked. If they met the necessary conditions, the objectives of the study were explained to them. If they wished to participate in the study, after obtaining written consent, they were given a turn for an interview. The participants' interviews were from August 21 to October 4. The interviews were conducted in a safe and quiet room, respecting the privacy of the patients and assuring them that their information would not be shared with anyone. The first author conducted all interviews. The interview guidance contained several open-ended questions designed to extract the interviewees' experiences. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were used to collect information. The interview protocol was implemented in four stages. In the first step, the interviews started with the opening text. In this part, information about the purpose of the research was given to the participants. In this section, the confidentiality of their answers was discussed to reduce the participants' concern. In the second step, questions were raised. These questions were about what challenges and experiences the patients had in psychological issues and what conditions affected these problems and experiences. Additional questions were asked when necessary for clarification. The third stage was the implementation of probes, which were used to encourage people to talk or not to go astray during the interview, such as: 'May you explain more? The interview was finished when the participants described their experience, and no further explanation was necessary. All interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. The interviews lasted from 70 to 90 minutes. In addition to audio recording, field notes were taken for the greater accuracy of data collection. The Interviews continued to the point where researchers felt that new information could no longer be obtained with the inclusion of new samples after 26 interviews. It is worth noting that all interviews were read repeatedly to achieve immersion and obtain a sense of the whole. Data analysis proceeded in parallel with interviews. Colaizzi's method was applied to analyze the collected data It includes seven steps: Initially, the researcher reads the transcripts to gain a sense of the participant s. Afterward, statements with significance to the research question should be identified and extracted, which must be direct quotations of the interviewee to reflect the research data accurately. Afterward, the researcher begins to articulate what the statements mean to extract themes, followed by categorizing similar themes. Eventually, the results should be integrated into a comprehensive topic description. Following an inductive approach, the codes were extracted by two independent reviewers, and arguments were referred to a more experienced and knowledgeable third party. An excel spreadsheet was created and used to collate and screen the relevant codes and themes. It is worth noting that since the present study aimed to evaluate the lived experiences of patients with substance use, coding and theme extraction were carried out within the framework of research questions. For this purpose, the researchers only relied on the data to extract the themes, and previous theoretical ideas and findings were not considered. All transcripts were read repeatedly to achieve immersion and obtain a sense of the whole. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before entering the study and after a comprehensive introduction to the study protocol. In addition, the participants were informed that they could withdraw from the study at any time. Confidentiality of the study participants' information was maintained throughout the study by making them anonymous and asking them to provide honest answers. Most of the participants were educated diploma and above. The participants' age ranged from 25 to 53 years old. At the time of the interview, participants were in the methadone treatment phase for more than three months. The characteristics of participants and their backgrounds are provided in Table 1. As mentioned before, all interviews were audio-taped and transcribed, and data analysis was performed simultaneously with the interviews. Data analysis was performed by two researchers independently; so that each of them read the transcript and open-coded the data The extracted codes were discussed between the researchers, and arguments were referred to a more experienced and knowledgeable third party. Four themes and 11 sub-themes emerged from the categorized data. The themes were as follows: 1 negative emotions feelings that cause you to be miserable and sad ; 2 poor psychological capital a set of resources a person can use to help improve their performance ; 3 poor Support contains two components of weak family support and social unacceptance; 4 psychological well-being contains four components of negative self-acceptance, reduced positive relations, not having a purposeful life, and inability to control environmental pressures Table 2. An outline of the thematic network is provided in Figure 1. Negative emotions are feelings that cause the person to be miserable and sad Its subthemes included: 1 weak emotion management; and 2 unpleasant emotional experiences. In addition, it contained eight components: Poor fury control, poor anger control, weakness in behavior control, anger, impatience, aggressiveness, guilt, and feeling of remorse. Or interviewees 3 and 7 mentioned aggressive behaviors when the substance was unavailable. It refers to a set of resources a person can use to help improve their performance Poor psychological capital contains three components: Skepticism, poor tolerance, and low self-efficacy. Skepticism is about the poor attitude of participants about themselves and their future. It includes two components: Getting rid of the addiction and having a bright future. In this study, poor tolerance refers to addicted persons' weakness in coping with negative events and trying to fix the problems. It contains two main components: Fear of temptations and how to relieve suffering. One day I was informed about his suicide, and I could not believe