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Buying Heroin Ibiza

Joseph Janes does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment. A synthetic drug cocktail known as pink cocaine, has rapidly become a major concern in Spain, the UK and beyond. Earlier this month, Spanish authorities carried out their largest ever synthetic drug bust, seizing a large quantity of pink cocaine alongside more than a million ecstasy pills. The operation targeted drug networks across Ibiza and Malaga. This dangerous substance has been linked to a growing number of drug-related deaths. The unpredictable composition and rising popularity of pink cocaine have sparked calls from European drug harm reduction organisations for urgent action to address the risks it poses. MDMA , commonly known as ecstasy, is a stimulant with psychedelic properties while ketamine is a powerful anaesthetic which has sedative and hallucinogenic effects. Typically found in powder or pill form, pink cocaine is known for its vibrant colour, which is designed to enhance its visual appeal. The original psychedelic form of the drug dates to and was first synthesised by American biochemist, Alexander Shulgin. But the modern variant emerged around in Colombia and is a knock-off version. The drug gained popularity on the party scene in Latin America and has now spread to Europe. Users often expect a stimulant similar to cocaine, but the inclusion of ketamine can lead to serious health risks. Abuse of ketamine, which is widely available as a club drug, can lead to unconsciousness or dangerously laboured breathing. This in turn increases the potential dangers of pink cocaine. This mirrors the historical allure of drugs like cocaine and MDMA. It highlights a persistent trend where certain substances are glamourised despite their risks. Experts compare taking pink cocaine to playing Russian Roulette with substance use , underscoring the unpredictable and dangerous nature of pink cocaine. The drug has spread beyond Ibiza to the UK, and there is evidence that it has gained traction in Scotland , parts of Wales and England. Across the Atlantic, New York City has also seen a surge in its availability. Health officials across Europe are alarmed. Pink cocaine is difficult to detect through standard drug testing, particularly in Spain , where the current testing regime is not yet equipped to identify all its components. The legal response varies , with Spanish authorities working to curb its distribution. In the UK, pink cocaine falls under the Misuse of Drugs Act , which classifies drugs into three categories, class A, B, and C , based on their perceived harm. While pink cocaine itself may not be explicitly listed, the substances commonly found in it are controlled by the law. One of the most urgent needs highlighted by the rise of pink cocaine is for accessible drug-checking services. Drug-checking kits are an important harm-reduction tool for people looking to test the substances they intend to consume. These kits can help users identify unknown components, offering a layer of protection in a high-risk environment. My own work shows how vital such harm-reduction services are. Public awareness campaigns and support services are also an important part of reducing harm. The growing popularity of pink cocaine is a stark reminder of the ever-changing landscape of illicit drugs, where aesthetics, social media trends and risky behaviour can combine to create new threats. As pink cocaine continues to spread through Europe and beyond, it is crucial that authorities, health services and the public are equipped to deal with the risks it poses. Edition: Available editions Europe. Become an author Sign up as a reader Sign in. Pink cocaine is given its distinctive colour with food colouring or the addition of strawberry and other flavouring. Joseph Janes , Swansea University. Drugs Ketamine Narcotics Keep me on trend. Events More events.