that. My grave continued for five months. Then, my sister's husband tempted me to use drugs. Low self-efficacy refers to not trusting the abilities to achieve success. It contains three components: Hard-to-resist temptations, the unsustainability of the treatment, and skepticism of personal abilities'. I didn't smoke drugs for three years; one day, I went somewhere, and a friend of mine gave me 50 grams of opium. He probably wanted to tempt me. I told myself it was just one time and nothing would happen. Concerning instability of the treatment, participants pointed out that the treatment process is unstable or think so, which means a high likelihood of recurrence. In addition, participants mentioned skepticism regarding their abilities to continue the treatment. Poor support contains two components of weak family support and social unacceptance. The former refers to benefiting the family support, which the participants have been deprived of, that contributed to their worsening status. It comprises four main themes: Fear of rejection, poor emotional support, non-intimate family relationships, and not being reliable in the eyes of others. In this study, fear of rejection refers to participants' concerns and fears of being rejected by those around them. My wife believes that an addicted person does not deserve married life. I fear being rejected by her. Emotional support refers to poor emotional relations with the family and not benefiting from their support. Interviewees 2 and 17 pointed out the importance of this factor. But I fear it as I'm aware of its negative consequences. According to the findings, non-intimate family relations were among the factors that increased the likelihood of addiction. Not being reliable in the eyes of others was a significant barrier to receiving support from the family. Participants explained that they had lost the support of their family since they noticed their addiction. The second component of poor support was social unacceptance, which contained two themes: Job-related problems and social stigma. The former includes a lack of job security problems in finding a job due to addiction history and job dismissal. The social stigma component contained fear of being stigmatized as a thief, a history of incarceration for drugs, fear of being accused of stealing, worrying about peoples' feelings about you and your habits, and being subjected to the destructive stigma. Interviewees noted that even after withdrawal, they are subject to stigma. It doesn't worth it. They make money from drugs in ways incompatible with my personality. For instance, selling their furniture. Is he using drugs? I'm always subject to stigma. The participants pointed out their psychological problems since the onset of addiction. It contains four components: Negative self-acceptance, reduced positive relations, not having a purposeful life, and inability to control environmental pressures. The negative self-acceptance and reduced positive relations contain low self-confidence, negative self-evaluations, and low self-esteem. The first theme refers to negative self-evaluations of the addicted person and contains three subthemes: Low self-confidence, negative self-evaluations, and low self-esteem. In other words, participants believed that the addiction declined their self-esteem, which is translated into low self-confidence. Most of the dissatisfactions were regarding personal performance and bad feelings about oneself. The component of reduced positive relationships comprised of reduced healthy relationships and gaining distance from family members. The former refers to enjoying a healthy relationship with friends and others. The other important component did not have a purposeful life. The participants pointed out not having a purpose and only caring about their addiction. This theme comprises two components: Not having a plan for the future and efforts enforcing the addiction. It was just day and night. Participants noted that their only aim was to find drugs. My life was just working, working, and working. The last extracted theme was the inability to control environmental pressures and comprised of temptations of addicted friends and a high-pressure working environment. You may not believe I had no option except to use drugs; it was not to enjoy. Soon I was addicted. Initially, we smoked drugs for fun once or twice a month. For me, it took five years to become addicted. When I found a new job, one of my collaborators was an addicted person who used to consume black drugs i. He told me that I have a simple code to stay away from those who consume white drugs. However, I told myself it was ok to use for one time, let's test it, and it was so good. The other main theme was incentives to withdraw, which comprised three themes: 1 understanding negative consequences; 2 long-term problems of addiction; and 3 maintaining family cohesion. The first theme contained six components of family disputes, maintaining social dignity, self-control problems, health status, financial loss, and losing job opportunities. We were on the edge of divorce, and I went to prison. Or I had problems going to a seminar. Another important subtheme was maintaining family cohesion. According to the findings, one of the most important concerns of addicted persons is disclosing their problems. The current study intended to extend our knowledge regarding the lived experience of those suffering from substance use in the Isfahan province of Iran. The participants shared their journey as they faced challenges and problems regarding their daily living or treatment. In general, the present findings are in line with previous studies. One of our significant findings was the link between negative emotions and a high inclination toward addiction. In this line, Schlauch et al. In the same vein, in a study on craving for alcohol, Kavanagh et al. In a study on how to prevent addiction, Raisjouyan et al. Furthermore, our literature review showed that those with poor psychological capital are at elevated likelihood of alcohol and substance use 23 - Those who didn't benefit from family support are more prone to use substances