'Ibiza drugs cheaper than booze'

Buying Heroin Ibiza

Background: Prescription drug misuse and its related risks are considered a worldwide public health issue. Current trends show that the extent of such phenomenon may not be limited to subjects with psychiatric disorders, as it also spreads to dance party and nightclub attendees, who often consume prescription drugs in combination with alcohol and psychoactive substances. This study aims to report the sociodemographic data and the psychiatric and clinical features of a sample of clubbers reporting prescription drugs use. Methods: Patients admitted to the psychiatry ward of the Can Misses Hospital in Ibiza were recruited for the study during a span of four consecutive years — The inclusion criteria were age 18—75 years old and the intake of psychoactive substances or more than five alcohol units during the previous 24 h. Substance use habits, psychopathological features, and use of unprescribed pharmaceuticals were investigated. Results: A total of subjects with psychoactive substance intoxication were recruited for the study. Conclusions: The use of prescription drugs is also common among clubbers, usually characterized by low propensity to be prescribed benzodiazepines, antipsychotics, or antidepressants. Prescription drugs may be an alternative to classic and novel psychoactive compounds or may be used to tamper and self-medicate the effects determined by the use of substances. Party goers should be adequately informed about possible risks of co-intake of psychoactive substances and prescription drugs to prevent serious medical and psychiatric consequences. Prescription drug misuse and related risks, including co-ingestion with recreational drugs, have recently risen as a worldwide public health phenomenon. They may involve a variety of medical and social consequences that require effective public health policies to counteract such habit, as well as continuous updates for health professionals to promote education and harm reduction 1 , 2. Prescription medicine misuse or non-medical use is commonly defined as the use of medications without a prescription or in a manner other than prescribed 3. This includes a number of conditions, such as using these compounds for purposes other than the medical condition they were prescribed for i. In , 14 countries in EU reported on the non-medical use of such compounds 5. Current trends show that the extent of prescription drug misuse is not limited to subjects with psychiatric disorders or co-occurring substance use disorders SUDs. In this context, the phenomenon of co-ingesting prescription drugs in order to imitate, potentiate, modulate, or counteract the effects of prohibited psychoactive substances has been increasingly reported 8. This trend involves not only novel highly potent opioid, such as fentanyl and its derivatives, or designer benzodiazepines but also antipsychotics, antidepressants, stimulants, performance-enhancing drugs PEDs , hormones, vitamins, beta-blockers, gabapentinoids and over-the-counter OTC drugs 8. For example, students and workers may consume attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD medications such as methylphenidate to improve their academic performance or working tasks 1. Furthermore, compounds such as benzodiazepines e. With regard to the nightlife and clubbing scene, the situation shows peculiar characteristics. The growing offer of novel and traditional prescription drugs has found a fertile ground in this scenario. Summer holiday periods in popular resorts have historically represented an opportunity for excesses and experimentation, especially among young people who find an environment in which hedonistic partying is socially accepted and drugs are typically easily available Alcohol use, particularly during binge drinking, and psychoactive substance use are commonly reported among festival-goers and clubbers in holiday resorts; practices such as poly-substance abuse and prescription drug misuse have also been reported 13 — The use of a variety of pharmaceuticals including benzodiazepines 17 , 18 , stimulants 19 , 20 , opioids 21 , antidepressants 8 , and sedatives such as GHB 22 has been associated to dance music party attendees. Such heterogeneous cohort of compounds, presented in different forms and with various ways of intake e. Nevertheless, pharmaceuticals are often perceived as less harmful and less stigmatizing than illicit drugs, particularly among young people, partly due to these substances' legitimate medical purposes 23 , Moreover, information on the actions of these drugs is widely available in package inserts, advertisements, and on the internet; therefore, their effects including adverse reactions and dosages are considered more predictable Such phenomenon is further complicated by the rise on the nightlife market of novel psychoactive substances NPS. A number of these substances were originally developed as research chemicals and diverted for recreational purposes, as they often mimic the pharmacological effect of traditional drugs of abuse or popular prescription drugs 4. Their effects and related risks are often unknown to both users and health professionals, due to the scarcity of evidence-based information regarding their toxicological profiles and to the ever-changing nature of this market 7 , 26 — Nevertheless, growing evidence reported potential acute and chronic psychiatric risks associated to NPS consumption, including confusion; paranoid thoughts; auditory and visual hallucinations; dissociation; delusions of reference, persecution, grandeur, and jealousy; cognitive impairment; hypomanic states; aggressiveness and irritability; violence; and suicidal thoughts 8 , 29 — The current dynamic of recreational substance use is a serious matter of concern for public health institutions worldwide. In particular, the threats posed by psychoactive compounds and concomitant prescription drug misuse require updated policies provided by local and supranational regulatory agencies, as well as appropriate approaches by health professional, to prevent negative outcomes and reduce associated harms 32 , including deaths In such context, Ibiza and the Balearic Islands, two of the most popular destinations with nightlife resorts for summer holidays in Europe, may be considered as an interesting real-life scenario to explore such phenomenon. Previous studies confirmed a higher prevalence of risky behaviors for both residents and tourists in Ibiza, including problematic alcohol use, substance use, and sexual disinhibition 34 — Moreover, it has been reported that traffickers and dealers have introduced NPS and pharmaceuticals into the Ibiza drug market to test new compounds and drug combinations on unaware customers This study aimed to assess patients admitted to the psychiatric ward of the Can Misses Hospital in Ibiza for psychoactive substance intoxication, in order to 1 identify which psychotropic prescription drugs are mostly involved in cases of concomitant psychoactive substance use and 2 report the psychopathological features and patterns of consumption associated to prescription drug use in a nightlife resort setting. Patients admitted to the psychiatry ward of the Can Misses Hospital in Ibiza during summer when nightclubs are open May—October were recruited for the study during a span of four consecutive years — The subjects were evaluated according to the DSM-5 diagnostic classification. The inclusion criteria were age 18—75 years old and the intake of psychoactive substances or more than five alcohol units i. Clinical conditions such as delirium tremens , epilepsy, liver encephalopathy, dementia, and other neurological diseases, severe cardiac failure, diabetes mellitus, severe liver impairment, kidney failure, or neoplastic diseases were among the exclusion criteria, as the presence of such conditions could present a confounding factor. Demographic age, gender, family, and nationality and socioeconomic data living status, job status, and level of education were collected, as well as recent and past medical and psychiatric history, current pharmacological treatment, and alcohol and substance use habits including NPS , with a specific focus on prescription drugs misuse. Among these, recent and lifetime use of benzodiazepines e. TLFB was used to identify the main substance of abuse for each patient. The subjects were divided in three macro-groups according to the TLFB and the results of the urinalysis: psychostimulants e. This classification was derived from our previous reports on the topic 7 , Data collection was carried out in an anonymous and confidential way; all participants received a detailed explanation of the design of the study and a written informed consent was systematically obtained from every subject, according to the Declaration of Helsinki. Majorcan local ethics committee also gave approval to the study. The urine samples were extracted with a solid-phase cartridge Oasis MCX , and the obtained solution was evaporated until dry and reconstituted with mobile phase. The method was validated according to WADA guidelines and for a screening method in antidoping test defining selectivity, limit of detection LOD , recovery, carry over, and repeatability Independent samples t -test was used to determine whether or not there was a significant difference in scale scores between subjects who abused and subjects who did not abuse prescription drugs. One-way analysis of variance ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test was used to assess whether or not there was a significant difference in scale scores among subjects who abused different classes of prescription drugs. The median age of the patients was Nine patients were full-time or part-time students 8. All the subjects of the sample were diagnosed with substance intoxication at admission. These results will be described in a separate manuscript The most commonly reported compounds were benzodiazepines, which were used by 32 subjects. Table 1 presents the complete information on the type of pharmaceuticals reported by users. Table 1. The most common substances used by patients who declared prescription drug misuse. Prescription drug misuse was reported for 8 psychodepressor e. The percentage for each group of substance users is reported in Figure 1. Figure 1. According to their lifetime use of specific compounds, prescription drug consumption without medical supervision was reported by 31 stimulant users, 21 cannabinoid users, 10 depressor users, 7 opioid users, 7 empathogen—entactogen users, 5 dissociative users, and 1 psychedelic user. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Therefore, our results show that such use is not only limited to subjects with psychiatric disorders and co-occurring SUD but can also involve subjects who are usually not considered as typical psychoactive substance users. This data pave the way for serious considerations on the possible pharmacological interactions with alcohol and other substances, as well as on other short- and long-term consequences, both physical and psychiatric. As users may concomitantly consume various prescription drugs and substances of abuse, an increased risk of drug—drug interactions may be observed, both pharmacokinetic e. This involves not only depressors, such as benzodiazepines, opioids, and alcohol, but also stimulant drugs commonly used by clubbers. For example, metabolic pathways of synthetic cathinones, antidepressants, and ADHD medications have been shown to overlap, including metabolism via cytochrome P enzymes and their inhibition Benzodiazepines