during stressful life events as a part of self-medication, which is consistent with the findings of the present study that revealed the importance of psychological well-being, benefiting from family support and the role of psychological capital in controlling inclinations towards substance use. So, one of their most important fears was disclosing the addiction to their loved ones, also reported by several studies. For instance, Goodyear et al. They also emphasized the fear of addicted people about disclosure of their addiction to their loved ones Or in a study on addiction stigma, Kulesza et al. Shafiei et al. They also reported that those with substance use are socially stigmatized and ostracized by their families, which methadone can have a positive effect on Aghakhani et al. We also showed that conflicts with others and family background are major contributors to initiating substance use. So that some interviewees pointed out the temptations of their friends and family members to use substances. In this line, Myers et al. This study also had limitations. For example, the participants in this study were mostly men, and women did not have much desire to participate in the interviews. On the other hand, this group of people was studied due to more mental stability in people treated with methadone. Also, this study was conducted in three addiction treatment centers in one of Iran's cities. Considering these limitations and the type of study, caution should be exercised in generalizing the results. In this study, four main themes were extracted from the experience of people treated with methadone regarding the psychological dimension of lifestyle. These dimensions include negative emotions, poor psychological capital, poor support, and psychological well-being. In addition to drug treatment and paying attention to the physical aspect of addiction, it is necessary to consider the psychological aspects of patients to develop an effective treatment plan. In this study, these cases were extracted to compile training packages. Contemp Drug Probl. American Psychological Association. Publication manual of the american psychological association, The consequences of drug misuse on post-marketing surveillance. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. The lived experience of drug misuse among Kurds' youth Case study: the Solaimanye province. Sociology of Culture and Art. Holmes MV. Human Genetics and Drug Development. N Engl J Med. What Is the Addiction World Like? Perspect Psychiatr Care. Compulsory maintenance treatment program amongst Iranian injection drug users and its side effects. Drug-induced prolonged corrected QT interval in patients with methadone and opium overdose. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. Prevalence of drug use, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and measure of socioeconomic-related inequalities of drug use among Iranian people: findings from a national survey. Australia: Flinders University; Public Health England. Service User Involvement. Peer recovery support for individuals with substance use disorders: assessing the evidence. Psychiatr Serv. Competencies for the mental health and addiction service user, consumer and peer workforce. Qualitative Research Designs. Couns Psychol. Clandinin D. J Res Music Educ. Engaging in narrative inquiry. London, UK: Routledge; Colaizzi PF. Psychological research as the phenomenologist views it. Existential-Phenomenological Alternatives for Psychology. Nezlek JB, Kuppens P. Regulating positive and negative emotions in daily life. J Pers. Emotions and Health. Affect and craving: positive and negative affect are differentially associated with approach and avoidance inclinations. Addict Behav. Measurement of alcohol craving. Investigating the effect of emotional intelligence on the addiction relapse after quitting. Asia Pac J Med Toxicol. J Leadersh Organ Stud. Park S, Kim Y. Prevalence, correlates, and associated psychological problems of substance use in Korean adolescents. BMC Public Health. Hawkins EH. A tale of two systems: co-occurring mental health and substance abuse disorders treatment for adolescents. Annu Rev Psychol. Opioid use and stigma: The role of gender, language and precipitating events. Drug Alcohol Depend. J Addict Recovery. Issues Ment Health Nurs. Cross-validation of the Temptation Coping Questionnaire: adolescent coping with temptations to use alcohol and illicit drugs. J Stud Alcohol. Caricati L, Ferrari D. Association between coping strategies and drug use in a large cohort of students from a northern Italian University. Acta Biomed. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse. Mafa P, Makhubele JC. Pertanika J Soc Sci Humanit. We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. They also allow us to analyze user behavior in order to constantly improve the website for you. Abstract Background: Drug abuse and its consequences place a considerable social and economic burden on society. Drug abuse has increased in Iran and reached three times the global average, indicating the need to develop innovative strategies to cope with this phenomenon. Objectives: Following a community-based participatory research approach, the aim was to identify the lived experience of drug users regarding the psychological aspect of their lifestyle. Methods: Narrative inquiry and phenomenological design were applied as the research framework. The use of in-depth interviews and field notes guided the data collection and analysis. A total of 26 in-depth interviews were conducted with people who suffered from drug use 7 females and 19 males in Interviews ranging from 70 to 90 minutes and conducted in a quiet, private location chosen by the researcher. All interviews were audio-taped and transcribed, and analyzed using Colaizzi's method. Results: Most of the participants were educated Diploma and above. The analysis revealed four themes, and 11 sub-themes emerged. The themes were as follows: 1 negative emotions; 2 poor psychological capital; 3 poor support; and 4 psychological well-being. Conclusions: The most important problems of people with substance use, in the