were the most prevalent class of prescription drugs reported in our sample. This confirms the data from Messina et al. In terms of preventive strategies, the use of benzodiazepines in the context of a multiple substance use could be dangerous as it causes respiratory depression and risk of overdoses, specifically in combination with opiates, alcohol, ketamine and derivatives, and inhalants 18 , 43 , Specific policies and harm-reduction approaches should be advised for these potentially lethal combinations, particularly with the intake of large amounts of long half-life compounds, such as diazepam. Furthermore, a number of novel designer benzodiazepines, with undisclosed toxicological profiles and variable potencies, have recently been made available in the drug market. They are developed in order to mimic prescription benzodiazepines and Z-drugs, but they may lead users to adverse events of various severities, particularly if used in combination with other substances 4 , 45 , Among the different categories of substances, psychodepressors were the most commonly associated with the use of prescription drugs, whereas only a small percentage of psychodysleptic users reported such habit. The typology of subject using psychodysleptics such as LSD, psilocybin, MDMA, ayahuasca, and other plants, is characterized by the search for a strong inner experience, spirituality, and high level of emotionality 47 , The use of benzodiazepines and antipsychotics can inhibit or temper the perception of these experiences and therefore may not be chosen by users. With regard to antidepressants, which can determine affective blunting and enhance the distance from emotional experiences, the same consideration can be reported. This finding emphasizes how those patients are the most vulnerable in terms of psychopathological load. In this regard, those who report taking prescription drugs may actually be the subjects with a psychiatric history. A prescription drug may have already been tested for therapeutic purposes and therefore may have made the patient more accustomed to its use out of indication. Moreover, the high level of depression is an issue that needs to be considered and can represent a significant suicidal risk factor in people who misuse alcohol and psychoactive substances. In fact, the use of psychotropics can represent an additional risk factor, given the possibility of a consistent increase in the levels of impulsivity, violence, and self-directed aggression due to such drugs. Therefore, it is very relevant to evaluate these patients and to put specific strategies in place to manage these psychopathological manifestations, with a specific focus on the prevention of anti-conservative behaviors. A further point of interest, although expected, is the presence of high levels of depressive symptoms on the Hamilton scale in relation to the use of antidepressants without a specific medical prescription. For this reason, a shared strategy could be justified, even more than in other types of patients with dual disorders. Conversely, methylphenidate use was associated with lower scores at the Hamilton depression scale. This prescription drug with stimulant properties 49 , 50 , usually indicated for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, can probably be chosen by users of psychostimulants as a cheaper alternative to cocaine and amphetamine. In the short run, it could also show some antidepressant properties, thus explaining the data observed at the HAM-D. The detection of methylphenidate among the prescription drugs reported in our sample may indicate some level of comorbidity between adult ADHD and SUD, as recently reported In terms of the role of the discharge psychiatric diagnosis, alcohol or substance use disorder showed a high prevalence, although the diagnoses of schizophrenia and bipolar spectrum disorder were also significantly reported. In some cases, the presence of a psychiatric comorbidity could justify the use of prescription drugs such as antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and benzodiazepines. Limitations of this study are represented by a low and heterogeneous sample size, with a high prevalence of benzodiazepine as the main prescription drug. Moreover, although the target of the study is that of young clubbers, a significant subgroup of participants were middle-aged adults. In conclusion, in this study, we have highlighted how the use of prescription drugs is common also among clubbers and disco-goers. These subjects usually do not have a previous psychiatric history and share a low propensity to be prescribed with benzodiazepines, antipsychotics, and antidepressants by a mental health professional. These data confirm that prescription drugs may be an alternative for classic and novel psychoactive compounds, may be used to modulate and temper the experience, and, in some cases, may be used to reduce the negative effects determined by the use of substances. From the treatment prospective and as a useful preventive strategy, a specific psycho-education process should be indicated for subjects at risk. Party-goers should be adequately informed about the possible risks of co-intake of NPS, classical substances, and prescription drugs to prevent serious medical and psychiatric consequences. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. MdG and AN wrote the manuscript. SS and LT performed the statistical analysis. AB and DD performed literature search about the topic and elaborated all the ethical procedures required for the study approval in both countries. GM coordinated all the study processes. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Nonmedical use of prescription medications among adolescents in the United States: a systematic review. J Adolesc Health. Changes in the prevalence of non-medical prescription drug use and drug use disorders in the United States: — and — Drug Alcohol Depend. Misuse of prescription drugs. Google Scholar. Bersani FS, Imperatori C. Misuse, recreational use and addiction in relation to prescription medicines. New York, NY: Routledge PubMed Abstract. United Nations Office for Drug and Crime. World Drug Report United Nations CrossRef Full Text. Novel and traditional club substances are associated to psychopathological and medical sequelae: the Ibiza project. Abuse of prescription drugs in the context of novel psychoactive substances NPS : a systematic review. Brain Sci. Sexualised drug use in the United Kingdom UK : a review of the literature. Int J Drug Policy. Modeling motivations for non-medical use of prescription drugs. Addict Behav. Quetiapine abuse fourteen years later: where are we now? A systematic review. Subst Use Misuse. Work hard, party harder: drug use and sexual behaviour in young British casual workers in Ibiza, Spain. Binge drinking and prescription opioid misuse in the U. Am J Prev Med. Heavy drinking and non-medical use of prescription drugs among university students: a 9-year follow-up. Double dropping down under: correlates of simultaneous consumption of two ecstasy pills in a sample of Australian outdoor music festival attendees. Drug Alcohol Rev. Hum Psychopharmacol. Prescription drug abuse among ecstasy users in Miami. J Addict Dis. Benzodiazepine dependence among young adult participants in the club scene who use drugs. J Psychoact Drugs. Butler R, Sheridan J. Innocent parties or devious drug users: the views of primary healthcare practitioners with respect to those who misuse prescription drugs. Harm Reduct J. To Study, to party, or both? Assessing risk factors for non-prescribed stimulant use among middle and high school students. Palamar JJ. Am J Addict. Brennan R, van Hout MC. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate GHB : a scoping review of pharmacology, toxicology, motives for use, and user groups. J Psychoactive Drugs. Prescription drug abuse: insight into the epidemic. Clin Pharmacol Ther. Kelly BC, Vuolo M. Social network ties to nightlife and healthcare professionals and prescription drug misuse among young adults. The non-medical use of prescription drugs, policy direction issues. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Importance of cyberspace for the assessment of the drug abuse market: preliminary results from the Psychonaut project. Cyberpsychol Behav. Promoting innovation and excellence to face the rapid diffusion of novel Psychoactive substances in the EU: the outcomes of the reDNet project. Novel psychoactive substances as a novel challenge for health professionals: results from an Italian survey. Hum Psychopharm Clin Exp. Mephedrone, compared with MDMA ecstasy and amphetamine, rapidly increases both dopamine and 5-HT levels in nucleus accumbens of awake rats. Br J Pharmacol. Non-medical use of novel synthetic opioids: a new challenge to public health. Substance related exogenous psychosis: a post-modern syndrome. CNS Spectr. A matter of life and death: substance-caused and substance-related fatalities in Ibiza in Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. How deaths can help clinicians and policy-makers understand the risks of novel psychoactive substances. Br J Clin Pharmacol. Ibiza uncovered: changes in substance use and sexual behaviour amongst young people visiting an international night-life resort. Healthy nightclubs and recreational substance use. From a harm minimisation to a healthy settings approach. Substance-related psychopathology and aggressiveness in a nightlife holiday resort: Results from a pilot study in a psychiatric inpatient unit in Ibiza. Forensic Toxicol. Urinary excretion profile of methiopropamine in mice following intraperitoneal administration: a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry investigation. Drug Test Anal. Clinica Chimica Acta. Toxicological screening in the Amsterdam acute setting becomes more relevant if the standard panel of the drug-of-abuse point-of-care test is expanded with GHB ketamine. Toxicol Rep. Drug interactions with new synthetic opioids. Front Pharmacol. Synthetic cathinones and their potential interactions with prescription drugs. Ther Drug Monit. A longitudinal study of multiple drug use and overdose among young people who inject drugs. Am J Public Health. Acute poisoning from substance abuse of benzodiazepines. Akutt forgiftning ved rusrelatert bruk av benzodiazepiner. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. Curr Neuropharmacol. French Addictovigilance Network. Use of new psychoactive substances to mimic prescription drugs: The trend in France. Perfor Enhanc Health. Psychedelic fauna for psychonaut hunters: a mini-review. Front Psychiatry. Illicit methylphenidate use in an undergraduate student sample: prevalence and risk factors. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. Eur Addict Res. Keywords: prescription drugs, novel psychoactive substance NPS , club drugs, psychopathology, substance usage disorders SUDs. Psychiatry The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Top bar navigation. About us About us. Sections Sections. About journal About journal. Article types Author guidelines Editor guidelines Publishing fees Submission checklist Contact editorial office. Psychiatry , 15 December Background Prescription drug misuse and related risks, including co-ingestion with recreational drugs, have recently risen as a worldwide public health phenomenon. Materials and Methods Patients admitted to the psychiatry ward of the Can Misses Hospital in Ibiza during summer when nightclubs are open May—October were recruited for the study during a span of four consecutive years —

Buying Heroin Ibiza