psychological dimension of lifestyle, include experiencing negative emotions, weak psychological capital, weak social support, unhealthy psychological well-being such as negative self-acceptance, reduced positive relations, not having a purposeful life, and inability to control environmental pressures. Hopefully, this study can help health policymakers develop more effective strategies against drug use. Background Substance use and its consequences place a considerable social and economic burden on society 1. Objectives In this research, the aim was to identify the experience of drug users regarding the psychological aspect of their lifestyle. Methods 3. Study Design Narrative inquiry a type of qualitative research was applied in this study, which is, according to previous studies, one of the most effective methods developed to understand the experiences of a particular group 15 , Participants A total of 26 in-depth interviews were conducted with people who suffered from substance use 7 females and 19 males in Data Analysis Colaizzi's method was applied to analyze the collected data Table 1. Participants' Characteristics and Background. Table 2. Emerged Themes and Sub-themes. Figure 1. Outline of the thematic network. References 1. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. Leave a comment here:. Cookie Setting We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. Inability to control anger, inability to control anger in the face of stressful events, inability to control anger during arguments, loss, inability to control yourself when feeling angry, Inability to control anger when methadone-maintenance therapy dose is reduced, inability to control self-anger behaviors, grumpiness when lacking access to drugs, inability to control anger. Weak behavior control in cases of late access to drugs, inability to control behavior during delayed substance use. Anger in cases of delayed use, Direct association between feeling anger and time since the last use. Thinking about leaving the family due to feeling guilty, suicidal thoughts due to feeling guilty, feeling guilt from beating and burning children's hands, feeling of guilt towards the family, feeling guilty because of neglecting the wife, guilt mitigation by comparing the actions with other addicts, feeling of cruelty, feeling of abuse the family's trust. Pessimism about self-improvement, pessimism about the post-withdrawal period, pessimism about the future, pessimism about improving health in the future. Despair towards the future, frustration, fear of changing conditions hinders substance withdrawal, inability to withdraw the substance use due to fear of the future, the importance of emphasizing hope for the future, pessimism about the future due to the impact of addiction history, pessimism about the future, hopelessness towards life. Temptations caused by anger, fear of recursing, fear of inability to self-control after withdrawal, worrying about being tempted to use drugs again, the importance of self-control. Increasing the dose to forget the grief of mother's death, substance use to forget the grief of losing the brother, substance use to confront unpleasant events, to mitigate the grief of losing a loved one, to cope with personal problems. Poor self-control against the temptations of continuing substance use, lack of control over the temptation at the start of the addiction. Tendency to use drugs if available, occasional use of heroin even under MMT, friend's temptation after overcoming drugs, withdrawal due to family pressures. Skepticism of personal abilities to successfully withdraw the drug's use, lack of self-confidence to create positive conditions. Fear of exposing addiction and rejection from the family, fear of being rejected by the partner, using makeup and clothes to hide the addiction. The important role of the partner in quitting, the impact of the partners' affection and companionship, the need for emotional support of others, loss of family's affection, poor emotional relationship with the family, feeling of being abandoned by the family. Declined relationships with the family lead to the development of addiction, poor marital status, staying away from the family, being forgotten by the family, difficulties of substance withdrawal due to inadequate knowledge of the spouse. The inattention of the family members, being neglected by the family, the neglect of the family to the addicted person, being humiliated by the husband due to the addiction. Fear of being stigmatized as a thief, history of incarceration for drugs, fear of being accused of stealing, worrying about people's feelings, being subjected to the destructive stigma. Self-loathing, disliking yourself, having bad feelings about yourself, not feeling good about yourself, yourself, not imagining yourself as a good person. Deciding to substance use to avoid humiliation by the husband's friends, the feeling of becoming a worthless human being, the feeling of being inefficient, the feeling of being a worthless. Desire to stay at home, distance from old friends due to addiction, lack of relationship with friends, inability to travel due to addiction, not spending time with friends due to addiction. Distancing from children, feeling alienated from the girl as she grew up, being rejected by the family, children distance their addicted parents as they grow up, not having fun with the family, being annoyed while having fun with the family due to covert substance use,. Spending time without a plan, lack of plans for future life, lack of a plan for the future, ignoring the future, feeling aimless. Working to earn substance money, making money for drugs, switching to a lower-paid job for easier substance use, working just to earn substance money. Friends' temptation for the first use, substance use to avoid being humiliated by friends, having addicted friends, Having addicted friends as the main reason for substance use. Relations with addicted persons at the workplace, first use at the workplace, continuing to use due to friends' temptations at the workplace, substance use due to stimulations caused by the new workplace, having addicted colleagues.

Substance Abuse among Iranian High School Students

Buying Heroin Isfahan

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. To provide prevention programs and educate drug users DUs , the estimation of their population is necessary. This cross-sectional study was performed in summer on people selected through a multistage sampling method based on 14 region of the municipality of Isfahan. The data collection tool was a questionnaire that was previously used in Dr. Banshi's national plan without any changes. The Cronbach's alpha value of the questionnaire was 0. Using correction factors such as transparency of response and the ratio of social network size used in previous national studies, the number of people with high-risk behaviors was estimated. The results were analyzed through NSUM based on survey analysis. Among all kinds of DUs, men were the largest consumers. In both sexes, the prevalence of using opium and its nectar and illegal treatment with methadone and buprenorphine was higher in people of over 30 years of age, while the prevalence of consuming cannabis, ecstasy, tramadol, tobacco products, and stimulants was higher in the age group of 18 to 30 years. The results indicated that the prevalence of different DUs in Isfahan city, especially among men was higher than the reported average especially in young men of years of age. Since the prevalence of drug use varies based on the type of substance used among age groups, targeted preventive planning based on the type of drug used and age group is recommended. To estimate the population size of hidden groups such as drug users DUs is a challenge for researchers and health care practitioners as well as society. The amount and type of drug use differ throughout the world. In a review in , the prevalence of drug injection was estimated to be 0. Despite frequent efforts, for many reasons such as legal prohibition, stigma and discrimination, and lack of social acceptance in many countries of the world including Iran, these groups remain hidden and inaccessible, which makes it difficult to estimate their population size. There are 2 methods for estimating the population size of hidden groups, direct and indirect. Then, considering the social network size in the general population and some other indicators, the size of the hidden population is estimated. This method was used for the first time in to estimate the population size of people lost in the Mexican earthquake. The results of this study can be helpful to provincial policymakers and experts in estimating the extent, direction, and type of preventive activities required, the costs, and required manpower as well as to obtain economic and executive support. The sample size was estimated at about people considering the drug use prevalence of 0. Sampling was performed using non-random multistage sampling; 14 districts of Isfahan municipality were considered as stratified and, based on information obtained from the Health Deputy of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, the sample size was determined proportionate to the size of each of these districts. Then, a list of crowded areas of the city as clusters was prepared and two clusters were randomly selected from within each district cluster. Within the clusters in the regular days of the week and at busy hours and , a passer-by was randomly selected once every 15 minutes. The study inclusion criteria included residing in Isfahan for at least 2 years, being 18 years of age and older, and having the mental ability to answer the questions. The exclusion criteria included completion of the questionnaire in the previous days and not willing to participate in the study. A standard questionnaire was used for data collection; its validity was evaluated by the experts in the Ministry of Health's Mental Health Bureau and its Cronbach's alpha was 0. Its reliability was evaluated in a pilot study and the kappa coefficient was estimated at 0. Each question is divided into 2 parts based on gender, male and female, and has three age groups: under 18, 18 to 30, and over In each section, if the respondents knew someone, they would report the number of people. The last part included demographic questions i. Four interviewers 2 women and 2 men were selected and trained through a roleplaying method Mr. Tavasoli, Mr. Torkan, Ms. Rezaei, and Ms. Talebi Por. The interviewers were assigned to different districts according to the timetable and based on the age-sex sampling table; they selected the passers-by and asked them for an informed consent. Ethical considerations: All questionnaires were completed anonymously and all information remained confidential. In order to persuade people to answer the questions, the interviewers tried to find a relatively secluded place. Due to the possibility of increasing unwillingness to take part in the study, verbal consent was obtained rather than a written one. In this study, the transparency coefficient varied from 0. The indicators of mean, standard deviation, frequency, and frequency percentage were used to data analysis and independent t-test and chi-squared test were used for data analysis. Thus, participants from each of the 14 regions were weighted based on the population of that area probability weight. The selected clusters from each area were also coded 1 to 4 as primary sampling units. The sex variable was considered as a stratum. A Finite population correlation was used to determine the odds equivalent in selecting the samples. The age of the participants ranged from 18 to 73 years. The mean age SD of the participants was In both genders, most of the participants had a diploma. Most of the participants were married. In all types of drugs, the prevalence of drug use was higher in men than women. Among men, cannabis was the third most used drug after tobacco, and opium and its nectar, while it was the second most used drug among women. In both sexes, the prevalence of opium and Shireh use and illegal treatment with methadone and buprenorphine among people over 30 years of age was higher than that in other age groups. Likewise, the prevalence of cannabis, ecstasy, hallucinogens, tramadol, tobacco, stimulants, and zolpidem among men of years of age was higher than that among the older and younger age groups. In addition, the prevalence of cannabis, stimulants, ecstasy, tramadol, zolpidem, and tobacco, legal treatment with methadone and buprenorphine, and injecting drug use was higher in women of 18 to 30 years of age. Furthermore, the prevalence of injecting drug use and legal treatment with methadone and buprenorphine was 0 in women under 18 years of age Table 2. The results indicated a high prevalence of use of different types of drugs in Isfahan. Tobacco use was had the highest prevalence, followed by opium and cannabis in men, and cannabis and opium among women, respectively. The highest prevalence of drug use in Isfahan was related to tobacco. In a study by Meysamie et al. Evidently, easy and low-cost access to different drug compounds and purity rates are other reasons for increase in drug use. The highest prevalence of the use of ecstasy pills in the city of Isfahan, which was first estimated by the NSUM, was in the sexually active age group of years. Prolonged duration of ejaculation may be one of the reasons for the use of ecstasy pills. The present study estimated the prevalence of zolpidem in Isfahan through NSUM for the first time, and the results indicated that the use of this hypnotic drug was much higher than the expected medical consumption, especially in people of 18 to 30 years of age. There have been reports of zolpidem addiction in athletes, physicians, and students, necessitating attention to this modern addiction and examination of the causes of young people's tendency to take this drug. The prevalence of injecting drug use in Isfahan was lower than estimations in the studies by Baneshi , 2 and Nikfarjam et al. Female sex workers, homosexual men, and injecting drug users IDUs are the 3 most vulnerable groups of a society at risk of developing HIV. In the present study, it was estimated that more than one-third of men who inject drugs had a constant behavioral addiction, while the prevalence of injecting drugs in women was 0. The results of this study indicated that the prevalence of different drug abuse types among men is more likely than women. According to the results of the present study, the highest prevalence of drug use among men and women was observed in the age groups of 18 to 30 and over 30 years, which is in line with the study by Nikfarjam et al. Evidently, it is also important to pay attention to children of less than 18 years of age. A study by Ranjbaran et al. One of the limitations of the present study was the impossibility of household-based random sampling due to the sensitivity of the considered subject, i. Therefore, through multistage sampling and random selection of people at specified intervals, we attempted to approach the sampling systematically. Second, there is likely reporting bias because some refusing people to participate in the study may recognize many DUs in their social network. However, due to the inability to track people, it was not possible to check and compare the characteristics of DUs with those participating in the study. Third, the size of the social network of DUs is smaller than that of the general population, 7 which will cause underestimation. Moreover, the size of the social network of the general population may vary by gender and age, and even by various regions of the country. However, due to the lack of accurate information in this regard, it was decided to use the indices used in earlier studies in Iran. The results of the present study showed that the prevalence of drug use in Isfahan city, especially in men, is significant and in some cases even higher than the average reported in other studies in the country. Since the prevalence of drug use varies by the type of substance used in the age groups of and over 30 years, targeted preventive planning by type of drug and age group is recommended. The authors would like to thank all those who helped us with this project, including the interviewers. They would also like to thank the Social Deputy of the Police Command of Isfahan who assisted in the performance of our citywide survey, Ayandeh Pazhouhi Center associated with Kerman University of Medical Sciences for providing the questionnaires and scientific advice, and Dr. Marjan Meshkati and Dr. Ramin Radfar for their scientific and practical advice. Collected data, analysis, and wrote the original draft: MAJ; statistics advisor- contributed to analysis: MB; contributed to analysis, review, and editing: MN. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Addict Health. Find articles by Meysam Abshenas-Jami. Find articles by Mohamadreza Baneshi. Find articles by Maryam Nasirian. Received May 17; Accepted Jul Open in a new tab. Conflicts of Interest The Authors have no conflict of interest. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. 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